国际债务危机与美国金融霸权之基
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摘要
“金元外交”是与塔夫脱总统和诺克斯国务卿这两位美国外交家紧密相连的外交政策，其核心理念在于适应现代商业发展的要求，以“金元”取代“子弹”，由国务院出面推动对“一切合法、有利可图的美国海外企业予以一切恰当的支持”。这包含了两个层面的意味，一则是从政府政策功能出发，“外交应该为金元的扩张服务”；二则为从私人资本的视角着眼，“金元”可以参与政府对外开拓的重要事业，追逐国外的广阔市场与高额利润，公私紧密结合，从而实现更大范围内的美国综合经济、政治和安全利益，缔造“金元下的和平”。从这个意义上说，“金元外交”是对20世纪初美国开始崛起为世界大国的背景下，对美国向外扩张中华盛顿与华尔街进行公私互动关系的一种思考实践与凝练升华。
“金元外交”实施的对象大都是处于欠发达国家和地区的亚非拉殖民地半殖民地或附庸国，由于自身的因素和欧洲资本输出的加强，亚非拉各国政府大都处于严重的财政困难和恶性的外债危机之中，这既酿成了外来殖民干预之威胁，也给美国的“金元”治理与干预提供了机遇。“金元外交”的政策宗旨在于通过“金元”促使欠发达国家和地区形成稳定的财政能力进而达成政治秩序，其行动的逻辑在于由美国监管或接手当地税收重要来源，实施“科学合理”的监管，从而形成稳定的财政偿还能力，进而免除欧洲殖民势力干涉的直接借口，也塑造了美国在这些地区的财政和金融影响。因此，塔夫脱实施“金元外交”的背后，涉及一系列的制度设计和政策支持，这样才能保证“金元”达到效果。
从政策实施的具体过程和暂时效果来看，“金元外交”在亚非拉实施存在着不同的类型。在尼加拉瓜，塔夫脱政府利用1909年的债务危机和革命动乱，将尼加拉瓜打造成为拉美地区实施“金元外交”的样板，代表了“门罗主义”旗号下美国绝对控制其后院财政稳定和政治秩序的类型。与此同时，在西非的利比里亚，美国利用两国间历史上存在的特殊关系和债务危机，组建了以美国银行团为核心的国际银行团，而后又建立了美国主导下的关税监管体制，掌控了财政大权，最终将利比里亚变成了“财政附庸国”，在欧洲殖民势力控制的非洲建立一个对美国保持门户开放的立足之地。在远东的中国，塔夫脱政府利用清末民初的财政困难和外债危机，借助银行团的金融力量积极介入中国的铁路建设、币制改革和善后大借款，欲更改远东地区的游戏规则，维持和发展“门户开放”的帝国主义。但是日俄的强烈反对和英法德的消极态度使其步步后退，华尔街自身实力的局限也令美国主导中国财政大权的梦想落空，美国不得不撤出“金元外交”。“金元外交”的不同类型充分体现了塔夫脱和诺克斯对于“金元外交”核心原则的理解——“一切恰当的支持”，即在外交政策的全球布局中，当须有所为而有所不为。
当然，“金元外交”实施的过程都涉及到代表公共权力的国务院、代表私人资本的华尔街投资银行和代表“科学知识”的财政专家的组合。在这个组合秩序中，政府出台政策提供制度保障，华尔街的银行家提供资金支持，财政专家贡献的是进步主义时代的科学原则和专业知识，他们希望帮助欠发达地区国家有效管理银行家提供的贷款，助其自助，使当地形成财政稳定和政治有序，从而实现美国自身利益的最大化。在这一过程中，代表公共权力的政府与代表私人利益银行家之间通过财政专家这个桥梁搭建的平台进行密切合作，政府与私人机构之间的界线已经不再清晰。这种新的“组合主义”外交目的在于将有效率的、有责任感的华尔街银行与政府主导的公共目标和外交利益相结合，从而能够相互促进，达到双赢。因此，塔夫脱试图在欠发达地区打造一个新的世界秩序——政府通过整合市场力量和相互合作的私人银行来共同在全球经济中扩张，并且通过财政专家的努力建立一个理性化的、以美国为中心的政治经济秩序，由此“金元外交”成为美国在20世纪中后期构建国际财政和金融霸权的早期尝试和重要基点。但无论是从实施过程还是政策结果来看，“金元外交”都并非欠发达债务国的“福音”，相反，美国总是不时通过牺牲弱小国家的主权和利益来换取或实现美国自身的利益。
此外，从历史的演进来看，“金元外交”植根于美国深厚的“商业”外交传统，同时适应了华尔街崛起后美国金融资本对外扩张的需要，在实践层面上承继并发展了“门户开放”和“门罗主义”及其推论，并将二者整合成为一项针对欠发达国家和地区的整体性的对外政策，代表了20世纪初期美国对于“现代外交”的探索与总结，具有一定程度的务实性和可操作性，体现了一种战略眼光。因此，在塔夫脱政府之后的20世纪美国外交政策发展历程中，各种类型、各个版本的“新金元外交”不绝如缕，至今仍在美国对外政策中发挥重要影响，这也是一个世纪之后研究“金元外交”的意义所在。
The axiomatic principle of Dollar Diplomacy relating with President William Howard Taft and Secretary Philander Knox charactered as substituting dollars for bullets. This policy which has sought to respond to the modern ideas of commercial intercourse means the government of American shall extend all proper support to every legitimate and beneficial American enterprise abroad. This principle includes two meanings, on the first side, it implicates diplomacy should service for the dollars conditioned on the governmental function, and on the other side, from the private enterprises views, the dollars should participate into the overseas expansion activities of American government which can earn the vast foreign market and high profits. The interaction of public power and private sectors can achieve comprehensively the economic, political and security interests in larger areas, and creating the Pax Dollar. In this sense, Dollar Diplomacy is a kind of deliberation, practice and sublimation of the public‐private interaction between Washington and Wall Street during the early20th Century which America became a world power.
The application targets of Dollar Diplomacy lied mostly in the underdeveloped zones, such as the colony, semi‐colony countries or financial protectorate. These countries have been fallen into serious financial crisis and vicious debts cycle which has caused colonization interference and also provided the American dollars output in this era. The doctrine of Dollar Diplomacy implied financial stabilization which America should take some steps to control and urge these poor, weak governments into the political order through inserting dollar. And its action logic includes America takes over the financial tax source, then practice the receivership in the name of scientific management and finally shapes the financial repaid timely in order to avoid the excuse of the Europe colony interference and give rise to the establishment of the American financial power. Therefore the enforcement of Dollar Diplomacy which aimed to cope with the financial crisis in underdeveloped areas referred to a series of system designs and policies support so as to ensure the effects of the Dollar.
As far as the specific progress and contemporary effects are concerned, the different types of practices of Dollar diplomacy indeed exist in Asia, Africa and Latin America. When Nicaragua case being discussed, Taft Administration exploited the domestic debt crisis and revolution riots happened in1909as an excellent opportunity to make Nicaragua as a practical example in Latin America to carry Dollar diplomacy into execution. This stands for the typical type of absolute controlling of financial stability and political order of America’s backyard, which is definitely under the flag of Monroe Doctrine. At the same time, Taft Administration takes advantage of the special historical relationship between America and Liberia and the latter’s debt crisis, and establishes an American‐banks‐leading International Bank Group at first, then the American‐leading Receivership as well. With the controlling of Liberia finance, America successfully turns Liberia into its financial vassal state in Africa where which is surrounded by European colonial powers and keeps one of the Africa’s door open to America. When it comes to China, Taft Administration takes the similar chances of financial difficulties and debt crisis during late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. With the helps from Wall Street’s bank groups, America unprecedentedly actively interpose the railroad building, Currency Reformation and Reorganizational Loan in China, in order to achieve its further target to change the game rules in Fast East, which could be explained to balance the extension of sphere of influence of different powers, thus of course to sustain the further development of Open Door.
However, Taft Administration’s efforts are counteracted by the strong opposition from Japan and Russia, and negative noncooperation of Britain, French and Germany. The intrinsically limited influence of Wall Streets’ banks also makes America government’s dream, which is to control China’s finance through the American‐leading International Bank Group, fallen and American have to withdraw from the practice of Dollar diplomacy in China. Those above practical types and characters of Dollar diplomacy fully illustrates Taft and Knox’s understanding to the key principle of Dollar diplomacy‐‐‐‐appropriate supports by all means from government. This doctrine could be understood as government being obliged to do its duty in the diplomatic field with the global background.
Another aspect that should be discussed about Dollar diplomacy is the systematic combinations among Department of State standing for public power, Wall Street’ investment banks standing for personal capitals, and financial experts standing for scientific knowledge. From the literal meaning of those expressions, the triangle duties are clean and clear, government providing with the political security system, bankers affording with the financing support, and those exports contributing with their scientific principles and professional knowledge on behalf of progressive era. The target of this group is obvious, as well, to assist those under‐development countries to effectively manage the loans provided by foreign bankers, and further more to build up a stable economic and political order.
But one more thing about the triangle cooperation that should be pointed out is the distinction between government and personal institutions is not clear any more, because if the financial experts could continue to play their constructive roles, the cooperation platform built up by the government on behalf of public power and bankers on behalf of personal interest is necessary. If this new idea of corporatism had applied into diplomatic field, the purpose would be attempted to combine the efficient and responsible investment bankers with government‐leading public target and diplomatic interest, therefore to bring the mutual promotion and achieve double‐win. Thereby, Taft attempted to forge a new world order in non‐industrialized countries which the American government can integrate the market force and cooperation of the private bankers together into the economic expansion, and create an rational and American‐oriented political and economic order along with the efforts of money doctors. From this point, dollar diplomacy became an essential basis to build the international financial hegemony after middle and late20th Century.
Furthermore, Dollar Diplomacy which rooted into the profound American diplomacy tradition named as ‘Commerce diplomacy’ and added the needs of the rise of financial capital of Wall Street in a new stage inherited and developed the Open Door and the Corollary to Monroe Doctrine, and blended these two doctrines into a comprehensive policy aiming to the underdeveloped zones in order to perform responsibility as a world power. It was an effort frankly directed to the exploration of the modern diplomacy in the early20th Century and represented a strategy viewpoint because of its realism and operability. Consequently, there are many types and many versions of the New Dollar Diplomacy after Taft Administration and Dollar Diplomacy has been a normal policy choice in20th Century American history. That is the significance of this research after100years lied in.
“金元外交”实施的对象大都是处于欠发达国家和地区的亚非拉殖民地半殖民地或附庸国，由于自身的因素和欧洲资本输出的加强，亚非拉各国政府大都处于严重的财政困难和恶性的外债危机之中，这既酿成了外来殖民干预之威胁，也给美国的“金元”治理与干预提供了机遇。“金元外交”的政策宗旨在于通过“金元”促使欠发达国家和地区形成稳定的财政能力进而达成政治秩序，其行动的逻辑在于由美国监管或接手当地税收重要来源，实施“科学合理”的监管，从而形成稳定的财政偿还能力，进而免除欧洲殖民势力干涉的直接借口，也塑造了美国在这些地区的财政和金融影响。因此，塔夫脱实施“金元外交”的背后，涉及一系列的制度设计和政策支持，这样才能保证“金元”达到效果。
从政策实施的具体过程和暂时效果来看，“金元外交”在亚非拉实施存在着不同的类型。在尼加拉瓜，塔夫脱政府利用1909年的债务危机和革命动乱，将尼加拉瓜打造成为拉美地区实施“金元外交”的样板，代表了“门罗主义”旗号下美国绝对控制其后院财政稳定和政治秩序的类型。与此同时，在西非的利比里亚，美国利用两国间历史上存在的特殊关系和债务危机，组建了以美国银行团为核心的国际银行团，而后又建立了美国主导下的关税监管体制，掌控了财政大权，最终将利比里亚变成了“财政附庸国”，在欧洲殖民势力控制的非洲建立一个对美国保持门户开放的立足之地。在远东的中国，塔夫脱政府利用清末民初的财政困难和外债危机，借助银行团的金融力量积极介入中国的铁路建设、币制改革和善后大借款，欲更改远东地区的游戏规则，维持和发展“门户开放”的帝国主义。但是日俄的强烈反对和英法德的消极态度使其步步后退，华尔街自身实力的局限也令美国主导中国财政大权的梦想落空，美国不得不撤出“金元外交”。“金元外交”的不同类型充分体现了塔夫脱和诺克斯对于“金元外交”核心原则的理解——“一切恰当的支持”，即在外交政策的全球布局中，当须有所为而有所不为。
当然，“金元外交”实施的过程都涉及到代表公共权力的国务院、代表私人资本的华尔街投资银行和代表“科学知识”的财政专家的组合。在这个组合秩序中，政府出台政策提供制度保障，华尔街的银行家提供资金支持，财政专家贡献的是进步主义时代的科学原则和专业知识，他们希望帮助欠发达地区国家有效管理银行家提供的贷款，助其自助，使当地形成财政稳定和政治有序，从而实现美国自身利益的最大化。在这一过程中，代表公共权力的政府与代表私人利益银行家之间通过财政专家这个桥梁搭建的平台进行密切合作，政府与私人机构之间的界线已经不再清晰。这种新的“组合主义”外交目的在于将有效率的、有责任感的华尔街银行与政府主导的公共目标和外交利益相结合，从而能够相互促进，达到双赢。因此，塔夫脱试图在欠发达地区打造一个新的世界秩序——政府通过整合市场力量和相互合作的私人银行来共同在全球经济中扩张，并且通过财政专家的努力建立一个理性化的、以美国为中心的政治经济秩序，由此“金元外交”成为美国在20世纪中后期构建国际财政和金融霸权的早期尝试和重要基点。但无论是从实施过程还是政策结果来看，“金元外交”都并非欠发达债务国的“福音”，相反，美国总是不时通过牺牲弱小国家的主权和利益来换取或实现美国自身的利益。
此外，从历史的演进来看，“金元外交”植根于美国深厚的“商业”外交传统，同时适应了华尔街崛起后美国金融资本对外扩张的需要，在实践层面上承继并发展了“门户开放”和“门罗主义”及其推论，并将二者整合成为一项针对欠发达国家和地区的整体性的对外政策，代表了20世纪初期美国对于“现代外交”的探索与总结，具有一定程度的务实性和可操作性，体现了一种战略眼光。因此，在塔夫脱政府之后的20世纪美国外交政策发展历程中，各种类型、各个版本的“新金元外交”不绝如缕，至今仍在美国对外政策中发挥重要影响，这也是一个世纪之后研究“金元外交”的意义所在。
The axiomatic principle of Dollar Diplomacy relating with President William Howard Taft and Secretary Philander Knox charactered as substituting dollars for bullets. This policy which has sought to respond to the modern ideas of commercial intercourse means the government of American shall extend all proper support to every legitimate and beneficial American enterprise abroad. This principle includes two meanings, on the first side, it implicates diplomacy should service for the dollars conditioned on the governmental function, and on the other side, from the private enterprises views, the dollars should participate into the overseas expansion activities of American government which can earn the vast foreign market and high profits. The interaction of public power and private sectors can achieve comprehensively the economic, political and security interests in larger areas, and creating the Pax Dollar. In this sense, Dollar Diplomacy is a kind of deliberation, practice and sublimation of the public‐private interaction between Washington and Wall Street during the early20th Century which America became a world power.
The application targets of Dollar Diplomacy lied mostly in the underdeveloped zones, such as the colony, semi‐colony countries or financial protectorate. These countries have been fallen into serious financial crisis and vicious debts cycle which has caused colonization interference and also provided the American dollars output in this era. The doctrine of Dollar Diplomacy implied financial stabilization which America should take some steps to control and urge these poor, weak governments into the political order through inserting dollar. And its action logic includes America takes over the financial tax source, then practice the receivership in the name of scientific management and finally shapes the financial repaid timely in order to avoid the excuse of the Europe colony interference and give rise to the establishment of the American financial power. Therefore the enforcement of Dollar Diplomacy which aimed to cope with the financial crisis in underdeveloped areas referred to a series of system designs and policies support so as to ensure the effects of the Dollar.
