荒漠草原生物量动态及碳储量空间分布研究
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摘要
草地生态系统在全球碳循环中占有重要地位，到目前为止已经积累了大量关于草地生物量和碳蓄积的基础资料。众多学者对典型草原、草甸草原的生物量季节动态和碳储量进行了很多研究工作，而关于内蒙古荒漠草原植被生物量动态和碳储量方面前人研究甚少，尤其是地下生物量的季节动态，仅仅在某些群系上零星报道，且缺乏实地调查数据，影响我国草地碳储量的估算的准确性。因此，本文选取内蒙古荒漠草原的代表性类型小针茅草原作为研究对象，通过测定5-9月生长季各月地上生物量、各层地下生物量以及土壤有机碳含量，探讨小针茅荒漠草原生物量和土壤有机碳季节动态，并以苏尼特右旗为例，开展了碳储量时空分布的研究，并探讨了放牧利用、土壤微生物及气候因素对荒漠草原碳库的影响。有助于更好地评价荒漠草原生态系统在全球陆地碳循环中的作用，改善对陆地生态系统碳储量的估算能力。
1．通过连续2年的样地监测，分析了小针茅荒漠草原的生物量、根冠比和土壤有机碳季节动态及其影响因素。
(1)小针茅群落地上、地下生物量受生长季降水分配的影响，不同年份呈现不同的季节动态，2011年小针茅群落的地上生物量季节变化呈单峰型曲线，峰值出现在6月下旬，地下生物量季节动态表现为“N”型变化规律，最大值出现在7月下旬。2012年小针茅群落地上、地下生物量季节变化均呈单峰型曲线，地上生物量的峰值出现在8月中旬，地下生物量的峰值出现在7月中旬或8月中旬。
(2)苏尼特右旗小针茅草原地下生物量呈明显的垂直空间格局，沿土层深度分布的总趋势是：主要集中分布在0-30cm层的土壤中，向下递减趋势明显，呈“T”型分布。其中0-30cm的地下生物量已占其总地下生物量的80%以上。
(3)小针茅草原植被根冠比季节波动较大，根冠比与地上生物量有显著相关性，可以用地上生物量来模拟根冠比。根冠比与累计降水和上月气温呈极显著负相关，而与0-10cm土壤含水量呈显著正相关。
(4)小针茅草原土壤有机碳的季节变化呈单峰型曲线，0-10cm土层地下生物量和土壤有机碳呈显著正相关。
2．运用苏尼特右旗主要草地类型3年的地上生物量数据以及2011年的生物量和土壤有机碳数据，结合MODIS-NDVI数据，对苏尼特右旗地上生物量进行估算，结合测定获得的主要草地类型根冠比和土壤有机碳数据，估算苏尼特右旗草地总碳储量。
(1)苏尼特右旗2006年、2011年和2012年的草地总碳储量分别为329.86Tg，328.63Tg和335.03Tg。土壤碳储量占总碳储量的95%以上，根系碳储量是地上生物量碳储量的20倍。
(2)2012年苏尼特右旗平均地上生物量明显高于2006年和2011年，分别为59.08g/m~2，37.59g/m~2和41.23g/m~2。苏尼特右旗草地土壤平均碳密度为14626.36g/m~2。不同草地类型土壤碳密度不同，短花针茅草原的土壤碳密度最高，为18690.3g/m~2，红砂、珍珠柴草原化荒漠的土壤碳密度最低，只有4358.43g/m~2。
3.对气候、放牧以及土壤微生物对苏尼特右旗草地生物量及碳库的影响进行了研究。
(1)苏尼特右旗近30a的气温变化为升高趋势，以夏季和秋季最为明显。降水量开始出现以夏季降水为主导的全年降水减少趋势。地上碳库和根系碳库与年降水量均呈显著正相关关系，与年平均气温呈负相关关系。苏尼特右旗气温升高以及夏季降水减少的趋势不利于碳储量的积累。
(2)苏尼特右旗小针茅、无芒隐子草群落生长季各月地上生物量和地下生物量均随放牧强度增加而显著减小。与围栏封育对照区相比，轻度放牧区的土壤有机碳有所增加，中度放牧、重度放牧和极重度放牧的试验小区土壤有机碳较对照区均有不同程度降低。
(3)小针茅+无芒隐子草草地生长季各月土壤微生物数量与草地地上生物量呈显著正相关。不同放牧强度下三大类群土壤微生物数量与土壤有机碳、气温和降水量均呈极显著正相关关系。
Grassland ecosystem plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, so far therehave a great deal of basic information on grassland biomass and carbon accumulationwere accumulated. Many scholars have done a lot of research work on biomass dynamicand carbon stock in typical and meadow steppe. While for the studies about biomassdynamics and carbon stocks in desert steppe, there are only few articles, especiallybelow-ground biomass seasonal dynamics. Due to the lack of field survey data, thecarbon storage estimation of China grassland is uncertain. Therefore, in this paper, wetake Stipa klemenzii steppe as research object, which is the preventative grassland ofdesert steppe in Inner Mongolia. The above and below ground biomass, soil organiccarbon content have been surveyed and determined from May to September. Thedynamics of biomass and soil organic carbon in Stipa klemenzii steppe were analized.The spatial and temporal distribution of carbon stocks in Sonid Youqi were studied, theinfluence factors such as climate, grazing and soil microbial to desert steppe carbon poolswere explored, which can improve the ability to estimate carbon storage in terrestrialecosystems.
