南雄盆地晚白垩世—早古新世古气候变化
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摘要
白垩纪-古近纪是显生宙最热、最为典型的温室气候时期。南雄盆地大塘剖面记录有一套白垩系-古近系连续陆相红色岩层,对其研究可以为陆相白垩纪-古近纪气候变化提供有力证据。本文对大塘剖面上白垩统主田组-古新统上湖组的岩相进行了分析,对砂岩、泥岩及碳酸盐结核进行了沉积学和地球化学分析,利用多种气候参数和指针如碎屑比参数、粘土矿物指针、古土壤碳、氧同位素指针对南雄盆地晚白垩世晚期-古近纪早期的古气候变化进行研究,试图辨别气候事件、分析其成因机制。
岩相分析认为,南雄大塘白垩系-古近系总体为一大套结构疏松的红色陆相碎屑岩,沉积岩石结构分类主要以泥质粉砂岩及粉砂质泥岩为主,含砂岩、砾岩,剖面表现为细-粗-细的变化格局,其中,主田组解释为洪积平原相至滨浅湖相沉积,浈水组为河控三角洲相沉积,上湖组为滨浅湖相沉积。
通过显微镜下砂岩薄片碎屑统计分析获得的气候指数F/Q和构造指数L/Q,分析粘土矿物X衍射分析获得粘土矿物相对含量、伊利石结晶度指数和伊利石化学指数,以及通过古土壤钙质结核质谱碳、氧同位素分析获得的δ13C(VPDB)和δ18O(VPDB)值,经综合分析,将研究区晚白垩世-早古新世古气候演化划分为三个阶段：晚白垩世马斯特里赫特期干旱-半干旱气候、古新世丹尼期早期暖湿半干旱气候和丹尼期晚期半干旱气候。各阶段气候证据和特征具体表现如下。
第一阶段,马斯特里赫特期(70.4-65.0Ma),主田组-上湖组坪岭段底部(1-41层)。粘土矿物组成总体以伊利石占优势,均值83.4%,其次为绿泥石,均值11.6%。伊利石的结晶度指数和化学指数变化较平稳,仅在第17-22层波动较大。气候指数F/Q在0.1附近波动,构造指数L/Q呈波动下降趋势,在17-22层变化较大。古土壤钙质结核碳氧同位素保持相对稳定,仅在主田组有少量波动。这些指数指示该阶段为以温凉为主的半干旱-干旱气候,总体变化较为平稳。
第二阶段,古新世丹尼期早期(65.0-63.8Ma),上湖组坪岭段底部至下慧段底部(41-54层)。伊利石相对含量突然降低,均值为68%,蒙脱石相对含量突然增加,达到三个阶段中最大值,绿泥石和高岭石相对含量也有所增加。伊利石结晶度指数和化学指数都明显增大,均值分别为0.36和0.62。F/Q在0.1左右,构造指数L/Q均值为0.27,比第一阶段有所下降。碳氧同位素表现截然相反的变化趋势,碳同位素急剧减小后然后增大,而氧同位素急剧增大后缓慢减小。粘土矿物组成和碳氧同位素值显示该阶段气候总体是以湿热为主的半干旱气候。
第三阶段,古新世丹尼期(63.8-62Ma),上湖组下慧段(55-70层)。粘土矿物相对含量趋于平稳,伊利石均值为76%,绿泥石为16%,高岭石7%,几乎不含蒙脱石。伊利石结晶度指数和化学指数值趋于平稳,均值分别为0.31和0.48。气候参数和构造参数均趋于平稳。碳氧同位素波动较大,呈现缓慢上升的趋势。这表明该阶段气候为半干旱气候,与孢粉所指示的上湖组气候变化较为一致。
南雄盆地晚白垩世-早古新世古气候总体以干旱-半干旱为主,间隔短期湿热气候,显示具有热带-亚热带半干旱气候特征。晚白垩世-早古新世时期,联合大陆进一步解体,全球纬向气候分带进一步明显,根据当时古地理古气候分布,南雄盆地晚白垩世-早古新世处于热带-干旱气候带,与粘土矿物组合指示具有一致性。上述各项参数在上湖组底部均表现出强烈波动,出现的层位正好位于K/Pg界限附近,说明古新世早期上湖组的气候变化可能是白垩纪-古近纪之交全球气候变化事件在南雄盆地陆相沉积物中的响应。该气候事件的时间与古生物、古地磁和稳定同位素等方法确定的白垩纪-古近纪界线相一致。
The Cretaceous-Paleogene is the hottest, most typical greenhouse period in the Phanerozoic. Documented a series of the continuous terrestrial red succession, the Datang profile of the Nanxiong Basin provide lots of materials for researching the climate changes of the continental Cretaceous-Paleogene. This thesis focused on study of sedimentology and geochemistry of the Upper Cretaceous Zhutian Formation and of the Paleocene Shanghu Formation at the Datang profile. Study of sedimentology is involved in basic lithofacies analysis, climatic and tectonic indexes of debris ratio from clastic composition, and relative content of clay mineral component. Geochemistry study is on carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of pedogenic calcrete.