As far as the specific progress and contemporary effects are concerned, the different types of practices of Dollar diplomacy indeed exist in Asia, Africa and Latin America. When Nicaragua case being discussed, Taft Administration exploited the domestic debt crisis and revolution riots happened in1909as an excellent opportunity to make Nicaragua as a practical example in Latin America to carry Dollar diplomacy into execution. This stands for the typical type of absolute controlling of financial stability and political order of America’s backyard, which is definitely under the flag of Monroe Doctrine. At the same time, Taft Administration takes advantage of the special historical relationship between America and Liberia and the latter’s debt crisis, and establishes an American‐banks‐leading International Bank Group at first, then the American‐leading Receivership as well. With the controlling of Liberia finance, America successfully turns Liberia into its financial vassal state in Africa where which is surrounded by European colonial powers and keeps one of the Africa’s door open to America. When it comes to China, Taft Administration takes the similar chances of financial difficulties and debt crisis during late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. With the helps from Wall Street’s bank groups, America unprecedentedly actively interpose the railroad building, Currency Reformation and Reorganizational Loan in China, in order to achieve its further target to change the game rules in Fast East, which could be explained to balance the extension of sphere of influence of different powers, thus of course to sustain the further development of Open Door.
However, Taft Administration’s efforts are counteracted by the strong opposition from Japan and Russia, and negative noncooperation of Britain, French and Germany. The intrinsically limited influence of Wall Streets’ banks also makes America government’s dream, which is to control China’s finance through the American‐leading International Bank Group, fallen and American have to withdraw from the practice of Dollar diplomacy in China. Those above practical types and characters of Dollar diplomacy fully illustrates Taft and Knox’s understanding to the key principle of Dollar diplomacy‐‐‐‐appropriate supports by all means from government. This doctrine could be understood as government being obliged to do its duty in the diplomatic field with the global background.
Another aspect that should be discussed about Dollar diplomacy is the systematic combinations among Department of State standing for public power, Wall Street’ investment banks standing for personal capitals, and financial experts standing for scientific knowledge. From the literal meaning of those expressions, the triangle duties are clean and clear, government providing with the political security system, bankers affording with the financing support, and those exports contributing with their scientific principles and professional knowledge on behalf of progressive era. The target of this group is obvious, as well, to assist those under‐development countries to effectively manage the loans provided by foreign bankers, and further more to build up a stable economic and political order.
But one more thing about the triangle cooperation that should be pointed out is the distinction between government and personal institutions is not clear any more, because if the financial experts could continue to play their constructive roles, the cooperation platform built up by the government on behalf of public power and bankers on behalf of personal interest is necessary. If this new idea of corporatism had applied into diplomatic field, the purpose would be attempted to combine the efficient and responsible investment bankers with government‐leading public target and diplomatic interest, therefore to bring the mutual promotion and achieve double‐win. Thereby, Taft attempted to forge a new world order in non‐industrialized countries which the American government can integrate the market force and cooperation of the private bankers together into the economic expansion, and create an rational and American‐oriented political and economic order along with the efforts of money doctors. From this point, dollar diplomacy became an essential basis to build the international financial hegemony after middle and late20th Century.
Furthermore, Dollar Diplomacy which rooted into the profound American diplomacy tradition named as ‘Commerce diplomacy’ and added the needs of the rise of financial capital of Wall Street in a new stage inherited and developed the Open Door and the Corollary to Monroe Doctrine, and blended these two doctrines into a comprehensive policy aiming to the underdeveloped zones in order to perform responsibility as a world power. It was an effort frankly directed to the exploration of the modern diplomacy in the early20th Century and represented a strategy viewpoint because of its realism and operability. Consequently, there are many types and many versions of the New Dollar Diplomacy after Taft Administration and Dollar Diplomacy has been a normal policy choice in20th Century American history. That is the significance of this research after100years lied in.
引文
1李剑鸣：《历史学家的修养和技艺》，上海：上海三联书店，2007年，第358‐362页。
2吴心伯：《《金元外交与列强在中国》》，上海：复旦大学出版社，1994年，见内容提要部分。
1杨生茂主编：《美国外交政策史，1775‐1989》，北京：人民出版社，1991年，第256‐257页；杨生茂、张友伦主编：《美国历史百科辞典》，“金元外交”条，上海：世纪出版集团、上海辞书出版社，2004年，第261页。
2王玮、戴超武合著的《美国外交思想史，1775‐2005年》，北京：人民出版社，2007年，第240‐241页。
3Henrik Shipstead著，剑云译，《美国在拉丁亚美利加‘金元外交’》，《国闻周报》，1928年，第五卷，第三期，第一至十七页。
1Barbara A. Tenenbaum, Georgette M. Dorn, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture,Vol.2, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons Reference Books,1982, p.832.
2Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, NewYork: The Department of State,1911, p.43.
3F.M. Huntington Wilson,“Dollar Diplomacy and Social Darwinism”, in Holden Zolov, ed., LatinAmerica and the United States: A Documentary History, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000,pp.117‐119.
1Huntington Wilson, The Peril of Hifalutin, New York: Duffield and Company,1918, p.244.
2Juan Leets, United States and Latin America: Dollar Diplomacy, New Orleans: The L. Craham Co.,Ltd., Printers,1912, p.10.
3Juan Leets, United States and Latin America: Dollar Diplomacy, p.13.
1William H. Becker and Samuel F. Wells, eds., Economics and World Power: An Assessment ofAmerican Diplomacy since1789, New York: Columbia University Press,1984, pp.203‐204.
2Woodrow Wilson, New Freedom, New York and Garden City: Page&Company,1912, pp. Viii‐X.
3Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1999, p.78.
4Robert D. Schulzinger, US diplomacy since1900, New York: Oxford University Press,2002, p.38;C.S. Thomas,“Former Senator Thomas of Colorado Objects to the Phrase’Dollar Diplomacy’”, TheWashington Post, January9,1927, p.S2.
1Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, p.78.
2Scott Nearing and Joseph Freeman, Dollar Diplomacy: A Study in American Imperialism,London: Geogre Allen and Unwin LTD.,1927, p. v.
3Doris Hemming,“Review”, Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Vol.5, No.5
(Sep.,1926), pp.252‐253; Kristin L. Hoganson,“Adding Currency to Culture”, Diplomatic History,Vol.25, No.2(Spring2000), p.330.
1Harry Elmer Barnes, The Americans in Santo Domingo, New York: Vanguard Press,1928; LelandH. Jenks, Our Cuban Colony: A Study in Sugar, New York: Vanguard Press,1928; Bailey W. andJustine W. Diffie, Porto Rico: A Broken Pledge, New York: Vanguard Press,1931; Charles D. Kepner,Jr., and Jay H. Soothill, The Banana Empire: A Case Study of Economic Imperialism, New York:Vanguard Press,1935.
2Herbert Feis, The Diplomacy of the Dollar: First Era,1919‐1932, New York: W. W. Norton&Company,1950, pp.73‐74.
1William E. Leuchtenburg,“Progressive and Imperialism: The Progressive Movement andAmerican foreign policy,1898‐1916”, The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol.39, No.3(Dec,1952), pp.483‐491.
2Dana G. Munro, Intervention and Dollar Diplomacy in the Carribearn,1900‐1921, Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press1964, pp.162‐163; Kristin L. Hoganson,“Adding Currency to Culture”,Diplomatic History, Vol.25, No.2(Spring2000), p.331.
3Dana G. Munro, Intervention and Dollar Diplomacy in the Carribearn,1900‐1921, p.162.
1“Dollar Diplomacy”, in Alexander De Conde ed., Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy:Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas, Vol. I, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons,1978,p.273.
2Walter V. Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration,Columbia: University of Missouri Press,1970, p.105.
3Walter V. Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration,Columbia: University of Missouri Press,1970, p.106.
4Bradford Perkins,“The tragedy of American diplomacy: Twenty‐Five Years after”, Reviews inAmerican History, Vol.12, No.1, March1984.
1John Braeman,“The New Left and American foreign policy during the age of Normalcy: Areexamination”, Business History Review, Vol.LVII, No.1(Spring1983), p.75.
2William Appleman Williams, The tragedy of American diplomacy, New York: W. W. Norton&Company,1972, pp.74‐78.
3Dana G. Munro, Intervention and Dollar Diplomacy in the Carribearn,1900‐1921, p.163.
4William Becker, The Dynamics of Business‐Government Relations, Chicago: University ofChicago Press,1982, p.xiv.
1William Becker, Economic and World Power: An assessment of American Diplomacy Since1789,New York: Columbia University Press,1984, p.220.
2Manuel Francis Torregrosa, United States Dollar Diplomacy in China,1909‐1913, Thesis (Ph. D.),Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University,1951; Charles Chia‐Hwei Chu, The China policy of theTaft‐Knox Administration,1909‐1913, Thesis (Ph. D.), Chicago: The University of Chicago,1956;Pagie Elillot Mulhollan, Philander C. Knox and dollar diplomacy, Thesis (Ph. D.), Washington D.C.:The University of Texas,1966; Takeshi Matsuda, Woodrow Wilson’s Dollar Diplomacy in the FarEast: The new Chinese Consortium,1912‐1921, Thesis (Ph. D.), Madison: The University ofWisconsin‐Madison,1979; Joseph Milton Rowe, William Howard Taft: Diplomatic trouble‐shooter,Thesis (Ph. D.), College Station: Texas A&M University,1977.
3Eugene P. Trani,“Dollar Diplomacy,” in Alexander DeConde ed., Encyclopedia of AmericanForeign Policy: Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas, Vol. I, New York: Charles Scribner’sSons,1978, p.273.
4Thomas Victor DiBacco, Return to dollar diplomacy? American business reaction to theEisenhower foreign aid program,1953‐1961, Thesis (Ph. D.), Washington D.C.: AmericanUniversity,1965.
1Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, Vol.2, New York: Charles Scribner's SonsReference Books,1978, p.833.
2Matthew Stevenson,“Dollar Diplomacy”, Harper’s,259:1550,1979, July, pp.62‐64.
3[美]弗兰克宁科维奇著，牛可译：《范式失落：文化转型与美国外交史的全球化》，《冷战国际史研究》，2006年第1期，第125‐126页。
4[美]弗兰克宁科维奇著，牛可译：《范式失落：文化转型与美国外交史的全球化》，《冷战国际史研究》，2006年第1期，第126页。
1Akira Iriye,“Culture and Power: International Relations as Intercultural Relations”, DiplomaticHistory, No.3(Spring1979), pp.115‐128;周桂银、曹大友：《入江昭与美国‐东亚关系研究——对国际关系的文化解释》，《外国问题研究》，1995年第3、4期，第76‐79页。
2Ian Tyrell,“American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History”, American HistoricalReview, No.96(October1991), pp.1013‐1055; Akira Iriye,“The Internationalization of History”,American Historical Review, No.94(February1989), pp.1‐10; Akira Iriye,“Culture andInternational ships”, in Michael J. Hogan and Thomas Paterson eds., Explaining the History ofAmerican Foreign Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2004.
3Michael D. Rice, Nicaragua&the U.S.: Policy Confrontations&Cultural Interactions,1893‐1933,Dissertation (Ph. D), Houston: University of Houston,1995, p.iv.
1Emily Rosenberg,“Revisiting Dollar Diplomacy: Narratives of Money and Manliness”,Diplomatic History, Vol.22, No.2(Spring1998), pp.159‐177.
2Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1999.
3Ellis W. Hawley,“Review”, Journal of Interdisciplinary History,2004, p.115.
4Frank Ninkovich, The United States and Imperialism, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc,2001, pp.170‐172.
1Michael Gobat, Confronting the American Dream: Nicaragua under U.S. imperial rule, Durham:Duke University Press,2005, p.7.
2Michael Gobat, Confronting the American Dream: Nicaragua under U.S. imperial rule, p.11.
3Cyrus Veeser, A World Safe for Capitalism: Dollar Diplomacy and America’s Rise to GlobalPower, New York: Columbia University Press,2002, p.386.
4Cyrus Veeser, A World Safe for Capitalism: Dollar Diplomacy and America’s Rise to GlobalPower, p.385.
1Diane Kunz,“London Johnson’s Dollar Diplomacy”, History Today, April1992, pp.45‐51.
2Diane Kunz,“Cold War Dollar Diplomacy: The other side of Containment”, in Diane B. Kunz, Ed.,The Diplomacy of Crucial Decade: American Foreign Policies during the1960s, New York:Columbia University Press,1994, pp.105‐107.
3Margaret M. Carroll, The Rockefeller Corollary: The Impact of Philanthropy and Globalization,Thesis (Ph. D.), Los Angels: UCLA,1999, p.338.
4Humberto Mattew Loayza, Dollar Diplomacy with a new look: President Eisenhower’sInter‐American policies,1953‐1961, Thesis (Ph. D.), West Lafayette: Perdue University,1999, p.viii.
1Francis Adams, Dollar Diplomacy: United States economic assistance to Latin America,Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Limited,2000, pp.1‐2.
2John Stremlau,“Clinton’s Dollar Diplomacy,” Foreign Policy, NO.97,(Winter,1994‐1995),pp.18‐35.
3Lawrence F. Kaplan,“Dollar Diplomacy Returns”, Commentary, February1998, pp.52‐54.
4Eric Helleiner,“Dollarization Diplomacy: US Policy Towards Latin America Coming Full Circle”,Review of International Political Economy, Vol.10, No.3(Aug.,2003), pp.406‐429; David Sheinin,”The New Dollar Diplomacy in Latin America”, American Studies International, October1999,Vol.XXXVII, No.3, pp.81‐98.
1杨生茂、张友伦主编：《美国历史百科辞典》，上海：世纪出版集团、上海辞书出版社，2004年，第260‐261页。
1参见陈元、周道炯等主编：《国际金融百科全书》，北京：中国财政经济出版社，第1136页；Barry Eichengreen and Peter H. Lindert, eds., The International Debt Crisis in HistoricalPerspective, Massachusetts: The MIT Press,1991, p.2‐3.
2一般意义上“国际债务危机”指的是20世纪80年代初期波兰、墨西哥、巴西等国触发的世界性债务危机，但不少学者认为80年代的国际债务危机并非没有历史先例，在20世纪之交许多欠发达国家都因为各种因素的影响举借欧债，无法偿还，引发欧洲殖民干预与危机，如19世纪90年代的阿根廷、巴西，20世纪初期的墨西哥以及下文所论述的尼加拉瓜、利比里亚和中国。参见Barry Eichengreen and Peter H. Lindert, eds., The InternationalDebt Crisis in Historical Perspective, Massachusetts: The MIT Press,1991, p.86‐105.
3查尔斯威维尔：《美国与中国：财政和外交研究，1906‐1913》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1990年，第142页。
1金正昆：《外交学》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第20页。
1Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, NewYork: The Department of State,1911, p.6.
2Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, p.15.
3Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, p.21.
4By a Diplomatist, American Foreign Policy, Boston and New York: The Riverside Press,1909,p.157.
1李道揆：《美国政府机构与人事制度》，北京：人民出版社，1985年，第56‐57页。
2查尔斯A比尔德著，朱曾汶译：《美国政府与政治》（上），北京：商务印书馆，1987年，第323页。
3查尔斯A比尔德著，朱曾汶译：《美国政府与政治》（上），第323页。
4William Becker, Economic and World Power: An Assessment of American Diplomacy since1789,New York: Columbia University Press,1984, p.127.
5John W. Foster, The Practice of Diplomacy: As Illustrated in the Foreign Relations of the UnitedStates, Boston and New York: the Riverside Press,1909, p.241.