1. The seasonal dynamics and its influence factors of biomass, root: shoot ratio andsoil organic carbon in Stipa klemenzii steppe was studied by2years determination.
(1) The biomass of Stipa klemenzii steppe in different years shows differentdynamics due to precipitation distribution. The aboveground biomass in2011showedremarkably single-peak curve, the peak value appeared in late June. The belowgroundbiomass showed the principle of N type, the peak value appeared in late July. While, in2012, both the above and below ground biomass showed single-peak curve, the peakvalue appeared in July or August.
(2) The distribution of belowground biomass showed T type in the pattern ofvertical space and progressively decreased from top soil to bottom soil. Below-groundbiomass in soil layer of0-30cm accounted for more than80%of the total belowgroundbiomass.
(3) Seasonal fluctuations of the root: shoot ratio of Stipa klemenzii steppe iscomparatively large. It is significantly correlated with aboveground biomass, and is asignificant negative correlation with cumulative precipitation and last month temperatures, and is a significant positive correlation with the0-10cm soil moisture.
(4) The seasonal variation of soil organic carbon showed a single-peak curve, it is asignificant positive correlation with below ground biomass in the soil layer of0-10cm.
2. Based on3years field survey data and MODIS-NDVI data, the Above-groundbiomass of Sonid Youqi were estimated, combining root: shoot ratio and soil organiccarbon data, the total carbon storage of Sonid Youqi were estimated.
(1) Total carbon storage of Sonid Youqi in2006,2011and2012is respectively329.86Tg,328.63Tg and335.03Tg. Soil carbon storage accounted for more than95%of the total carbon storage. Root carbon storage is20times of above ground biomass.
(2) The average aboveground biomass of Sonid Youqi in2012was significantlyhigher than those in2006and2011, which is respectively59.08g/m~2,37.59g/m~2and41.23g/m~2. Soil carbon density in different grassland is different, the soil carbon densityin Stipa breviflora steppe is the highest, which is18690.3g/m~2，the soil carbon density insteppe desert is the lowest, which is4358.43g/m~2
3. The influence of climate, grazing and soil microbial to grassland biomass andcarbon pool in Sonid Youqi.
(1) Nearly30years, temperature in Sonid Youqi is an increasing trend especially insummer and autumn, while the precipitation decreased. The above carbon pool and rootcarbon pool showed a significant positive correlation with annul precipitation, and anegative correlation with temperature. The climate change in Sonid Youqi is notconducive to the accumulation of carbon reserves.