By observation of field cross-section and underscope thin-section from the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene lithologies show loose red continental clastic rocks, and mainly sedimentary rocks are argillaceous siltstones and silty mudstones intercalated with sandstones and conglomerates. The grain-size texture of the Datang profile upward changes as a pattern of fine-coarse-fine clastic. Totally, sedimental facies of the Zhutian Formation are of alluvial plain to shallow lake facies, the Zhenshui Formation are of river-dominated delta facies, and the Shanghu Formation is of lacustrine facies.
Based on the climate index F/Q and the structure index L/Q of debris statistical analysis of sandstone thin sections under the microscope, relative content of clay minerals, illite crystallinity index and illite chemistry index by clay mineral X-ray diffraction analysis, and the value of δ13C (VPDB) and δ18O (VPDB) of pedogenic calcrete, it is proposed that three stages of climatic changes are classified: arid-semiarid during the Maastrichtian, warm and moist semiarid during the early Danian, and the semiarid during the late Danian.
1) The first stage------the Maastrichtian (70.4-65.0Ma), the Zhutian Formation to the bottom of Pingling Member of the Shanghu Formation (beds1-41). During the stage, illite is the dominant clay mineral by a mean content of83.4%, chlorite is11.6%in average, illite crystallinity index and chemical index are relatively stable. The climate index F/Q changes near0.1, and the structure index L/Q upward decreases by a fluctuation in value. The carbon and oxygen isotopes of paleosol carbonate nodules remain relatively stable, only a small fluctuation in Zhutian Formation. These indicate that the stage is mainly warm/cool semiarid-arid climate with an overall stability
2) The second stage------the early Danian of the Paleocene (65.0-63.8Ma), the bottom of Pingling Member-Xiahui Member of Shanghu Formation (beds41-54). In this stage, the relative content of illite suddenly drops to68%from ca.80-90%, the relative content of smectite increases to the maximum in the three stages by small rising of the relative content of chlorite and kaolinite, and the illite crystallinity index and chemical index increases significantly to the mean0.36and0.62, respectively. In another hand, the mean value0.1of F/Q index and the mean0.27of the tectonic index L/Q shows a decline to the first stage. Comparison to the first stage, the carbon and oxygen isotope values change in opposition:carbon isotope value decreases sharply and then increases slowly; oxygen isotope value slowly decreases after a sharp increase. These indicate it is in hot-humid semiarid in the stage.
3) Third stage------the Danian of the Paleocene (63.8-62Ma), Xiahui Member of the Shanghu Formation (beds55-70). The relative content of clay minerals are few changed in average:illite76%, chlorite16%, kaolinite7%, little smectite, the illite crystallinity index and chemical index are mean value0.31and0.48respectively, showing a smooth and steady change. Both climate index and tectonic index change little. The carbon and oxygen isotope values fluctuate with a slowly rising. It implies that this stage is in semiarid, approximately consistent with the climate change indicated by spore-pollen.