1Michael D. Gambone, Documents of American Diplomacy: From the American Revolution to thePresent, Westport: Greenwood Press,2001, pp.38‐39。
2比米斯：《美国对外政策和自由幸福》，辑自中国美国史研究会编：《现代史学的挑战：美国历史协会主席演说集1961‐1988》，王建华等译，上海：上海人民出版社，1990年，第
7页。
3Edward L. Younger, John A. Kasson: Politics and Diplomacy from Lincoln to McKinley, Iowa City:University of Iowa Press,1955, pp.281‐282.
4By a Diplomatist, American Foreign Policy, p.170; William Becker, Economic and World Power,p.129.
1Elmer Plischke, US Department of State: a Reference History, Westport: Greenwood Press,1999,p.222.
2“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1895), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1896, p. XXXVII.
3The Executive Order, The White House, No.10th,1905.引自Fredrick Van Dyne, Our ForeignService: The ‘A B C’ of American Diplomacy, New York: The Lawyers co‐operative PublishingCompany,1909, p.209.
4Walter V. Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign policies of the Taft Administration, Columbia:University of Missouri Press,1970, p.25.
1John W. Foster, The Practice of Diplomacy: As Illustrated in the Foreign Relations of the UnitedStates, p.7.
2Warren Federick Ilchman, Professional Diplomacy, p.95.
1“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1909), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1914, p. XX.
2“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1912), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1919, p.VII.
3Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, p.46.
1Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation,pp.41‐44.
2F.M. Huntington Wilson,“The American Foreign Service,” Outlook, No.LXXXII (September16,1906), pp.501‐504.
3Warren Federick Ilchman, Professional Diplomacy in the United States1779‐1939, p.200.
1“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1909), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1914, p.XX.
1Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, p.46.
2Donald F. Anderson, William Howard Taft: A Conservative’s Conception of the Presidency, Ithacaand London: Cornell University Press,1973, p.238; Elmer Plischke, US Department of State: AReference History, pp.204‐206.
3查尔斯A比尔德著，朱曾汶译：《美国政府与政治》（上），第322页。
4“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1912), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1919, p. VII.
1李道揆：《美国政府机构与人事制度》，第57页。
2转引自乔治·戈登：《美国的公共管理》，纽约：圣马丁出版社，1978年，第245页。
3“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1911), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1918, p. VII.
4“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1909), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1914, p. XXI; FRUS (1912), Washington, D.C.: Government PrintingOffice,1919, p. IX.
1“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1910), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1915, p. XIX.
2National Civil Service Reform League, Report on the Foreign Service, New York,1919, pp.
240‐241.
1Elmer Plischke, US Department of State: A Reference History, p.224.
2“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1910), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1915, p. IX.
1Hearings before the committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives on H.R.20044,Washington: Government Printing Office,1912, pp.120‐122.
2Editorial, New York Times, Feburary28,1912, p.16.引自American Periodicals数据库。
3Warren Federick Ilchman, Professional Diplomacy in the United States1779‐1939, p.109.
4Warren Federick Ilchman, Professional Diplomacy in the United States1779‐1939, p.115.
1“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1912), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1919p. IX.
2Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, p.50;“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1912), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1919, p. XXVII.
3Hearings before the committee on foreign affairs of the House of Representatives on H.R.20044,Washington: Government Printing Office,1912, p.67.
1Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, pp.38‐39.
2Warren Federick Ilchman, Professional Diplomacy, p.111.
3“Get Back at Taft: House Democrats Plot Blow to Dollar Diplomacy”, The Washington Post,August18,1912, p.4.
4James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents: WilliamHoward Taft, Vol. xxiii, Bureau of National Literature,2006, p.8156.
1Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise ofTheodore Roosevelt, New York: New York University Press,1984, p.47.
2Samuel P. Hays, The Response to Industrialism:1885‐1914, Chicago: The University of ChicagoPress,1995, p.72.
3Harold Woodman Faulkner, The Quest for Social Justice:1898‐1914, New York: Macmillan Press,1931, p.28.
4陆月娟：《试论19世纪末20世纪初美国大企业家的历史作用》，《上饶师专学报》，1999年第2期，第59页。
1琼施特劳斯著，王同宽等译：《华尔街之子摩根》，北京：华夏出版社，2004年，第
163‐164页。
2罗恩·切诺著：《摩根财团：美国一代银行王朝和现代金融业的崛起》（金立群校译），北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003年，第73‐74页。
3泽仁多加等编：《美国赢家秘籍》，北京：中国发展出版社，1994年，第27页。
1[美]彼得柯利尔等著，劳景泰译：《洛克菲勒王朝》，上海：上海译文出版社，1982年，第36页。
2何玲丽：《从自由到垄断——美国19世纪末20世纪初工业化道路中的垄断及其立法回应》，《理论月刊》，2007年第12期，第149页。
1杨巍，朱正元：《美国投资银行的发展历程及其当前面临的挑战》，《华中理工大学学报》
（社会科学版），1996年第4期，第41页。
1董登新：《美国投资银行的今生与来世》，《西部论丛》，2008年第12期，第43页。另外，关于投资银行与商业银行二者关系的历史演变，也可详细参考姜健：《美国投资银行发展模式探析》，《时代金融》，2007年第2期，第48‐49页。
2Vincent P. Carosso, Investment Banking in America: A History, Cambridge, Massachusetts, andLondon: Harvard University Press,1987, p.81; Carl Hovey, The Life Story of J. Pierpont Morgan: abiography, New York: Sturgis&Walton Co.,1911, p.281.
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International Bankers,1854‐1913, Cambridge,Massachusetts, and London: Harvard University Press,1987, p.508.
2“Political Affairs in the Dominican Republic”, FRUS,1907, Kraus Reprint CO., pp.354‐358.
3Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International Bankers,1854‐1913, p.523.
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International Bankers,1854‐1913, p.509.
2Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International Bankers,1854‐1913, pp.514‐515.
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International Bankers,1854‐1913, p.514.
2George K. Turner,‘’ Morgan’s Partners’’, McClure’s Magazine, XL, April1913. Quoted fromVincent P. Carosso, Investment Banking in America: A History, p.87.
3Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion,1890‐1945, New York: Hill and Wang Press,1982, p.59.
1贝多广等著：《证券市场与金融机构》，北京：中国审计出版社，1990年。转引自杨巍，朱正元：《美国投资银行的发展历程及其当前面临的挑战》，《华中理工大学学报》（社会科学版），1996年第4期，第41页。
2吉尔伯特C菲特：《美国经济史》，沈阳：辽宁人民出版社，1981年，第382页。
3复旦大学资本主义国家经济研究所编著：《美国垄断财团》，上海：上海人民出版社，1975年，第5页。
4[美]彼得·柯利尔，戴维霍罗威茨：《洛克菲勒王朝》，上海：上海译文出版社，1982年，第26页。
1陆月娟：《试论19世纪末20世纪初美国垄断财团对美国政府的影响》，《历史教学问题》，1996年第5期，第8页。
2罗恩·切诺著：《摩根财团：美国一代银行王朝和现代金融业的崛起》（金立群校译），北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003年，第142‐143页。
3Paul W. Drake, Money Doctors, Foreign Debts, and Economic Reforms in Latin America from the1890s to the Present, Wilmington, DE, Scholarly Resources Inc.,1994.
1Gold standard（金本位制）词条引自《简明不列颠百科全书》编辑部译编：《不列颠百科全书》（第7卷），北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1986年，第177页。
2Gold standard（金本位制）词条引自外文出版社大美百科全书编辑部，光复书局大美百科全书编辑部编译：《大美百科全书》（第12卷），北京：外文出版社，1994年，第407‐408页。
1陈明：《美国<金本位法>确立的历史透视》，《吉首大学学报》（社科版），2003年12月刊，第55页。
2Richard T. McCulle, Banks and Politics during the Progressive Era: The Origins of the FederalReserve System: Money, Class, and Corporate Capitalism,1890‐1913, New York and London:Garland Publishing, Inc.,1992, pp.45‐46.
3陈明：《美国<金本位法>确立的历史透视》，《吉首大学学报》（社科版），2003年12月刊，第58页。
1Michael Gonzalez Cruz,“U.S. Invasion of Puerto Rico: Occupation and Resistance to the ColonialState,1898to the Present”, Latin American Perspective, Vol.25, No.5(Sep.,1998), p.11.
2J. H. Hollander,“The Finance of Puerto Rico”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XVI, December,1901, pp.553‐554.
3Emily S. Rosenberg,“Foundations of United States International Financial Power: Gold StandardDiplomacy,1900‐1905”, Business History Review, No.59(Summer1985), pp.172‐173.
1Emily S. Rosenberg,“Foundations of United States International Financial Power: Gold StandardDiplomacy,1900‐1905”, Business History Review, No.59(Summer1985), p.174.
2Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, p.14.
1“The Philippine Islands”, Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W. Jenks eds., Report onthe introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, New York: Washington Government PrintingOffice,1904, p.283.
1Charles Conant,“The Currency of the Philippine Islands”, The Annals of the American Academyof Political and Social Science, Vol.20, Finance (Nov.,1902), pp.46‐47.
2Charles Conant,“The Currency of the Philippine Islands”, The Annals of the American Academyof Political and Social Science, Vol.20, Finance (Nov.,1902), pp.50‐51.
3Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, p.16.
4“The Currency of the Philippine Islands”, in Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W.Jenks eds., Report on the introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, pp.21‐22.
5Charles Conant,“The Currency of the Philippine Islands”, The Annals of the American Academyof Political and Social Science, Vol.20, Finance (Nov.,1902), pp.58‐59.
1Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, p.17.
2Exact from the Report of the chief of the Bureau Insular Affairs, War Department,1904, in HughH. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W. Jenks, Report on the introduction of the Gold‐ExchangeStandard, New York: Washington Government Printing Office,1904, p.294.
3“The Philippine Islands”, Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W. Jenks eds., Report onthe Introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, p.292.
1“The Philippine Islands”, Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W. Jenks eds., Report onthe Introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, pp.287‐288.
1Charles Conant,“The Gold Exchange Standard in the Light of Experience”, The Economic Journal,Vol.19, No.74(Jun.,1909), p.199.
2“Depositaries of Philippine Funds”, Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W. Jenks eds.,Report on the introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, pp.304‐305.
3Charles Conant,“The Gold Exchange Standard in the Light of Experience”, The Economic Journal,Vol.19, No.74(Jun.,1909), p.194.
1“Secretary Hay to Urge Adoption of United States Gold Standard”, Journal of Commerce andCommercial Bulletin, New York, June6,1904.
2“Panama”, in Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W. Jenks eds., Report on theintroduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, New York: Washington Government Printing Office,1904, pp.320‐321.
3“Act of Panama in Pursuance of Agreement”, Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W.Jenks eds., Report on the introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, New York: WashingtonGovernment Printing Office,1904, pp.331‐332.虽然巴拿马货币完全美元化已近一个世纪，但并未给其带来绝对的稳定。参见Ilan Goldfj,“Full Dollarization: The Case of Panama”, Economia,Vol.1,(Spring2001), pp.102‐103.
1关于美国财政专家精琪与中国清政府就币制改革的协商部分详见本文第四章。笔者注。
2Charles Conant, The Banking System of Mexico, Washington: Government Office,1910, p.62.
3William Schell,“Money as Commodity: Mexico’s Conversion to the Gold Standard in1905,”Mexican Studies12(1), Winter1996, p.69.
1Charles Conant, The Banking System of Mexico, Washington: Government Office,1910, p.68.
2Charles Conant, The Banking System of Mexico, pp.71‐72.
3Michael O’Malley,“Specie and Species: Race and the Money Question in the NineteenthCentury America”, American Historical Review, No.99(1994), pp.369‐395.
1“Chronology of Political Events in Santo Domingo,1905,” FRUS,1906, Kraus Reprint CO., pp.
596‐597.
2多米尼加共和国采纳金本位的档案可参见”Establishment of the American Gold Standard asthe Monetary Standard of the Dominican Republic”, FRUS,1905, Kraus Reprint CO., pp.412‐413.
1“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS,1912, New York, KrausReprint CO.,1969, p. x.
2参见吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国：1909‐1913》，上海：复旦大学出版社，1997年。
2Gerstle Mack, Land Divided: A History of the Panama Canal and other Isthmian Canal Projects,New York: Alfred Knopf,1914, p.101.
3[英]莱斯利贝瑟尔主编：《剑桥拉丁美洲史》（第4卷，约1870‐‐1930），北京：中国社会科学文献出版社，1991年，第84‐88页。
4Robert Seager and Doris Maguire, Letters and papers of Alfred Thayer Mahan, Vol.3, Annapolis:Naval Institute Press,1975, p.9; Commodore George Melville, Views to the Strategic andCommercial Value of the Nicaraguan Canal, the Future Control of the Pacific Ocean to the UnitedStates, Washington: Government Printing Office,1898, pp.18‐19.
1Thomas Schoonver, Germany in Central America, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press,1998, pp.118‐133.
2“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS,1912, p. xxvii.
1“Annual Messages to the Congress”, FRUS,1912, p. xii.
2Walter V. Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration,Columbia: University of Missouri Press,1970, p.63; Lester D. Langley, The Banana Wars: An InnerHistory of American Empire1900‐1934, Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky,1983,pp.64‐66.
3Hon. Philander C. Knox, Letter and statement concerning a loan which the Republiccontemplates making with citizen of United States, Washington,1911, p.6.
4Dana G. Munro, Invention and Dollar Diplomacy in the Caribbean1900‐1921, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1964, p.173.
1Hon. Philander C. Knox, The Spirit and Purpose of American Diplomacy, Philadelphia,1910,June15, pp.45‐47.
2“Mr. Bryce to Sir Edward Grey”, BDFA: North American Affairs, Volume15,1911‐1914,pp.140‐141; George T. Weitzel, American Policy in Nicaragua, Washington: Government PrintingOffice,1916, pp.4‐5.
3“The Secretary of State to various Senators”, FRUS,1912, p.1088.
1“The Secretary of State to various Senators”, FRUS,1912, p.1088.
2“The Secretary of State to the Nicaraguan Charge”, FRUS,1909, pp.455‐457.
3“Mr. Bryce to Sir Edward Grey”, BDFA: North American Affairs, Volume15,1909‐1911, pp.
207‐208.
4“Annual message to the Congress”, FRUS,1910, p. XV.
5“Senor Castrillo to the Secreatry of State”, FRUS,1910, p.762.
1“Senor Castrillio to Knox”, FRUS,1910, p.762.
2“H. Wilson to American Minister Thomas Dawson”, FRUS,1910, p.763.
3“The Acting Secretary of State to Minister Dawson”, FRUS,1910, pp.763‐764.
1“The Nicaraguan Minister for Foreign Affairs to the American Special Agent”, FRUS,1911, pp.
627‐628.
2“The American Minister to Secretary of State”, File No.41, FRUS,1911, p.660.
3“Loan Convent between the united State and Nicaragua”, FRUS,1912, pp.1074‐1075.
1“Dollar Diplomacy Outdone”, New York Times, July21,1913.引自American Periodicals数据库。
1“Message from the United States transmitting a Convention between the United States andNicaragua concerning a loan which Nicaragua contemplates making with citizens of the UnitedStates”, FRUS,1912, p.1073;“Urges Refund Treaty: Taft Asks Immediate Action on NicaraguanPact”, The Washington Post,June9,1911, p.4.
2Walter V. Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration,Columbia: University of Missouri Press,1970, p.62.
3“Annual message to the Congress”, FRUS,1911, p. XVI.
1“Address of Honorable Philander C. Knox before the New York State Bar Association”, FRUS,1912, p.1092.
2Hon. Philander C. Knox, The Spirit and Purpose of American Diplomacy, Philadelphia,1910,June15, p.51.
3“Will Reply to Taft: Senator Bacon Plans Probe of Dollar Diplomacy”, The Washington Post,December7,1912, p.3.
4Robert D. Schulzinger, US diplomacy since1900, New York: Oxford University Press,2002, p.47.
1[美]查理斯·R·吉斯特著，《华尔街史》（敦哲、金鑫译），北京：经济科学出版社，2004年，第77、88、103页。
2Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers1854‐1913, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1987, pp.589‐590.