(2) With the increasing of grazing intensity, the above and below biomass of Stipaklemenzii steppe decreased during growing season. Compared with CK, soil organiccarbon in LG increased, while soil organic carbon in MG, HG and EG reduced indifferent degree.
(3) Soil microbial number showed significantly positive correlation with aboveground biomass. Under different grazing intensities, soil microbial number showed ahighly positive correlation with soil organic carbon, temperature and soil water content.
1．通过连续2年的样地监测，分析了小针茅荒漠草原的生物量、根冠比和土壤有机碳季节动态及其影响因素。
(1)小针茅群落地上、地下生物量受生长季降水分配的影响，不同年份呈现不同的季节动态，2011年小针茅群落的地上生物量季节变化呈单峰型曲线，峰值出现在6月下旬，地下生物量季节动态表现为“N”型变化规律，最大值出现在7月下旬。2012年小针茅群落地上、地下生物量季节变化均呈单峰型曲线，地上生物量的峰值出现在8月中旬，地下生物量的峰值出现在7月中旬或8月中旬。
(2)苏尼特右旗小针茅草原地下生物量呈明显的垂直空间格局，沿土层深度分布的总趋势是：主要集中分布在0-30cm层的土壤中，向下递减趋势明显，呈“T”型分布。其中0-30cm的地下生物量已占其总地下生物量的80%以上。
(3)小针茅草原植被根冠比季节波动较大，根冠比与地上生物量有显著相关性，可以用地上生物量来模拟根冠比。根冠比与累计降水和上月气温呈极显著负相关，而与0-10cm土壤含水量呈显著正相关。
(4)小针茅草原土壤有机碳的季节变化呈单峰型曲线，0-10cm土层地下生物量和土壤有机碳呈显著正相关。
2．运用苏尼特右旗主要草地类型3年的地上生物量数据以及2011年的生物量和土壤有机碳数据，结合MODIS-NDVI数据，对苏尼特右旗地上生物量进行估算，结合测定获得的主要草地类型根冠比和土壤有机碳数据，估算苏尼特右旗草地总碳储量。
(1)苏尼特右旗2006年、2011年和2012年的草地总碳储量分别为329.86Tg，328.63Tg和335.03Tg。土壤碳储量占总碳储量的95%以上，根系碳储量是地上生物量碳储量的20倍。
(2)2012年苏尼特右旗平均地上生物量明显高于2006年和2011年，分别为59.08g/m~2，37.59g/m~2和41.23g/m~2。苏尼特右旗草地土壤平均碳密度为14626.36g/m~2。不同草地类型土壤碳密度不同，短花针茅草原的土壤碳密度最高，为18690.3g/m~2，红砂、珍珠柴草原化荒漠的土壤碳密度最低，只有4358.43g/m~2。
3.对气候、放牧以及土壤微生物对苏尼特右旗草地生物量及碳库的影响进行了研究。
(1)苏尼特右旗近30a的气温变化为升高趋势，以夏季和秋季最为明显。降水量开始出现以夏季降水为主导的全年降水减少趋势。地上碳库和根系碳库与年降水量均呈显著正相关关系，与年平均气温呈负相关关系。苏尼特右旗气温升高以及夏季降水减少的趋势不利于碳储量的积累。
(2)苏尼特右旗小针茅、无芒隐子草群落生长季各月地上生物量和地下生物量均随放牧强度增加而显著减小。与围栏封育对照区相比，轻度放牧区的土壤有机碳有所增加，中度放牧、重度放牧和极重度放牧的试验小区土壤有机碳较对照区均有不同程度降低。
(3)小针茅+无芒隐子草草地生长季各月土壤微生物数量与草地地上生物量呈显著正相关。不同放牧强度下三大类群土壤微生物数量与土壤有机碳、气温和降水量均呈极显著正相关关系。
Grassland ecosystem plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, so far therehave a great deal of basic information on grassland biomass and carbon accumulationwere accumulated. Many scholars have done a lot of research work on biomass dynamicand carbon stock in typical and meadow steppe. While for the studies about biomassdynamics and carbon stocks in desert steppe, there are only few articles, especiallybelow-ground biomass seasonal dynamics. Due to the lack of field survey data, thecarbon storage estimation of China grassland is uncertain. Therefore, in this paper, wetake Stipa klemenzii steppe as research object, which is the preventative grassland ofdesert steppe in Inner Mongolia. The above and below ground biomass, soil organiccarbon content have been surveyed and determined from May to September. Thedynamics of biomass and soil organic carbon in Stipa klemenzii steppe were analized.The spatial and temporal distribution of carbon stocks in Sonid Youqi were studied, theinfluence factors such as climate, grazing and soil microbial to desert steppe carbon poolswere explored, which can improve the ability to estimate carbon storage in terrestrialecosystems.