In summary, the Nanxiong Basin is in arid-semi-arid climate interening some hot-humid climate during the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene. According to global palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic distribution of the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene period, the Nanxiong Basin is in tropical arid climatic zones, being consistent with the clay mineral implications in this study. Three kinds of indexes above at the bottom of the Shanghu Formation show sudden climate change near the K/Pg boundary, implying a correspondence South China to the global climate change event of the Cretaceous-Paleogene, which are determined by paleontological, paleomagnetic and stable isotope method.
岩相分析认为,南雄大塘白垩系-古近系总体为一大套结构疏松的红色陆相碎屑岩,沉积岩石结构分类主要以泥质粉砂岩及粉砂质泥岩为主,含砂岩、砾岩,剖面表现为细-粗-细的变化格局,其中,主田组解释为洪积平原相至滨浅湖相沉积,浈水组为河控三角洲相沉积,上湖组为滨浅湖相沉积。
通过显微镜下砂岩薄片碎屑统计分析获得的气候指数F/Q和构造指数L/Q,分析粘土矿物X衍射分析获得粘土矿物相对含量、伊利石结晶度指数和伊利石化学指数,以及通过古土壤钙质结核质谱碳、氧同位素分析获得的δ13C(VPDB)和δ18O(VPDB)值,经综合分析,将研究区晚白垩世-早古新世古气候演化划分为三个阶段：晚白垩世马斯特里赫特期干旱-半干旱气候、古新世丹尼期早期暖湿半干旱气候和丹尼期晚期半干旱气候。各阶段气候证据和特征具体表现如下。
第一阶段,马斯特里赫特期(70.4-65.0Ma),主田组-上湖组坪岭段底部(1-41层)。粘土矿物组成总体以伊利石占优势,均值83.4%,其次为绿泥石,均值11.6%。伊利石的结晶度指数和化学指数变化较平稳,仅在第17-22层波动较大。气候指数F/Q在0.1附近波动,构造指数L/Q呈波动下降趋势,在17-22层变化较大。古土壤钙质结核碳氧同位素保持相对稳定,仅在主田组有少量波动。这些指数指示该阶段为以温凉为主的半干旱-干旱气候,总体变化较为平稳。
第二阶段,古新世丹尼期早期(65.0-63.8Ma),上湖组坪岭段底部至下慧段底部(41-54层)。伊利石相对含量突然降低,均值为68%,蒙脱石相对含量突然增加,达到三个阶段中最大值,绿泥石和高岭石相对含量也有所增加。伊利石结晶度指数和化学指数都明显增大,均值分别为0.36和0.62。F/Q在0.1左右,构造指数L/Q均值为0.27,比第一阶段有所下降。碳氧同位素表现截然相反的变化趋势,碳同位素急剧减小后然后增大,而氧同位素急剧增大后缓慢减小。粘土矿物组成和碳氧同位素值显示该阶段气候总体是以湿热为主的半干旱气候。
第三阶段,古新世丹尼期(63.8-62Ma),上湖组下慧段(55-70层)。粘土矿物相对含量趋于平稳,伊利石均值为76%,绿泥石为16%,高岭石7%,几乎不含蒙脱石。伊利石结晶度指数和化学指数值趋于平稳,均值分别为0.31和0.48。气候参数和构造参数均趋于平稳。碳氧同位素波动较大,呈现缓慢上升的趋势。这表明该阶段气候为半干旱气候,与孢粉所指示的上湖组气候变化较为一致。
南雄盆地晚白垩世-早古新世古气候总体以干旱-半干旱为主,间隔短期湿热气候,显示具有热带-亚热带半干旱气候特征。晚白垩世-早古新世时期,联合大陆进一步解体,全球纬向气候分带进一步明显,根据当时古地理古气候分布,南雄盆地晚白垩世-早古新世处于热带-干旱气候带,与粘土矿物组合指示具有一致性。上述各项参数在上湖组底部均表现出强烈波动,出现的层位正好位于K/Pg界限附近,说明古新世早期上湖组的气候变化可能是白垩纪-古近纪之交全球气候变化事件在南雄盆地陆相沉积物中的响应。该气候事件的时间与古生物、古地磁和稳定同位素等方法确定的白垩纪-古近纪界线相一致。
The Cretaceous-Paleogene is the hottest, most typical greenhouse period in the Phanerozoic. Documented a series of the continuous terrestrial red succession, the Datang profile of the Nanxiong Basin provide lots of materials for researching the climate changes of the continental Cretaceous-Paleogene. This thesis focused on study of sedimentology and geochemistry of the Upper Cretaceous Zhutian Formation and of the Paleocene Shanghu Formation at the Datang profile. Study of sedimentology is involved in basic lithofacies analysis, climatic and tectonic indexes of debris ratio from clastic composition, and relative content of clay mineral component. Geochemistry study is on carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of pedogenic calcrete.