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers1854‐1913, pp.590‐591.
2Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1999, p.66.
3“A friend of Justice, Our policy in Nicaragua and the recent Revolutions”, The North AmericanReview, January1913, Vol. CXCVII, American Periodicals, p.50.
4“The Acting Secretary of State to Minister Dawson”, FRUS,1910, pp.763‐764.
1“Translation of Agreement Signed by Provisional President Estrada and others”, FRUS,1911,p.653.
2U.S. Sen. Rel. Com., Supra, Part Vi., pp.170‐171.华尔街银行家参与金元外交的档案文件还可参见”Brown Brothers and Company and J. and W. Seligman and Company to the Secretary ofState”,FRUS,1912, pp.1078‐1081, pp.1101‐1102, p.1105.
3U.S. Sen. Rel. Com.,“Hearings on Nicaraguan Affairs”,1913, Part VI, pp.205‐206.
1U.S. Sen. Rel. Com.,“Convention between the U.S and Nicaragua,” Part VI, pp.170‐171.
1” Brown Brothers and Company and J. and W. Seligman and Company to the Secretary of State”,FRUS,1912, p.1079.
1“Knox Upholds Taft: Premier Lauds Chief’s Work at Home and Abroad”, The Washington Post,October24,1912, p.1.
2Scott Nearing and Joseph Freeman, Dollar Diplomacy: A Study in American Imperialism,London: George Allen and Unwin LTD.,1927, p.161.
1“The Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1913, p.1036.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.1036‐1037.
3“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.1037.
4“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.1037.
1File No.817.51/535, Department of State, March5, FRUS,1913, p.1039.
2“Memorandum of the Latin‐American Division of the Department of State for the Informationof the Secretary”, FRUS,1913, p.1041.
3“Memorandum of the Latin‐American Division of the Department of State for the Informationof the Secretary”, FRUS,1913, p.1042.
1“Dollar Diplomacy Outdone”, New York Times, July21,1913.引自American Periodicals数据库。
2“The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.1042‐1043.
3“The Treaties with Nicaragua”, The Independent, June5,1913, p.1226.引自AmericanPeriodicals数据库。
4“The Secretary of State to Brown Brothers and Company”, FRUS,1913, pp.1042‐1043.
5“The Minister of the Treasury of Nicaragua on an Official Visit to Washington, to the Secretaryof State”, FRUS,1913, pp.1048‐1049.
1“Brown Brothers&Co. and J. and W. Seligman&Co. to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.1052‐1053.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.1053‐1054.
3“The Secretary of State to Brown Brothers&Company and Seligman&Co.”, FRUS,1913, pp.1052‐1053.
1“Brown Brothers&Co. and J. and W. Seligman&Co. to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913,p.1055.
2“The Secretary of State to Brown Brothers&Co. and J. and W. Seligman&Co.”, FRUS,1913,p.1057.
1“Statement of the feature of the loan contracts of October8,1913, prepared by the bankersand given to press October20with the assent of the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.1063;“Money To Nicaragua: New York Loan Approved by Wilson Administration”, The Washington Post,October24,1913, p.3.
2“A loan for Nicaragua”, The Independent, October9,1913, p.68.引自南开大学图书馆Proquest—American Periodicals数据库。
1“The Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1911, pp.649‐651.
2Walter V. Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration,Columbia: University of Missouri Press,1970, p.66.
3“Statements of the Secretatry of State before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations,May21,1911”, FRUS,1912, p.594.
4Dana G. Munro, Invention and Dollar Diplomacy in the Caribbean1900‐1921, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1964, p.95.
5Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant, Report on the introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard,New York: Washington Government Printing Office,1904.
1Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1999, p.64.
2Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, p.75.
3“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, pp.1093‐1094.
4Messrs. F.C. Harrison and Charles Conant, Report Presenting a Plan of Money Reform forNicaragua, April23,1912, p.2.全文可在www.archive.org上获得。
1Messrs. F.C. Harrison and Charles Conant, Report Presenting a Plan of Money Reform forNicaragua, April23,1912, p.5.
2Speeches Incident to the Visit of Philander Chase Knox: Secretary of State of the United Statesof America to the countries of the Caribbean, Washington: Government Printing Office,1913, pp.39‐40.
1“Summary of the Above Letter and some Suggestions for Remedies for the Evils MentionedTherein”, FRUS,1913, pp.1049‐1050.
2“Statement of the Feature of the Loan Contracts of October8,1913, Prepared by the Bankersand Given to Press October20with the Assent of the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.1062.
1“Statement to the Press concerning Nicaragua Finances”, FRUS,1913, pp.1065‐1066.
2在尼加拉瓜，金元外交家由财政专家、两名联合赔偿委员会委员，各大城市海关税务司、马拉瓜国家银行经理及各分行代表以及太平洋铁路的经理组成。转引自Michael Gobat,Confronting the American Dream: Nicaragua under U.S. imperial rule, Durham: Duke UniversityPress,2005, pp.127‐300.
3Otto Schoenrich, Report of Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission to the Secretary of State ofthe United States, Washington,1915, p16.
1“Minister Dawson to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1910, p.766.
2“Act of October14,1911, of the Nicaraguan Constistutional Assembly, approving thePresidential decree of October9,1911, amending the act of April4‐May17,1911, establishingthe tribunal or mixed commission”, FRUS,1911, p.641.
3“The Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1911, p.628.
4“The Minister for Foreign Affairs to the American Minister”, FRUS,1911, p.629.
5“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1911, p.631.
6Arthur Thompson,“Renovating Nicaragua”, World’s Work, No.21(March1916), pp.490‐503.
1“Memorandum of the Latin‐American Division of the Department of State for the informationof the Secretary”, FRUS,1913, p.1042.
2Michael Gobat, Confronting the American Dream: Nicaragua under U.S. Imperial Rule, p.128.
3Otto Schoenrich, Report of Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission to the Secretary of State ofthe United States, Washington, p.29.
1“The Secretary of State to the Minister of Finance of Nicaragua”, FRUS,1913, p.1055.
2“The Secretary of State to Brown Bros.&Co. and Seligman&Co.”, FRUS,1913, p.1055.
3“The Minister of Finance of Nicaragua to Brown Brothers&Co. and J. and W. Seligman&Co.”,FRUS,1913, p.1058.
4“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1913, p.1055.
5“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.1060.
6“The Secretary of State to Brown Bros.&Co. and Seligman&Co.”, FRUS,1913, p.1065.
7“联合赔偿委员会”(Mixed Claims Commission,1911‐1915）后于1917年改为“公共信用委员会”（Public Credit Commission,1917‐1918），而后于1919年改为“高级委员会”（HighCommission），数易其名，但其宗旨都在于维护其债务和国家财政之稳定。参见MichaelGobat, Confronting the American Dream: Nicaragua under U.S. Imperial Rule, p.127.
1B.R. Mitchell, International Historical Statistics: The Americas1750‐2000, New York: PalgraveMacmillan,2003, Fifth Edition, p.436.21913年12月13日，尼加拉瓜财政部长写信给国务卿布莱恩，认为尼加拉瓜处于前所未有的经济危机之中。参见”The Minister of Finance of Nicaragua to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.1066‐1067;“Drops the U.S. Loan: Facing Money Crisis, Nicaragua Hits DollarDiplomacy”, The Washington Post, July1,1912, p.6.
3Annual Report on Central America for the year1913,in Kenneth Bourne and D. Cameron, edit.,British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Part I~Series D Latin America, Volume8, Central America,1887‐1914, University Publications of America,1992, pp.405‐408.
1“The Minister of the Treasury of Nicaragua on an official visit to Washington, to the Secretaryof State”, FRUS,1913, pp.1042‐1043.
1转引自Michael Gobat, Confronting the American Dream: Nicaragua under U.S. Imperial Rule,p.125.
2Michael D. Rice, Nicaragua&the U.S.: Policy Confrontations&Cultural Interactions,1893‐1933,Dissertation (Ph. D), University of Houston,1995, p.277.
3南开大学历史系辑译:《尼加拉瓜史》，天津：天津人民出版社，1976年，第143页。
4“Message of President to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS,1910, p.xvii.
1“Message of President to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS,1910, p. xii.
1Huntington Wilson, The Peril of Hifalutin, New York: Duffield and Company,1918, p.244;“ToProd Diplomats: Knox Will Urge Greater Commercial Activity”, The Washington Post, February11,1910, p.1;“Has Swung Big Deals: State Department Tells of Aid to Capitalists, Fruit of DollarDiplomacy”, The Washington Post, May12,1911, p.10;“Ambassador To Argentina”, TheWashington Post, December29,1910, p.5.
2“Work For U.S. Firms: State Department Seeks Bids on Montevideo Contracts”, The WashingtonPost, September8,1912, p.5.
3[英]莱斯利贝瑟尔主编：《剑桥拉丁美洲史》（第4卷，约1870‐‐1930），北京：中国社会科学文献出版社,1991年，第107页。
4[英]莱斯利贝瑟尔主编：《剑桥拉丁美洲史》（第4卷，约1870‐‐1930），北京：中国社会科学文献出版社，1991年，第75‐76页；参见Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries tothe World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy,1900‐1930, Massachusetts: HarvardUniversity Press,1999, pp.155‐165.
1参见梁根成：《美国与非洲》，北京：北京大学出版社，1991年，第2‐3页；”ConveysLiberia’s Thanks: American Minister Brings Letter about Fleet’s Timely Appearance”, New YorkTimes, September11,1904, p.4.
2“The First Loan of Liberia”, The African Repository, October1871, Vol.47, pp.297‐299;“TheLoan of1871”, The African Repository, October1882, Vol.58, pp.126‐129.
3“Liberia’s Finances: Commission Coming Here to Get Material to Reorganize them”, New YorkTimes, March12,1905, p.7.
1“British Have Taken Liberian Territory: Seizure of300Square Miles Reported to AmericanCommissioners”, New York Times, July3,1909, p.4;”Cross Into Liberia to Curb Savages:Washington Believes Encroachment by English Was to Police Border Tribes”, New York Times, July4,1909, p.5.此外，法国对利比里亚的殖民侵略也是由来已久，参见”French Aggression InLiberia: The United States Will Interpose to Protect the African Republic”, New York Times,September11,1893, p.8.
1“The United States Missing a Valuable opportunity by Not Entering Into Active CompetitionWith European Commerce in the New Field”, New York Times, January8,1905, p.SM4.
2“(Letter) From Ernest Lyon”, in Louis R.Harlan,ed., The Booker T. Washington Papers, Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1980, Series9, pp.332‐333.
3“(Letter) To Theodore Roosevelt”, The Booker T. Washington Papers, Series9, pp.337‐338.
4“(Letter) To Ernest Lyon”, The Booker T. Washington Papers, Series9, p.341.
5Elliott P. Skinner, African Americans and U.S. Policy toward Africa,1850‐1924, Washington D.C.:Howard University Press,1992, p.310.
1“(Letter) To Theodore Roosevelt”, The Booker T. Washington Papers, Series9, p.476.
2“(Letter) From Theodore Roosevelt”, The Booker T. Washington Papers, Series9, p.499.
3“(Letter) To Ernest Lyon”, The Booker T. Washington Papers, Series9, p.535.
4“(Letter) To Ernest Lyon”, The Booker T. Washington Papers, Series9, p.548.
5“Memorandum Respecting the Affairs of Liberia”, in Michael Partridge and David Gillard, eds.,British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Part I,Series G. Africa,1848‐1914, Vol.22, p.334, AnImprint of CIS: University Publications of America,1996.(以下简称BDFA)。
1“The Liberian Commission to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1910, p.696.
2“The Secretary of State to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1910, p.695.
3“The Minister for Foreign Affairs to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1910, p.698.
1“The Minister for Foreign Affairs to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1910, p.697.
2“Why Liberia Wants America’s Help”, The Independent, July8,1909, Vol.67, pp.70‐74.
3“(Letter) To P. O. Gray”, The Booker T. Washington Papers, Series9, pp.574‐575;“LiberiaHonors American: Confers the order of African Redemption on Booker T. Washington”, New YorkTimes, October18,1908, p.1.
4“The Secretary of State to President Roosevelt”, FRUS,1910, p.699.
1Elliott P. Skinner, African Americans and U.S. Policy towards Africa,1850‐1924, WashingtonD.C.: Howard University Press,1992, p.323.
2Elliott P. Skinner, African Americans and U.S. Policy towards Africa,1850‐1924, p.323.
3转引自David P. Kilroy, Extending the American Sphere to West Africa: Dollar Diplomacy inLiberia,1908‐1926, Dissertation (Ph. D), Iowa: The University of Iowa,1995, pp.30‐31.
1美国著名的黑人领袖布克尔·华盛顿欲亲自作为特使前往，但为塔夫脱总统拒绝，这也一度让企盼黑人特使的利比里亚人失望，但华盛顿助手作为黑人入选自然也是一大胜利。参见”Liberia Is Disappointed: Expected Battleships and Washington‐Got His Secretary and acruiser”, New York Times, July14,1909, p.4.
2“The Secretary of State to the Commission of Liberia”, FRUS,1910, p.705.
3“The Secretary of State to the Commission of Liberia”, FRUS,1910, pp.706‐707.
1“The Secretary of State to the Commission of Liberia”, FRUS,1910, p.706.
2“Liberia Entertains Envoys: American Commissioners So Feted That Work Is Interfrered With”,New York Times, May22,1909, p.4.
3“Go Separately to Liberia: Commisioners to Travel Each Upon His Own Cruiser—Trouble NotOver”, New York Times, April22,1909, p.4;“Hurt Pride In Liberia: Prominent Citizens Omittedfrom American Commissioners’ Dinner”, New York Times, May29,1909, p.4.引自南开大学图书馆American Periodicals数据库。
4Emmett J. Scott,“Is Liberia Worth Saving?”, The Journal of Race Development, Vol.1, No.3(Jan.,1911), pp.298‐299.
5Roland P. Falkner,“The United States and Liberia”, American Journal of International Law, No.4(1910), pp.534‐535.
1Report of the American Commission to the Republic of Liberia,“Affair of Liberia,” SenateDocument, No.457,61st Congress,2nd Session,1910, p.16;”Liberia and The United States”,Outlook, May7,1910, p.5;“Liberia Baited By Britain and France”, New York Times, May26,1910,p.6.
2“Opportunities in Liberia: Secretary Ellis, Home on a visit, Tells of the Negro Republic”, NewYork Times, May16,1910, p.18.
3早在1902年美国巡洋舰旧金山号就曾与利比里亚协商海军加煤站建设。参见”CoalingStation In Liberia.: The Cruiser San Francisco Said to Have Been Negotiating with the WestAfrican Republic”,New York Times,June1,1902, p.4; Emmett J. Scott,“Is Liberia Worth Saving?”,The Journal of Race Development, Vol.1, No.3(Jan.,1911), pp.299‐300.
1“Liberia: Annual Report1910”, BDFA, Vol.22, p.378.
2“Memorandum respecting the Affairs of Liberia1910,", BDFA, Vol.22, pp.348‐349.
1转引自David P. Kilroy, Extending the American Sphere to West Africa: Dollar Diplomacy inLiberia,1908‐1926, Dissertation (Ph. D), Iowa: The University of Iowa,1995, p.45.
2Huntington Wilson, Memoirs of an Ex‐Diplomat, Boston, Toronto, B. Humphries, inc.; TheRyerson press,1945, p.195.
3“Will Ask Congress to Save Liberia: African Republic Founded by Us Needs Assistance”, NewYork Times, October19,1909, p.9.
4James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. XXIII,Bureau of National Literature,2006, pp.7858‐7859;“To Assit Liberia”, The Independent, March
31,1910, Vol.68, p.673.
5“Ambassador Reid to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1910, p.703.
1参见”The Minister for Foreign Affairs to the Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1910, p.704.
2“The American Ambassador the Great Britain to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1911, p.338.
1“The British Ambassador to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1911, p.339.