1. The seasonal dynamics and its influence factors of biomass, root: shoot ratio andsoil organic carbon in Stipa klemenzii steppe was studied by2years determination.
(1) The biomass of Stipa klemenzii steppe in different years shows differentdynamics due to precipitation distribution. The aboveground biomass in2011showedremarkably single-peak curve, the peak value appeared in late June. The belowgroundbiomass showed the principle of N type, the peak value appeared in late July. While, in2012, both the above and below ground biomass showed single-peak curve, the peakvalue appeared in July or August.
(2) The distribution of belowground biomass showed T type in the pattern ofvertical space and progressively decreased from top soil to bottom soil. Below-groundbiomass in soil layer of0-30cm accounted for more than80%of the total belowgroundbiomass.
(3) Seasonal fluctuations of the root: shoot ratio of Stipa klemenzii steppe iscomparatively large. It is significantly correlated with aboveground biomass, and is asignificant negative correlation with cumulative precipitation and last month temperatures, and is a significant positive correlation with the0-10cm soil moisture.
(4) The seasonal variation of soil organic carbon showed a single-peak curve, it is asignificant positive correlation with below ground biomass in the soil layer of0-10cm.
2. Based on3years field survey data and MODIS-NDVI data, the Above-groundbiomass of Sonid Youqi were estimated, combining root: shoot ratio and soil organiccarbon data, the total carbon storage of Sonid Youqi were estimated.
(1) Total carbon storage of Sonid Youqi in2006,2011and2012is respectively329.86Tg,328.63Tg and335.03Tg. Soil carbon storage accounted for more than95%of the total carbon storage. Root carbon storage is20times of above ground biomass.
(2) The average aboveground biomass of Sonid Youqi in2012was significantlyhigher than those in2006and2011, which is respectively59.08g/m~2,37.59g/m~2and41.23g/m~2. Soil carbon density in different grassland is different, the soil carbon densityin Stipa breviflora steppe is the highest, which is18690.3g/m~2，the soil carbon density insteppe desert is the lowest, which is4358.43g/m~2
3. The influence of climate, grazing and soil microbial to grassland biomass andcarbon pool in Sonid Youqi.
(1) Nearly30years, temperature in Sonid Youqi is an increasing trend especially insummer and autumn, while the precipitation decreased. The above carbon pool and rootcarbon pool showed a significant positive correlation with annul precipitation, and anegative correlation with temperature. The climate change in Sonid Youqi is notconducive to the accumulation of carbon reserves.
(2) With the increasing of grazing intensity, the above and below biomass of Stipaklemenzii steppe decreased during growing season. Compared with CK, soil organiccarbon in LG increased, while soil organic carbon in MG, HG and EG reduced indifferent degree.
(3) Soil microbial number showed significantly positive correlation with aboveground biomass. Under different grazing intensities, soil microbial number showed ahighly positive correlation with soil organic carbon, temperature and soil water content.
引文
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