By observation of field cross-section and underscope thin-section from the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene lithologies show loose red continental clastic rocks, and mainly sedimentary rocks are argillaceous siltstones and silty mudstones intercalated with sandstones and conglomerates. The grain-size texture of the Datang profile upward changes as a pattern of fine-coarse-fine clastic. Totally, sedimental facies of the Zhutian Formation are of alluvial plain to shallow lake facies, the Zhenshui Formation are of river-dominated delta facies, and the Shanghu Formation is of lacustrine facies.
Based on the climate index F/Q and the structure index L/Q of debris statistical analysis of sandstone thin sections under the microscope, relative content of clay minerals, illite crystallinity index and illite chemistry index by clay mineral X-ray diffraction analysis, and the value of δ13C (VPDB) and δ18O (VPDB) of pedogenic calcrete, it is proposed that three stages of climatic changes are classified: arid-semiarid during the Maastrichtian, warm and moist semiarid during the early Danian, and the semiarid during the late Danian.
1) The first stage------the Maastrichtian (70.4-65.0Ma), the Zhutian Formation to the bottom of Pingling Member of the Shanghu Formation (beds1-41). During the stage, illite is the dominant clay mineral by a mean content of83.4%, chlorite is11.6%in average, illite crystallinity index and chemical index are relatively stable. The climate index F/Q changes near0.1, and the structure index L/Q upward decreases by a fluctuation in value. The carbon and oxygen isotopes of paleosol carbonate nodules remain relatively stable, only a small fluctuation in Zhutian Formation. These indicate that the stage is mainly warm/cool semiarid-arid climate with an overall stability
2) The second stage------the early Danian of the Paleocene (65.0-63.8Ma), the bottom of Pingling Member-Xiahui Member of Shanghu Formation (beds41-54). In this stage, the relative content of illite suddenly drops to68%from ca.80-90%, the relative content of smectite increases to the maximum in the three stages by small rising of the relative content of chlorite and kaolinite, and the illite crystallinity index and chemical index increases significantly to the mean0.36and0.62, respectively. In another hand, the mean value0.1of F/Q index and the mean0.27of the tectonic index L/Q shows a decline to the first stage. Comparison to the first stage, the carbon and oxygen isotope values change in opposition:carbon isotope value decreases sharply and then increases slowly; oxygen isotope value slowly decreases after a sharp increase. These indicate it is in hot-humid semiarid in the stage.
3) Third stage------the Danian of the Paleocene (63.8-62Ma), Xiahui Member of the Shanghu Formation (beds55-70). The relative content of clay minerals are few changed in average:illite76%, chlorite16%, kaolinite7%, little smectite, the illite crystallinity index and chemical index are mean value0.31and0.48respectively, showing a smooth and steady change. Both climate index and tectonic index change little. The carbon and oxygen isotope values fluctuate with a slowly rising. It implies that this stage is in semiarid, approximately consistent with the climate change indicated by spore-pollen.
In summary, the Nanxiong Basin is in arid-semi-arid climate interening some hot-humid climate during the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene. According to global palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic distribution of the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene period, the Nanxiong Basin is in tropical arid climatic zones, being consistent with the clay mineral implications in this study. Three kinds of indexes above at the bottom of the Shanghu Formation show sudden climate change near the K/Pg boundary, implying a correspondence South China to the global climate change event of the Cretaceous-Paleogene, which are determined by paleontological, paleomagnetic and stable isotope method.
引文
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