2“The Secretary of State to the American Minister to Liberia”, FRUS,1911, p.340.
3”French Aggression In Liberia: The United States Will Interpose to Protect the AfricanRepublic”, New York Times, September11,1893, p.8.
4“Oppose our Liberia Move: French Think America Has No Right to Interfere in Little Republic”,New York Times, August7,1910, p.7.
5“The French Minister for Foreign Affairs to the American Ambassador to France”, FRUS,1911,p.344.
1“Minister for Foreign Affairs”, FRUS,1911, p.345;“Liberia Satisfies France: And the Way IsNow Clear for the Conclusion of the America”, New York Times, January10,1911, p.1.
2“Memorandum of Interview between Mr. Clark and President Barclay”, BDFA, Vol.22,1910,p.331.
3Yekutiel Gershoni, Black Colonialism: The Americo‐Liberian Scramble for the Hinterland,Boulder and London: Westview Press,1985, pp.44‐45.
4“Warship to Liberia: State Department Considers Sending One to Negro Republic”, New YorkTimes, February14,1909, p.2.
1Emmett J. Scott,“The American Commissioners in Liberia”, The Independent, August19, Vol.67,pp.403‐405.
2“Army officer For Liberia: Negro Republic has Requested Assistance to Organize Hinterland”,New York Times, December5,1909, p.C4.
3“Message of the President to the Congress,” FRUS,1911, p.337.
4“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.652.
5“The Liberian Secretary of State to the Acting British Consul‐General,” FRUS,1912, p.654.
1“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.654.
1“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.657.
2“The American Military Attache to the American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.665.
3“The American Military Attache to the American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.667.
1“Message of the President to the Legislature”, FRUS,1912, p.649.
2参见” Message of the President Daniel E. Howard to the Legislature”, FRUS,1915, p.627.
3“Liberia Annual Report1910”, BDFA, Vol.22, p.383.
1“Charge d’ Affaires Bundy to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1915, p.632.
2Emily Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion,1890‐1945, New York: Hill and Wang Press,1982, p.62.
1“Liberia’s Crisis and Appeal”, The Independent, July29,1909, Vol.67, p.263.
2美国公使莱恩也认为现在利比里亚需要的是美国资本，来偿还其近100万美元的债务。参见Emmett J. Scott,“Is Liberia Worth Saving?”, The Journal of Race Development, Vol.1, No.3
(Jan.,1911), p.299;“Liberia Needs Capital: Amercan Consul General Says the Little RepublicProgresses, However.”, New York Times, October4,1909, p.10.
3Report of the American Commission to the Republic of Liberia,“Affair of Liberia,” SenateDocument No.457,61st Congress,2nd Session,1910, p.55.
1“Message of the President to Congress”, FRUS,1911, p.337.
2“The Secretary of State to the German Ambassador”, FRUS,1911, p.346.
3“Message of the President to Congress”, FRUS,1911, p.338.
1“Informal Statement for the Guidance of Mr. Falkner and the American Banking Group”, FRUS,1911, p.344;“No Protest On Liberia: Washington says European Powers Have Not Opposed LoanPlan”,New York Times, July31,1910, p.C4.
2转引自David P. Kilroy, Extending the American Sphere to West Africa: Dollar Diplomacy inLiberia,1908‐1926, Dissertation (Ph. D), Iowa: The University of Iowa,1995, p.61.
3福克纳在给纽约时报的声明中，表示美国要处理利比里亚高达140万美元的债务，其中近100万美元是外债，美国的目的是要控制其财政，将其建立在合理的基础之上。参见“Liberian Finance in American Hands: United States Government Will Appoint Officials to CollectCustoms and Taxes”, New York Times, August7,1910, p.7.
1“The Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1911, p.342.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1911, p.343.
1“The Acting Secretary of State to Messrs. Kuhn Loeb, and CO.”, FRUS,1913, p.670.
1“Messrs. Kuhn Loeb, and CO. to John Bassett Moore”, May21,1913.转引自David P. Kilroy,Extending the American Sphere to West Africa: Dollar Diplomacy in Liberia,1908‐1926,Dissertation (Ph. D), Iowa: The University of Iowa,1995, p.59.
2“Message of the President to Legislature”, FRUS,1912, p.651.
1“The Acting Secretary of State to American Minister”, FRUS,1913, p.671.
2“The Acting Secretary of State to American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.655.
3“Will Buy Liberian Bonds: Bankers Offer to Take the1871Issue Off the Owner’ Hands”, NewYork Times, July26,1912, p.5.
4“The Acting Secretary of State to American Charge d’ Affaires”, FRUS,1912, p.658.
1“Consul general Maugham to Sir Edward Grey”, in Peter Woodward, edit, British Documentson Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Tropical Africa;Abyssinia, December1918‐October1925, Volume26, University Publications of America, p.20.
2“Notes re British Interests in Liberia”, in Peter Woodward, edit, British Documents on ForeignAffairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Tropical Africa; Abyssinia,December1918‐October1925, Volume26, University Publications of America, p.23.
3“The Acting Secretary of State to Messrs. Kuhn Loeb, and CO.”, FRUS,1914, p.441.
4“American Legation”, FRUS,1914, p.441.
1” The Acting Secretary of State to Messrs. Kuhn Loeb, and CO.”, FRUS,1915, p.635.
2“Message of the President to the Congress”, FRUS,1911, p.337.
1Emmett J. Scott,“Is Liberia worth Saving?”, The Journal of Race Development, Vol.1, No.3
(Jan.,1911), p.299;“Wants Us to Solve Liberian Problem: Booker T. Washington Says theNegroes There Are in Dire Need of Assistance”, New York Times, February15,1909, p.4.
2“Annual Report1910”, BDFA, Vol.22,1910, p.390.
1“The Secretary of State to the British Ambassador”, FRUS,1911, p.347.
2“The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador of the French Republic’’, FRUS,1912, p.676.
3“Message of the President to Congress”, FRUS,1911, p.337.
4“Approves Liberia Plan: Germany Gives Its Moral Support to the Syndicate Loan”, New YorkTimes, July29,1910, p.4.
1“The French Minister for Foreign Affairs to the American Ambassador to France”, FRUS,1911,pp.344‐345.
2“The Secretary of State to the German Ambassador”, FRUS,1911, p.345.
3参见” Memorandum respecting the Affairs of Liberia”, BDFA, Vol.22, pp.402‐403.
1“Fresh Demand On Liberia: Germany Imitating France in Attacks on the Republic”, New YorkTimes, January14,1910, p.7;“Germany Would Aid Liberia: Will Exchange Views with the Unitedstates on Country’s Independence”, New York Times,August10,1908, p.6;“Liberia FearsGermany: High Government Official Tells of Nedds of West Afirca”, New York Times, August6,1901, p.6.
2“Approves Liberia Plan: Germany Gives Its Moral Support to the Syndicate Loan”, New YorkTimes, July29,1910, p.4.
3“The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.675.
1“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, pp.684‐685.
2“The German Charge d’ Affaires to the Acting Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.686.
3“The Acting Secretary of State to the German Charge d’ Affaires”, FRUS,1912, pp.686‐687.
1“The American Charge d’Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, pp.694‐695.
2“The German Receiver ot Customes to the Acting Secretary of State of Liberia“, FRUS,1912,pp.696‐697.
3“Memorandum respecting the Affairs of Liberia1912”, BDFA, Vol.22, pp.404‐406.
4详细参见“Memorandum respecting the Affairs of Liberia1912”, BDFA, Vol.22, p.404.
1“The Ambassador of the French Republic to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.673.
2“The General Receiver to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.673.
3参见” The German Ambassador to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.674.
1“Annual Report on Liberia for the year1912”, BDFA, Vol.22, p.407.
2“The Charge d’ Affaires of the French Republic to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.684.
3“Secretary of State to Messrs. Kuhn, Loeb&Co.”,1912, FRUS, pp.681‐682.
1“The Acting Secretary of State to the Charge d’ affaires of the French Republic, FRUS,1912,p.687.
2参见” Administrative Circular No.1of the Customs Receivership”, FRUS,1912, p.694.
3“The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.611.
4“Liberian Annual Report”, BDFA, Vol.22,1913, pp.419‐420.
1“Liberian Annual Report”, BDFA, Vol.22,1913, p.420.
2“The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.668.
1“The General Receiver of Customs to the American Charge d’ Affaire”s, FRUS,1913, p.675.
2参见” The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.678.
3参见” The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.680.
1“Annual Report on Liberia for the year1911”, BDFA, Vol.22, p.400.
2“Liberia Annual Report”,1913, Vol.22, BDFA, p.422.
1“Charge Bundy to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1915, p.640.
2参见” Charge Bundy to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1915, p.640.
3“Charge Bundy to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1915, p.642.
1“Annual Message on our Foreign Relations”, in David H. Burton, ed., The Collected Works ofWilliam Howard Taft, Vol. IV, Athens: Ohio University Press,2002, p.311.
2“Annual Message on our Foreign Relations”, in David H. Burton, ed., The Collected Works ofWilliam Howard Taft, Vol. IV, Athens: Ohio University Press,2002, p.302;“Why Liberia Should beSaved”, Outlook, August7,1909, p.823.
3Philander C. Knox, The Achievement of Dollar Diplomacy, Saturday Evening Post, March9,1912.
1H. Wilson, The Peril of Hifalutin, New York: Duffield and Company,1918, pp.246‐247.
2“Second Annual Message”, in David H. Burton, ed., The Collected Works of William HowardTaft, Vol. IV, Athens: Ohio University Press,2002, p.9.
3“Message of President to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS,1910, p. xvii.
1“Annual Message on our Foreign Relations,” in David H. Burton, ed., The Collected Works ofWilliam Howard Taft, Vol. IV, Athens: Ohio University Press,2002, p.310.
2Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, NewYork: The Department of State,1911, p.43.
3Huntington Wilson, The Peril of Hifalutin, New York: Duffield and Company,1918, p.244.
1“Liberia Annual Report1910”, BDFA, Vol.22,1910, p.388.
2“Liberia Makes Protest: Says Customs Receiver for Loan Has Assumed Dictatorial Powers”,New York Times, June2,1914, p.5.
3Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, NewYork: The Department of State,1911, p.41.
1转引自David P. Kilroy, Extending the American Sphere to West Africa: Dollar Diplomacy inLiberia,1908‐1926, Dissertation (Ph. D), Iowa: The University of Iowa,1995, p.169.
2“Government of the Republic of Liberia and Finance Corporation of America Loan Agreement”,in Peter Woodward, ed., BDFA, Part II Series G, African1914‐1939, Vol.30, February1925‐Novermber1939, An Imprint of CIS: University Publications of America,1997, pp.67‐79.
1Emily Rosenberg,“The Invisible Protectorate: The United States, Liberia, and the Evolution ofNeocolonialism,1909‐40”, Diplomatic History, Volume9, Issue3, July1985, pp.211‐212.
1[美]李约翰著，孙瑞芹、陈泽宪译：《清帝逊位与列强（1908‐1912）：第一次世界大战前的一段外交插曲》，南京：凤凰出版传媒集团，2006年，第443页。
2参见刘秉麟：《近代中国外债史稿》，武汉：武汉大学出版社，2007年，第4页。
3罗玉东：《光绪朝补救财政之方策》，《中国近代社会经济史研究集刊》（第1卷），第
2期，1933年5月。
4《附：甲午战费和偿付赔款的外债统计表》，引自中国人民银行参事室编：《中国清代外债史资料》，北京：中国金融出版社，1991年，第247页。
1《国债辑要》，第31‐37页，引自中国人民银行参事室编：《中国清代外债史资料》，第
228‐229页。
2《赔偿委员会关于中国财政资源的报告》，引自中国人民银行参事室编：《中国清代外债史资料》，第911页。
3参见刘秉麟：《近代中国外债史稿》，武汉：武汉大学出版社，2007年，第20页。
4参见中国人民银行参事室编：《中国清代外债史资料》，第842‐849页。
5马陵合：《晚清外债史研究》，上海：复旦大学出版社，2005年，第12页。
1《精琪归美后的演说——仍主张中国币制宜仿效菲律宾为虚金本位制》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），北京：中华书局，1964年，第1200‐1201页。
2《远东评论：中国革命的财政历史专号》，引自中国人民银行参事室编：《中国清代外债史资料》，北京：中国金融出版社，1991年，第840‐841页。
1Default of Foreign Debt,in Nish Ian, ed., British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Part I~Series EAsia,1860‐1914, Volume14, Annual Reports on China,1906‐1913, An Imprint of CIS: UniversityPublications of America,1993, pp.270‐271.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.119.
3《北京政府财政总长熊希龄痛陈财政困难致全国通电》，1912年5月24日，引自程道德、张敬孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编一：一九一一至一九一九》，北京：北京大学出版社，1991年，第50‐51页。
4《北京政府财政总长周学熙致省议会通电》，1913年4月26日，引自程道德、张敬孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编一：一九一一至一九一九》，第64‐65页。
5“The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.191.
1费正清著，张理京译：《美国与中国》，北京：世界知识出版社，1999年，第304页。
2中美关系资料汇编编写组：《中美关系资料汇编》（第一辑），北京：世界知识出版社，1957年，第78页。
1中国第一历史档案馆编：《光绪朝朱批奏折》，第一一二辑，北京：中华书局出版社，2009年，第895页。
1吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，上海：复旦大学出版社，1997年，第10页。
2G.P. Good&H. W. V. Temperley, eds., British Documents on the Origins of the World War,1898‐1914. Vol.8, London: H.M.S.O.,1929, p.457.
1胡适：《美国退换庚子赔款记》，引自胡寄尘：《清季野史》，长沙：岳麓书社出版社，1985年，第183‐185页。
2《美国减收庚子赔款奉上谕遣唐绍仪加尚书衔往美国致谢》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十一），桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2007年，第二七一页。
1《光绪三十四年十月初六日美水师访问厦门石刻》，现仍可见于福建厦门南普陀寺碑林，笔者曾进行实地调查，笔者注。
2屈春海：《1908年美国舰队访华》，《中国档案》，2008年11月，第56‐59页。
3《论欢迎美舰事》，《大公报》（天津，光绪三十四年十月十七日），第一张。
4Tyler Dennett, Roosevelt and the Russo‐Japanese War, New York: Doubleday, Page&Company,1925, pp.320‐323.
1《日元老关于清美关系之谈片》，《大公报》（天津，光绪三十四年十二月初二日），第二张。持此说者还有英国公使朱尔典参见Annual Report,1908,in Nish Ian, ed., BritishDocuments on Foreign Affairs: Part I~Series E Asia,1860‐1914, Volume14, Annual Reports onChina,1906‐1913, An Imprint of CIS: University Publications of America,1993, pp.90‐91.
2查尔斯威维尔：《美国与中国：财政和外交研究，1906‐1913》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1990年，第68页。
1Ralph E. Minger, William Howard Taft and United States Foreign Policy, Urbana: University ofIllinois Press,1975, p.166.
2“China and Her Relations With the United States”, in David H. Burton, ed., The Collected Worksof William Howard Taft, Vol.1, Athens: Ohio University Press,2001, pp.108‐109.
3《唐绍仪致外务部电，光绪三十四年十一月初七》，第一历史档案馆，外务部档，第3482号。转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，上海：复旦大学出版社，1997年，第24页。
4James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents: WilliamHoward Taft, Vol. xxiii, Bureau of National Literature,2006, pp.7752‐7753; Scott Nearing andJoseph Freeman, Dollar Diplomacy: A Study in American Imperialism, London: Geogre Allen andUnwin Ltd.,1927, p.43.
1詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，北京：国家图书馆出版社，2011年，第240页。
1中国社会科学院研局编选：《孙毓棠集》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2007年，第220页；《湘抚赵尔巽致外部湘绅请电盛宣怀驳诘美公司合同私售比国电》，引自王彦威纂辑、王亮编：《清季外交史料》卷一七一之一四，北京：书目文献出版社出版，1987年，第二七二五页。
2詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第257页。
3《出使美国大臣梁诚照会美国外交部文》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第258页；Legation of the United States to the Honorable John Hay, inJules David, ed., American Diplomatic and Public Papers: the United States and China, series III,the Sino‐Japanese War to the Russo‐Japanese War,1894‐1905: Railroad Building and FinancialAffairs, Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources,1981, p.120.
4《美国外交部照覆出使大臣梁诚文》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第259页。
1《督办铁路总公司大臣盛宣怀咨出使美国大臣梁诚文》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第259页。
2Mr. Conger to Prince Ch’ing, in Jules David, ed., American Diplomatic and Public Papers: theUnited States and China, series III, the Sino‐Japanese War to the Russo‐Japanese War,1894‐1905:Railroad Building and Financial Affairs, p.252.
3《欲将合兴公司合同作废须俟该公司美国人将意改订达知再行议办》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十），桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2007年，第一五八页。
4《美国政府不允中国政府将合兴公司合同作废》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十），桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2007年，第一九八到一九九页。
1查尔斯威维尔：《美国与中国财政和外交研究，1906‐1913》，北京：社会科学与文献出版社，1990年，第73页。
2参见詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第269页。
3《湖广总督张之洞致驻汉总领事法磊斯函》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第267‐268页。
4《署川督锡良奏自设川汉铁路公司以开利源而保主权摺》，引自王彦威纂辑、王亮编：《清季外交史料》卷一七三之一四，第二七四九至二七五0页。
5詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第255页。
1《驻重庆法领事安致川督锡良请商办川汉铁路事宜照会》，引自王彦威纂辑、王亮编：《清季外交史料》卷一七四之一八，第二七六八页。
2詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第255页。
3中国第一历史档案馆编纂：《清代中南海档案政治活动卷二十》，北京：西苑出版社，2004年，第三一三页；另参见《政治官报》，光绪三十四年十月初五日，第34669页。引自全国图书馆文献缩微复制中心编：《清末官报汇编》，北京：全国图书馆缩微中心，2006年，第69册。
4两湖境内粤汉与川汉鄂段二者因皆在湖广总督辖境以内，故合称湖广铁路，参见中国社会科学院研局编选：《孙毓棠集》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2007年，第233页。
5张文襄：《张文襄公全集》（卷70），台北：文海出版社，1963年，第33页。
1《附张之洞致外务部函》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第304页。
2詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第305‐307页。
1“The Secretary of State to Minister Rockhill”, FRUS,1909, p.144.
2“The British Ambassador to the Acting Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.147.
3“The Acting Secretary of State to the British Ambassador”, FRUS,1909, p.148.
4詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第315页。
5詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第315页。
1“The Acting Secretary of State to Minister Rockhill”, FRUS,1909, p.148.
2“Charge Fletcher to the Prince of Ching”, FRUS,1909, p.155；又见《川汉铁路借款美政府必须按前所允之言商界，望早复》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十一），桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2007年，第四零五页。
3詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第315页。
4詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第315页。
1詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第316页。
2《附张之洞致外务部函》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第316页。
3《美银行欲加入川汉铁路借款内，望申饬该银行从速议结，毋负中国顾全之意》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十一），第三四七至三四八页。
4“The Secretary of State to Charge Fletcher”, FRUS,1909, p.179.
1“The President of the United States to Prince Chun, Regent of the Chinese Empire”, FRUS,1909,p.178.
2《美国要求川铁路与三国银行签押借款作废，一律同办借款事宜》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十一），第四一二至四一五页。
3“The Prince Regent of China to the President of United States”, FRUS,1909, p.180.
4《转交摄政王之谢函》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十一），第四一五页。亦可见于吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，上海：复旦大学出版社，1996年，第33页。
1《附张之洞致外务部函》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第317页。
2“The Secretary of State to Charge Fletcher”, FRUS,1909, p.181.
3查尔斯威维尔：《美国与中国财政和外交研究，1906‐1913》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1990年，第79页。
1“The Secretary of State to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1909, p.146.
2“Sir Edward Grey to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1909, p.149.
3“Memorandum from the British Foreign Office”, FRUS,1909, p.150.
4“The Secretary of State to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1909, p.152.
1“The British Ambassador to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.160.
2“The British Ambassador to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.163.
3“The Secretary of State to British Ambassador”, FRUS,1909, p.164.
4“The British Ambassador to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.165.
1“The Secretary of State to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1909, p.168.
2“The Acting Secretary of State to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1909, p.169.
3“Ambassador Hill to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.151.
1“Ambassador White to the Secretary of State,” FRUS,1909, p.158.
2“Ambassador Hill to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.162.
3“Ambassador Hill to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.163.
4“The Acting Secretary of State to Ambassador Hill”, FRUS,1909, p.166.
1“Banker’s Alternative Proposals Re Hukuang Loan”, FRUS.1909, p.192;“Memorandum fromMr. Liang”, FRUS,1909, p.193.
2“The Secretary of State to Charge Fletcher”, FRUS,1909, p.194.
3查尔斯威维尔：《美国与中国财政和外交研究，1906‐1913》，第79页。
1“The British Ambassador to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.201.
2“The Acting Secretary of State to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1909, pp.206‐207.
3“Memorandum of Hukuang Loan”, FRUS,1909, pp.207‐208.
4“The Secretary of State to Charge Blanchard”, FRUS,1909, pp.213‐214.
1“Memorandum of Terms of Agreement Come to a Meeting at the Banghe de Indo‐China, Paris”,FRUS,1910, p.280.
2詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第319页。
3《附驻京美国署理公使费致外务部函》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第320页。
1《饬催与英、法、美、德四国银行借款修粤汉、川汉铁路商谈会晤时间之照会》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十一），第454页。
2“Minister Calhourn to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1910, p.291.
3《回复关于借款建湖广铁路合同条文说明之照会》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十一），第457页。
1内容全文参见詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第327‐336页。
2[韩]丘凡真：《精琪的币制改革方案与晚清币制问题》，《近代史研究》，2005年第3期，第120页。亦可参见汪敬虞：《外国在华金融活动中的银行与银行团（1895‐1927）》，《历史研究》，1995年第3期，第119页。
1《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美代办沈桐（致函参）函》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，光绪二十九年二月十三日，第三四二一页。
2《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美代办沈桐（致函参）函》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，光绪二十九年正月二十八日，第三三九七页。
3《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美代办沈桐（致参函）函》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，光绪二十九年二月十三日，第三四二一页。
1‘’ Notes of the Governments of China and Mexico to the United States’’, The Commission onInternational Exchange, Stability of International Exchange: Report on the Introduction of theGold‐Exchange Standard into China and Other Slive‐using Countries, Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office,1903, pp.43‐45.
2《美墨会商币制档·附件一：拟请美国会同维持银价节略》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，光绪二十九年二月十六日，第三四三五页。
3Legtion of the United States in Peikin to Secretary of State, in Jules David, ed., AmericanDiplomatic and Public Papers: the United States and China, series III, the Sino‐Japanese War to theRusso‐Japanese War,1894‐1905: Railroad Building and Financial Affairs, pp.249‐251.
4Doc. No.75, in Jules David, ed., American Diplomatic and Public Papers: the United States andChina, series III, the Sino‐Japanese War to the Russo‐Japanese War,1894‐1905: Railroad Buildingand Financial Affairs, p.253.
5The Chinese Times,February3,1903, in Jules David, ed., American Diplomatic and Public Papers:the United States and China, series III, the Sino‐Japanese War to the Russo‐Japanese War,1894‐1905: Railroad Building and Financial Affairs, p.252.
6《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美代办沈桐（致参函）函》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，光绪二十九年二月十六日，第三四三四页。
1亦称“国际汇价会”，“汇价会之最要宗旨，在求使用金用银之国汇划皆有准价。”详细内容参见《美员价银明论》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三六三八页。
2《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美代办沈桐（致参函）函》，光绪二十九年二月十六日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三四三四至三四三五页。
3《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美大臣梁诚函》，光绪二十九年十月十二日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七五八页。
4《美墨会商币制档·外务部收前驻美代办沈桐函》，光绪二十九年十月十三日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七六四页。
1《美墨会商币制档·附件二：美国会员上法国政府书》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三六三五至三六三六页。
1《美墨会商币制档·附件四：美员价银略论》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三六三九页。
2《美墨会商币制档·附件一：美德墨员会议条款》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七一九页。
1《美墨会商币制档·附件二：德国政府代办人声明之事》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七二0页。
2《美墨会商币制档·附件一：照泽会议银价大臣精琪来函》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七六0页。
3《美墨会商币制档·外务部致财政处、户部咨，光绪二十九年十月十七日》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七六八页。
1《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美代办沈桐（致参函）函》，光绪二十九年正月二十八日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三三九七页。
2《美墨会商币制档·外务部致美使康格照会》，光绪二十九年二月十二日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三四一七页。
3《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美代办沈桐函》，光绪二十九年二月十三日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三四二0页。
4《美墨会商币制档·外务部收前驻美代办沈桐函》，光绪二十九年十月十三日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七六四页。
1《美墨会商币制档·外务部奏折》，光绪二十九年二月十八日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三四二六至三四二八页。
2《中美新约十款有中国愿设一律之国币之语，请将我币定价以与交换》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《中美关系往来照会集》（卷十），第六七至六八页。
3《愿中国铸新币先有定价一节，惟中国尚须通盘筹算，已咨户部、财政处酌核加盟》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《中美关系往来照会集》，第七十至七十一页。
1《附件二：美国外交部为精琪来华致中国公使照会》，光绪二十九年四月十二日，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1116‐1117页。
2《精琪所著之<中国新圜法条议>》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1126‐1128页。
1《出使大臣梁诚致外务部咨呈——为精琪来华事》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑·清政府统治时期·下）北京：中华书局出版社，1964年，第1115‐1116页。
1《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美大臣梁诚文》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七五七至三七五八页。
2中国第一历史档案馆编：《光绪朝朱批奏折》，第一一二辑，北京：中华书局出版社，2009，第一二四至一二五页。
3[韩]丘凡真：《精琪的币制改革方案与晚清币制问题》，《近代史研究》，2005年第3期，第123页。’’The Work in China’’, Report on the Introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standardinto China, the Philippine Islands, Panama, and Other Silver‐using Countries and on the Stabilityof Exchange, Washington: Government Printing Office,1904, pp.14‐15.
4《驻法大臣孙宝琦致外务部电》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1119页；《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻法大臣孙宝崎孙》，光绪二十九年六月二十日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三六三三至三六三四页。
1《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美大臣梁诚函》，光绪二十九年十月十二日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七五八至三七五九页。
2《精琪与户部及外务部官员会议记录》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1123页。
3《美墨会商币制档·附件二：照译会议银价大臣精琪节略》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七六0页。亦可见于[韩]丘凡真：《精琪的币制改革方案与晚清币制问题》，《近代史研究》，2005年第3期，第124页。
1“Considerations on a New Monetary System for China”, in Hanna, Hugh H. Charles Conant andJeremiah W. Jenks, Report on the introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, pp.117‐147.
2《精琪与户部及外务部官员会议记录》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1123页。
3《精琪与户部及外务部官员会议记录》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1123页。
4《庆亲王致美国政府函稿》，光绪三十年，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1125页。
1《湖广总督张之洞摺——驳精琪虚金本位及用洋司泉官》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1188‐1194页。
2杨端六：《清代货币金融史稿》，武汉：武汉大学出版社，2007年，第330页。
3民国三年底至四年初袁世凯领导的民国政府财政部写出一万一千余字的《中国币制改革商榷书》，概述了各种改革方案，提出了自己的主导意见。《商榷书》又说，美国人精琪建议把金款分存于伦敦、巴黎、柏林、圣彼得堡、横滨、纽约六处，作为维持法定比价的基金，“中国既为独立国，则精琪之学说不可采。”其实，此法不仅有亏国体，还使外人得以从中图利。参见孔祥贤，《<从中国币制改革商榷书>看民初货币本位制度的争论》，《中国钱币》，1986年第2期。
1“Currency Reform and Industrial Development Loans”, FRUS,1912, p.88.
2《张荫棠致外务部函》，宣统二年五月十八日（1910年5月24日），第一历史档案馆·外务部档，第3497号。转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第189页。
3“The Acting Secretary of State to the Chinese Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.89.
4H. Wilson to Calhourn, July22,1910, Philander Chase Knox Papers.转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第189页。
1“Notes on the Course of the Loan Negotiations now pending at Peking”, FRUS,1912, p.93.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.89.
3实际上，在英国公使朱尔典看来，美国对东北政策的巨变并非源于实际利益，而是一些反日情绪强烈的年轻外交官的推动，但英国方面认为美国的鲁莽行动不会取得成功。参见Annual Report1911,in Nish Ian, ed., British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Part I~Series E Asia,1860‐1914, Volume14, Annual Reports on China,1906‐1913, pp.257‐258.
4Knox to Calhourn, September29,1910, Philander Chase Knox Papers.转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第189页。
5“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.90.
1“The Acting Secretary of State to the Chinese Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.91.
2“Notes on the Course of the Loan Negotiations now pending at Peking”, FRUS,1912, pp.93‐94.
3“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.90.
1“The American Minister to the Secretary of State “, FRUS,1912, p.91.
2“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Ambassador to France”, FRUS,1912, pp.91‐92.
3Willard Straight,“History of the Currency Loan Negotiations from September1910to January1911”, Straight Papers.转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第92页。
1“Notes on the Course of the Loan Negotiations now pending at Peking”, FRUS,1912, p.93.
2Knox to Calhoun电，November25,1910, Knox Papers.转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与帝国主义列强在中国》，第94页。
3Second Annual Message, The Collected Works of William Howard Taft, Vol. IV, p.11.
1参见吴心伯：《金元外交与帝国主义列强在中国》，第99页。
2[美]查尔斯·戴维尔：《美国与中国财政和外交研究，1906‐1913》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1990年，第142页。
3中国社会科学院研局编选：《孙毓棠集》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2007年，第253页。
4吴心伯：《金元外交与帝国主义在中国》，第97‐99页。
1Herbert Croly, Willard Straight, New York,1924, p.383.
2File No.893.51/299, FRUS,1912, p.94.
3“The Department of State to the British Embassy”, FRUS,1912, pp.94‐95.
1罗恩·切诺著：《摩根财团：美国一代银行王朝和现代金融业的崛起》（金立群校译），北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003年，第146‐147页。
2“Currency Reform and Industrial Development Loan Agreement of April15,1911, Between theChinese Government and the Quadruple Group of Bankers”, FRUS,1912, pp.95‐96.
3Annual Report1911,in Nish Ian, ed., British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Part I~Series E Asia,1860‐1914, Volume14, Annual Reports on China,1906‐1913, pp.270‐271.
4Annual Report1911,in Nish Ian, ed., British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Part I~Series E Asia,1860‐1914, Volume14, Annual Reports on China,1906‐1913, p.270.
5Annual Message on Foreign Relations, the Collected Works of William Howard Taft, Vol. IV,p.185.
1“Morgan, Grenfell&Co. to the American Group”, FRUS,1913, p.195.
1“Subinclosure‐Memorandum‐Summary”, FRUS,1913, pp.195‐196.
2《中央银行为国家中央银行开具照会》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《中美关系往来照会集》（卷十二），第一六六页。
3《获悉陈景涛任中国驻外财的委员会赴伦敦就职事》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《中美关系往来照会集》（卷十二），第一四二页。
1[美]倍克布兰德福：《美国的海外银行》，第20‐23页。转引自中国人民银行金融研究所编:《美国花旗银行在华史料》,北京：中国金融出版社，1990年，第12页。
2中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，北京：中国金融出版社，1990年，第13‐19页。
3Annual Report,1909, in Nish Ian, ed., British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Part I~Series E Asia,1860‐1914, Volume14, Annual Reports on China,1906‐1913, pp.133‐136.
4Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers1854‐1913, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1987, pp.550‐551.
1原先美国银行团还包括铁路大王哈里曼，但两个月之后，哈里曼便病逝，故剩余四家银行。笔者注。
2罗恩·切诺著：《摩根财团：美国一代银行王朝和现代金融业的崛起》（金立群校译），北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003年，第144页。
3Copy of Cable,[Whitelaw]“Reid to the Secretary of State”, June26,1909, Reel3,001441/42,WSP/CUL.转引自Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers,1854‐1913,p.552。
11909年6月，司戴德辞职后，被银行团聘为代表，具体负责银行团对华贷款的协商工作，其月薪为500美元，并且可以额外享受一年6000美元的差旅费。笔者注。
2Willard D. Straight, China’s Loan Negotiations,(New York,1912), p.4.转引自Vincent P.Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers,1854‐1913, p.553。
3“Letter from Warburg to Straight”，Straight Papers, April17,1911.转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第106页。
1《军机大臣奕劻等摺——拟定美英德法四国银行整顿币制与东三省实业借款合同》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），北京：中华书局1964年，第1212页。
2“The American Ambassador to Japan to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.96.
3“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.97.
4“The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.98.
5“Copy of the Note Verbal Presented by the Japanese Government to the French Governmenton June26,1911”, FRUS,1912, p.99.
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers1854‐1913, p.566.
2“The Russian Charge d’Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.100.
3Morgan, Grenfell&Co. to J.P. Morgan&Co., October23,1911, PT/C, I.转引自Vincent P.Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers1854‐1913, p.566.
4“The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.101.
5“The Secretary of State to the German Ambassador”, FRUS,1912, p.103.
1“The Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.102.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.119.
3“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.110.
1中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，北京：中国金融出版社，1990年，第111‐112页。
2《美国银行团驻华特别代表司戴德给北京花旗银行经理梅诺克函》，1912年2月29日，《花旗银行档案》（第3832卷），引自中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，第114页。
3“The Ambassador of Great Britain to the Acting Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.112.
4四国银行团第二笔垫款一说为110万两，另一说为101.5万两，参见” The AmericanMinister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.118；中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，第112页。
5《美国银行团驻华特别代表司戴德给北京花旗银行经理梅诺克函》，1912年3月9日，《花旗银行档案》第3832卷，引自中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，第114页。
1“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.122.
2中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，第112页。
3《美国银行团驻华特别代表司戴德给北京花旗银行经理梅诺克函》，1912年5月18日，《花旗银行档案》（第3832卷），第39‐40页。引自中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，第116页。
1《美国银行团驻华特别代表麦克纳特给北京花旗银行经理梅诺克函》，1912年6月21日，《花旗银行档案》（第3832卷），第50‐51页。引自中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，第116‐117页。
1Knox to American Embassy in St. Peterburg电，June5,1911.转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第111‐112页。
2“The Secretary of State to the American Embassies at London, Paris, Berlin and St. Peterburg “,FRUS,1912, p.107.
3“The Secretary of State to the American Ambassador to Great Britain”, FRUS,1912, p.109.
4“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Minister, FRUS,1912”, p.110.
5“The Ambassador of Great Britain to the Acting Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.110.
6“The American Ambassador to Germany to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.111.
1“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Ambassador to Russia,” FRUS,1912, p.112.
2“The American Ambassador to Japan to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.115.
3陈春华等译：《俄国外交文书选译》，北京：中华书局出版社，1988年，第393页。
4吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第121页。
5实际上，1912年3月21日，德国政府就公开表明，允许日俄两国参加辛迪加并非出于财政因素，政治考虑使然。参见” The American Ambassador to German to the Secretary of State”,FRUS,1912, p.121.
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers1854‐1913, p.570.
2“The Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.102.
3“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.119.
4“The Secretary of State to the American Ambassador to France”, FRUS,1912, p.128.
1“The Acting American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.124.
2Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers,1854‐1913, p.571.
3《北京政府财政部与四国银行团订立暂时垫款合同及监视开支暂时垫款章程》，1912年5月17日，引自程道德、张敏孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编（一）：一九一一至一九一九》，北京：北京大学出版社，1988年，第48‐49页。
1《南京留守黄兴反对政府擅借外债致各省都督电》，1912年5月24日，引自程道德、张敏孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编（一）：一九一一至一九一九》，第49页。
2“The Chinese Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.133.
3Draft Telegram of Inter‐bank London Conference at May15,1912, FRUS,1912, p.141.《六国银行团向北京政府垫借款银八千零六十万两之借款条件》，1912年6月21日，引自程道德、张敏孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编（一）：一九一一至一九一九》，第52页。
1“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.143.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.144.
3“The Chinese Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.146.
4“The American Ambassador to Germany to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.148.
1美国银行团后来告诉国务院，国际银行团的威胁并非源于英国、德国银行家的单独垫款行动，而在于说这种垫款一旦实现，这将会给其他财团加入提供机会，这样国际银行团的排他性和垄断性就不复存在了。参见”The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.152;“The Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1913, p.148.
2中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，第113页。
1“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.147.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.151.
3“The Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1913, p.151.
4“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.153.
1“The Secretary of State to American Ambassador to France”, FRUS,1913, p.154.
2“The American Ambassador to France to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.157‐158.
3“The American Ambassador to Russia to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.158‐159.
4“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.160.
1“The Russian Ambassador to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.163.
2“The American Ambassador to Germany to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.165.
3“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.164.
4“The Secretary of State to the American Charge d’ Affaires”, FRUS,1913, p.166.
1吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第130页。
2“The American Group to the he Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.168.
3Charles Vevier, The United States and China, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press,1955, p.167.
4《美总统威尔逊关于退出六国银行团借款声明》，1913年3月18日，引自程道德、张敏孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编（一）：一九一一至一九一九》，第53‐54页。
1“U.S. Not to Back Big Chinese Loan: Wilson Deals Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy’ a hard Blow”, TheWashington Post, March19,1913, p.1;“The Open Door Situation”, The Washington Post, March
23,1913, p.ES4;“The Chinese Loan”, The Washington Post, March19,1913, p.6;”Drops DollarDiplomacy: Bacon Says Bryan will not Help central American Loan”, The Washington Post, April19,1913, p.3.
2“The American Group to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.171‐172.
3“The American Group to its Representative at Peking”, FRUS,1913, p.172.
4“The American Group to Morgan, Grenfell and Company”, FRUS,1913, p.172.
5Edward M. Lamont, The Ambassador from Wall Street: The Story of Thomas W. Lamont, J.P.Morgan’s Chief Executive, Maryland: Madison Books,1994, pp.153‐154.
6“New Policy Suits China: U.S. Thanked for Attitude Set Forth in Wilson’s Dollar diplomacyStatement”, The Washington Post, March23,1913, p.6.
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers,1854‐1913, p.577.
2签订合同时间实在凌晨三点，显然是由于银行团害怕拖延或者导致中国政府与别的银行缔结贷款。参见王铁崖：《中外旧约章汇编》（第2册），北京：三联书店，1982年版，第
867‐874页；”The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.180.
3《参议院议长张继、副议长王正廷通告各省反对违法大借款》，1913年4月27日，引自道德、张敏孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编（一）：一九一一至一九一九》，第66‐67页。
4《孙中山致各国政府和人民电》，1913年4月下旬，引自道德、张敏孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编（一）：一九一一至一九一九》，第68‐69页。
1[美]孔华润著，张静尔等译：《美国对中国的反应》，上海：复旦大学出版社，1989年，第71页。
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers,1854‐1913, pp.577‐578.
2[美]查尔斯威维尔：《美国与中国：财政和外交研究，1906‐1913》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1990年，第172页。
3[美]费正清主编，章建刚等译：《剑桥中华民国史》第一部，上海：上海人民出版社，1991年，第210页。
1[美]李约翰著，孙瑞芹、陈泽宪译：《清帝逊位与列强（1908‐1912）：第一次世界大战前的一段外交插曲》，第444页。
2David H. Burton, ed., William Howard Taft: Confident Peacemaker, Philadelphia: Saint JosephUniversity Press,2004, p.76
3“Inclosure—From the Peking Gazette”, FRUS,1913, p.192.
4吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第140页。
1李长久、施鲁佳：《中美关系二百年》，北京：新华出版社，1984年，第78页。
2Jenks to Kemmerer, October15,1928.转引自Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries tothe World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy,1900‐1930, Massachusetts: HarvardUniversity Press,1999, p.25.
1David H. Burton, ed., William Howard Taft: Confident Peacemaker, Philadelphia: Saint JosephUniversity Press,2004, pp.63‐64.
2Donald F. Anderson, William Howard Taft: A Conservative’s Conception of the Presidency,Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press,1973; David H. Burton, ed., William Howard Taft:Confident Peacemaker, p.74;“Dollar Diplomacy”, The Washington Post, June27,1911, p.6.
1“Big Growth In Trade: Knox Attributes the Increase to Dollar Diplomacy”, The Washington Post,January19,1913, p.17.
2Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1999, p.96.
1罗恩·切诺著：《摩根财团：美国一代银行王朝和现代金融业的崛起》（金立群校译），北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003年，第143页。
1Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy, p.93.
2Ellis Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order, New York: St. Martin’s Press,1979; Martin J. Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism,1890‐1916, New York:Cambridge University Press,1988; Michael Hogan,“Corporatism,” in Michael Hogan and ThomasG. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, New York: CambridgeUniversity Press,1991, pp.226‐236.
3William Becker, The Dynamics of Business‐Government Relations, Chicago: Chicago UniversityPress,1982, p. XIV; p.180.
4Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy, p.93.
2邓正来主编：《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书》，北京：中国政法大学出版社，1992年，第175页。
3组合主义可分为国家组合主义和自由组合主义两大类型。前者与二战前后发展起来的法西斯政权有着莫大的关联，其特征在于组合主义架构由国家强行施加，表现为国家组合主义。因此自第二次大战结束以来，组合主义并非一个褒义的概念，但是我们也应该看到国家组合主义仅仅是其中一个类型。学者们愈来愈认识到在多元民主的发达资本主义社会中，存在着的政府、企业与非官方的功能性组织的“综合”模式，他们之间经常权力共享，相互依赖、相互合作，共同处理社会主要问题，尤其是在涉及国家的经济政策和外交政策方面。这种“综合”的模式被称为是“自由组合主义”（Corporate Liberalism）。笔者注。
4Ellis W. Hawley,“The Discovery and Study of a ‘Corporate Liberalism’,” Business History Review52(Autumn1978), pp.309‐320.
5Alfred Chandler and Louis Galambos,“The Development of Large‐Scale Economy Organizationsin Modern America”, Journal of Economic History30,1(March1970), pp.201‐217; Robert Wiebe,The Search for Order, New York: Hill and Wang Press,1967; Samuel Hays, American PoliticalHistory as Social Analysis, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press,1980.
1[美]霍根著，韩晓燕译：《组合主义与美国外交史研究》，《国外社会科学文摘》，1991年5月，第22页。
2John Gaddis,“The Corporatist Synthesis: A Skeptical View”, Diplomatic History, Vol.10, No.4,
(Faul1986), pp.357‐358.
1Michael J. Hogan,“Revival and Reform: America’s Twentieth Century Search for a NewEconomic Order Abroad”, Diplomatic History, Vol.8, No.4,(Faul1984), p.287.
2Cynthia A. Hody,“Review”, The Business History Review, Vol.74, No.3(Autumn,2000),pp.506‐509.
1Michael J. Hogan,“Revival and Reform: America’s Twentieth Century Search for a NewEconomic Order Abroad”, Diplomatic History, Vol.8, No.4,(Faul1984), p.296.
2Will Morrisey, The Dilemma of Progressivism: How Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson Reshaped theAmerican Regime of Self‐Government, Maryland: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers, INC.,2009,p.147.
3Huntington Wilson, The Peril of Hifalutin, New York: Duffield and Company,1918, pp.249‐250.
4[美]霍根著，韩晓燕译：《组合主义与美国外交史研究》，《国外社会科学文摘》，1991年5月，第23页。
1Richard Werking,“Bureaucrats, Business, and Foreign Trade: The Origins of the United StatesChamber of Commerce,” Business History Review,52(Autumn1978), pp.321‐341.
2Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the Reconstruction of WesternEurope,1947‐1952, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1987.
1Michael J. Hogan,“Revival and Reform: America’s Twentieth Century Search for a NewEconomic Order Abroad”, Diplomatic History, Vol.8, No.4,(Faul1984), p.298.
1Thomas J. McCormick,“Drift or Mastery? A Corporatist Synthesis for American DiplomaticHistory”, Reviews in American History, Vol.10, No.4, pp.326‐327.
2Michael J. Hogan,“Corporatism: A Positive Appraisal”, Diplomatic History, Vol.10, No.4,(Faul1986), pp.363‐372., p.364.
3Ellis Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order, New York: St. Martin’s Press,1979, pp.6‐7.
1[美]孔华润主编：《剑桥美国对外关系史》（上卷），北京：新华出版社，2004年，第505页。
2英文的Dollar Diplomacy国内学术界一般均按约定俗成的做法将之译为“金元外交”，而非“美元外交”。但实际上，金元就是美元，如果以“美元外交”的视角来看，其对20世纪美国外交乃至国际关系的构建都非常重要。
1Robert D. Schulzinger, US Diplomacy since1900, p.39.
2王晓德：《1776年条约计划及其对美国早期外交的影响》，《历史研究》，2010年第5期。
3John E. Crowley, The Privileges of Independence: Neo‐mercantilism and the AmericanRevolution, Baltimore&London: The Johns Hopkins University Press,1993, pp.50‐66.
1David M. Pletcher,“America in the Early1890s: A Foretaste of Dollar Diplomacy”, PacificHistorical Review, Vol.47, No.1(Feb.,1978), pp.55‐56.
2David M. Pletcher,“America in the Early1890s: A Foretaste of Dollar Diplomacy”, PacificHistorical Review, pp.88‐89.
3“金元外交的种子在1904年的多米尼加债务危机中已经种下。”参见David H. Burton,William Howard Taft in the Public Service, Malabar: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company,1986,pp.83‐84; Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture ofDollar Diplomacy, pp.41‐56.
1Walter V. Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration,pp.40‐44.
2“Record U.S. Exports: Dollar Diplomacy Wins Vast Trade for America”, The Washington Post,September17,1911, p.12.
3Thomas F. O’Brien, The Revolutionary Mission: American Enterprise in Latin America1900‐1945,New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, pp.24‐25.
1Frederic C. Howe,“Dollar Diplomacy Explained: Should Not Be Confused With InternationalTrade”, The Washington Post, October5,1917, p.6.
2Thomas F. O’Brien, The Revolutionary Mission: American Enterprise in Latin America1900‐1945,pp.32‐33.
3[美]孔华润主编：《剑桥美国对外关系史》（上卷），北京：新华出版社，2004年，第505页。
1“U. S. Need Foreign Mart: American Interests Must Expand, Says C. M. Pepper”, TheWashington Post, December16,1912, p.6.
2吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第149页。
1James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents: WilliamHoward Taft, Vol. xxiii, Bureau of National Literature, pp.7752‐7753; Scott Nearing and JosephFreeman, Dollar Diplomacy: A Study in American Imperialism, London: Geogre Allen and UnwinLtd.,1927, p.43;“Taft Praises Knox: Tells of Secretary’s Conduct of Foreign Affairs”, TheWashington Post, May3,1910, p.1.
2“Annual Message to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS,1912, p. XI.
3“U.S. Need Foreign Mart: American Interests Must Expand, Says C. M. Pepper”, TheWashington Post, December16,1912, p.6; Frank Ninkovich, The United States and Imperialism,pp.168‐170.当然，塔夫脱的“现代化设想”并没有成功，满清王朝反而在“被现代化”的过程中土崩瓦解，笔者注。
4Huntington Wilson, The Peril of Hifalutin, pp.268‐270.
1Paul R. Viotti, American Foreign Policy and National Security: A Documentary Record, NewJersey: Pearson Prentice Hall,2005, pp.157‐159；罗荣渠：《美洲史论》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1997年，第74‐103页。
2Michael D. Gambone, Documents of American Diplomacy: From the American Revolution to thePresent, Westport: Greenwood Press,2002, pp.137‐138.
1Dexter Perkins, The Monroe doctrine,1867‐1907, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press,1937,pp.426‐437.
2Michael D. Gambone, Documents of American Diplomacy: From the American Revolution to thePresent, p.138；黄安年：《二十世纪美国史》，石家庄：河北人民出版社，第24‐26页。
3“Address of the Honorable Philander C. Knox before the New York State Bar Association”, FRUS,1912, pp.1088‐1092.
4当然，“金元”取代“子弹”，并不等于不用子弹，美国在西半球是一个政治、经济和军事大国，如有需要，塔夫脱和诺克斯并不拒绝武装干涉或武力威胁，实际上，“金元外交”的核心理念中“一切恰当的支持”已经包含了一个逻辑的演绎，即为了金元，最终可用子弹来推行。换言之，塔夫脱“金元外交”理论的逻辑本身就充满了悖论。参见Walter V.Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration, p.36; Alfred L. P.Dennis,“The Economics of Diplomacy”, The North American Review, Vol.CCXXII, NO.828(Sep.1,1925), p.92.
1“Annual Message on our foreign relations”, in David H. Burton, The Collected Works of WilliamHoward Taft, Vol. IV, p.311.
2Huntington Wilson, The Peril of Hifalutin, pp.242‐262.
1Donald F. Anderson, William Howard Taft: A Conservative’s Conception of the Presidency,p.288.
2“Declare Dollar Diplomacy Good: All Right if Economics and Politics Are Unmixed”, TheWashington Post, August11,1921, p.10.
1“No Big Stick In Commerce”, The Washington Post, March21,1913, p.1;“Dollar Diplomacy”,The Washington Post, June27,1911, p.6;“Adopts Dollar Diplomacy: Department of Agriculture toShow Farmers How to Earn Money”, The Washington Post, May4,1913, p.FF3.
2“Dollar Diplomacy”, The Washington Post, July27,1916, p.4;“The Nicaraguan Loan”, TheWashington Post, October5,1913, p.ES4.
3“Dollar Diplomacy”, The Washington Post, May9,1920, p.26.
4Robert T. Small,“Men and Matters”, The Washington Post, May3,1920, p.6;“Dollar DiplomacyUrged As Panacea By J. H. Hammond”, The Washington Post, October31,1923, p.11.
5Alfred L. P. Dennis,“The Economics of Diplomacy”, The North American Review, Vol.CCXXII,NO.828(Sep.1,1925), pp.100‐101.
1“U.S. Nicaraguan Policy Called War by Wheeler”, The Washington Post, March7,1927, p.9;Nicholas P. Gregory,“Experts to Meet Here On Trade Plans: Conference Nov.15To DiscussProblem of Latin America”, The Washington Post, Novermber5,1927, p.B6.
2Herbert Feis, The Diplomacy of the Dollar: First Era,1919‐1932, New York: W. W. Norton&Company,1950, pp.73‐74.
1Francis Adams, Dollar Diplomacy: United States Economic Assistance to Latin America, pp.1‐2.
2Humberto Mattew Loayza, Dollar Diplomacy with a New Look: President Eisenhower’sInter‐American Policies,1953‐1961, Thesis (Ph. D.), West Lafayette: Perdue University,1999,p.VIII.
3Barbara A. Tenenbaum, Georgette M. Dorn, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture,Vol.2, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons Reference Books,1978, p.833.
4Rose McKee,“Ellender Cities Futility of Dollar Doplomacy”, The Washington Post, May18,1958,p.A7.
5Margaret M. Carroll, The Rockefeller Corollary: The Impact of Philanthropy and Globalization,Thesis (Ph. D.), Los Angels: UCLA,1999, p.338.
6John Stremlau,“Clinton’s Dollar Diplomacy”, Foreign Policy, NO.97,(Winter,1994‐1995),pp.18‐35.
1Will Morrisey, The Dilemma of Progressivism: How Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson Reshaped theAmerican Regime of Self‐Government, Maryland: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers, INC.,2009,p.147.
2Paul W. Drake, Money doctors, Foreign Debts, and Economic Reforms in Latin America from the1890s to the present, pp.147‐159.
3Carlos Marichal,“The Finances of Hegemony in Latin America: Debt Negotiations and the Roleof the U.S. Government”,1945‐2005, in Fred Rosen, edit., Empire and Dissent: The United States
and Latin America, Durham and London: Duke University Press,2008, pp.92‐96.
1W. Mark C. Weidemaier,“Contracting for State Intervention: The Origins of Sovereign DebtArbitaration”, Law and Contemporary Problems, Fall.2010, Vol.73, pp.344‐349.
2按照拉夫伯的说法，“金元外交”是19世纪末20世纪初期美国日益强大的民族国家与第二次工业革命的联姻，所以它是乱伦的，因而也是高度危险的一种关系。参见[美]孔华润主编：《剑桥美国对外关系史》（上卷），北京：新华出版社，2004年，第502页。
1Robert D. Schulzinger, US diplomacy since1900, New York: Oxford University Press,2002, p.38.
1[英]莱斯利贝瑟尔主编，《剑桥拉丁美洲史》（第4卷，约1870‐‐1930），北京：中国社会科学文献出版社，1991年，第97页。
2Alfred L. P. Dennis,“The Economics of Diplomacy”, The North American Review, Vol.CCXXII,NO.828(Sep.1,1925), p.93‐95; C.S. Thomas,“Former Senator Thomas of Colorado Objects to thePhrase’Dollar Diplomacy’”, The Washington Post, January9,1927, p.S4.
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2Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, NewYork: The Department of State,1911, p.43.
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3Walter V. Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration,Columbia: University of Missouri Press,1970, p.106.
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1William Becker, Economic and World Power: An assessment of American Diplomacy Since1789,New York: Columbia University Press,1984, p.220.
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1Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, Vol.2, New York: Charles Scribner's SonsReference Books,1978, p.833.
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3Ellis W. Hawley,“Review”, Journal of Interdisciplinary History,2004, p.115.
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2Michael Gobat, Confronting the American Dream: Nicaragua under U.S. imperial rule, p.11.
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4Cyrus Veeser, A World Safe for Capitalism: Dollar Diplomacy and America’s Rise to GlobalPower, p.385.
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2Diane Kunz,“Cold War Dollar Diplomacy: The other side of Containment”, in Diane B. Kunz, Ed.,The Diplomacy of Crucial Decade: American Foreign Policies during the1960s, New York:Columbia University Press,1994, pp.105‐107.
3Margaret M. Carroll, The Rockefeller Corollary: The Impact of Philanthropy and Globalization,Thesis (Ph. D.), Los Angels: UCLA,1999, p.338.
4Humberto Mattew Loayza, Dollar Diplomacy with a new look: President Eisenhower’sInter‐American policies,1953‐1961, Thesis (Ph. D.), West Lafayette: Perdue University,1999, p.viii.
1Francis Adams, Dollar Diplomacy: United States economic assistance to Latin America,Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Limited,2000, pp.1‐2.
2John Stremlau,“Clinton’s Dollar Diplomacy,” Foreign Policy, NO.97,(Winter,1994‐1995),pp.18‐35.
3Lawrence F. Kaplan,“Dollar Diplomacy Returns”, Commentary, February1998, pp.52‐54.
4Eric Helleiner,“Dollarization Diplomacy: US Policy Towards Latin America Coming Full Circle”,Review of International Political Economy, Vol.10, No.3(Aug.,2003), pp.406‐429; David Sheinin,”The New Dollar Diplomacy in Latin America”, American Studies International, October1999,Vol.XXXVII, No.3, pp.81‐98.
1杨生茂、张友伦主编：《美国历史百科辞典》，上海：世纪出版集团、上海辞书出版社，2004年，第260‐261页。
1参见陈元、周道炯等主编：《国际金融百科全书》，北京：中国财政经济出版社，第1136页；Barry Eichengreen and Peter H. Lindert, eds., The International Debt Crisis in HistoricalPerspective, Massachusetts: The MIT Press,1991, p.2‐3.
2一般意义上“国际债务危机”指的是20世纪80年代初期波兰、墨西哥、巴西等国触发的世界性债务危机，但不少学者认为80年代的国际债务危机并非没有历史先例，在20世纪之交许多欠发达国家都因为各种因素的影响举借欧债，无法偿还，引发欧洲殖民干预与危机，如19世纪90年代的阿根廷、巴西，20世纪初期的墨西哥以及下文所论述的尼加拉瓜、利比里亚和中国。参见Barry Eichengreen and Peter H. Lindert, eds., The InternationalDebt Crisis in Historical Perspective, Massachusetts: The MIT Press,1991, p.86‐105.
3查尔斯威维尔：《美国与中国：财政和外交研究，1906‐1913》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1990年，第142页。
1金正昆：《外交学》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第20页。
1Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, NewYork: The Department of State,1911, p.6.
2Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, p.15.
3Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, p.21.
4By a Diplomatist, American Foreign Policy, Boston and New York: The Riverside Press,1909,p.157.
1李道揆：《美国政府机构与人事制度》，北京：人民出版社，1985年，第56‐57页。
2查尔斯A比尔德著，朱曾汶译：《美国政府与政治》（上），北京：商务印书馆，1987年，第323页。
3查尔斯A比尔德著，朱曾汶译：《美国政府与政治》（上），第323页。
4William Becker, Economic and World Power: An Assessment of American Diplomacy since1789,New York: Columbia University Press,1984, p.127.
5John W. Foster, The Practice of Diplomacy: As Illustrated in the Foreign Relations of the UnitedStates, Boston and New York: the Riverside Press,1909, p.241.
1Michael D. Gambone, Documents of American Diplomacy: From the American Revolution to thePresent, Westport: Greenwood Press,2001, pp.38‐39。
2比米斯：《美国对外政策和自由幸福》，辑自中国美国史研究会编：《现代史学的挑战：美国历史协会主席演说集1961‐1988》，王建华等译，上海：上海人民出版社，1990年，第
7页。
3Edward L. Younger, John A. Kasson: Politics and Diplomacy from Lincoln to McKinley, Iowa City:University of Iowa Press,1955, pp.281‐282.
4By a Diplomatist, American Foreign Policy, p.170; William Becker, Economic and World Power,p.129.
1Elmer Plischke, US Department of State: a Reference History, Westport: Greenwood Press,1999,p.222.
2“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1895), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1896, p. XXXVII.
3The Executive Order, The White House, No.10th,1905.引自Fredrick Van Dyne, Our ForeignService: The ‘A B C’ of American Diplomacy, New York: The Lawyers co‐operative PublishingCompany,1909, p.209.
4Walter V. Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign policies of the Taft Administration, Columbia:University of Missouri Press,1970, p.25.
1John W. Foster, The Practice of Diplomacy: As Illustrated in the Foreign Relations of the UnitedStates, p.7.
2Warren Federick Ilchman, Professional Diplomacy, p.95.
1“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1909), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1914, p. XX.
2“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1912), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1919, p.VII.
3Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, p.46.
1Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation,pp.41‐44.
2F.M. Huntington Wilson,“The American Foreign Service,” Outlook, No.LXXXII (September16,1906), pp.501‐504.
3Warren Federick Ilchman, Professional Diplomacy in the United States1779‐1939, p.200.
1“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1909), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1914, p.XX.
1Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, p.46.
2Donald F. Anderson, William Howard Taft: A Conservative’s Conception of the Presidency, Ithacaand London: Cornell University Press,1973, p.238; Elmer Plischke, US Department of State: AReference History, pp.204‐206.
3查尔斯A比尔德著，朱曾汶译：《美国政府与政治》（上），第322页。
4“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1912), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1919, p. VII.
1李道揆：《美国政府机构与人事制度》，第57页。
2转引自乔治·戈登：《美国的公共管理》，纽约：圣马丁出版社，1978年，第245页。
3“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1911), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1918, p. VII.
4“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1909), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1914, p. XXI; FRUS (1912), Washington, D.C.: Government PrintingOffice,1919, p. IX.
1“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1910), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1915, p. XIX.
2National Civil Service Reform League, Report on the Foreign Service, New York,1919, pp.
240‐241.
1Elmer Plischke, US Department of State: A Reference History, p.224.
2“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1910), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1915, p. IX.
1Hearings before the committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives on H.R.20044,Washington: Government Printing Office,1912, pp.120‐122.
2Editorial, New York Times, Feburary28,1912, p.16.引自American Periodicals数据库。
3Warren Federick Ilchman, Professional Diplomacy in the United States1779‐1939, p.109.
4Warren Federick Ilchman, Professional Diplomacy in the United States1779‐1939, p.115.
1“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1912), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1919p. IX.
2Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, p.50;“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS (1912), Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1919, p. XXVII.
3Hearings before the committee on foreign affairs of the House of Representatives on H.R.20044,Washington: Government Printing Office,1912, p.67.
1Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, pp.38‐39.
2Warren Federick Ilchman, Professional Diplomacy, p.111.
3“Get Back at Taft: House Democrats Plot Blow to Dollar Diplomacy”, The Washington Post,August18,1912, p.4.
4James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents: WilliamHoward Taft, Vol. xxiii, Bureau of National Literature,2006, p.8156.
1Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise ofTheodore Roosevelt, New York: New York University Press,1984, p.47.
2Samuel P. Hays, The Response to Industrialism:1885‐1914, Chicago: The University of ChicagoPress,1995, p.72.
3Harold Woodman Faulkner, The Quest for Social Justice:1898‐1914, New York: Macmillan Press,1931, p.28.
4陆月娟：《试论19世纪末20世纪初美国大企业家的历史作用》，《上饶师专学报》，1999年第2期，第59页。
1琼施特劳斯著，王同宽等译：《华尔街之子摩根》，北京：华夏出版社，2004年，第
163‐164页。
2罗恩·切诺著：《摩根财团：美国一代银行王朝和现代金融业的崛起》（金立群校译），北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003年，第73‐74页。
3泽仁多加等编：《美国赢家秘籍》，北京：中国发展出版社，1994年，第27页。
1[美]彼得柯利尔等著，劳景泰译：《洛克菲勒王朝》，上海：上海译文出版社，1982年，第36页。
2何玲丽：《从自由到垄断——美国19世纪末20世纪初工业化道路中的垄断及其立法回应》，《理论月刊》，2007年第12期，第149页。
1杨巍，朱正元：《美国投资银行的发展历程及其当前面临的挑战》，《华中理工大学学报》
（社会科学版），1996年第4期，第41页。
1董登新：《美国投资银行的今生与来世》，《西部论丛》，2008年第12期，第43页。另外，关于投资银行与商业银行二者关系的历史演变，也可详细参考姜健：《美国投资银行发展模式探析》，《时代金融》，2007年第2期，第48‐49页。
2Vincent P. Carosso, Investment Banking in America: A History, Cambridge, Massachusetts, andLondon: Harvard University Press,1987, p.81; Carl Hovey, The Life Story of J. Pierpont Morgan: abiography, New York: Sturgis&Walton Co.,1911, p.281.
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International Bankers,1854‐1913, Cambridge,Massachusetts, and London: Harvard University Press,1987, p.508.
2“Political Affairs in the Dominican Republic”, FRUS,1907, Kraus Reprint CO., pp.354‐358.
3Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International Bankers,1854‐1913, p.523.
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International Bankers,1854‐1913, p.509.
2Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International Bankers,1854‐1913, pp.514‐515.
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International Bankers,1854‐1913, p.514.
2George K. Turner,‘’ Morgan’s Partners’’, McClure’s Magazine, XL, April1913. Quoted fromVincent P. Carosso, Investment Banking in America: A History, p.87.
3Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion,1890‐1945, New York: Hill and Wang Press,1982, p.59.
1贝多广等著：《证券市场与金融机构》，北京：中国审计出版社，1990年。转引自杨巍，朱正元：《美国投资银行的发展历程及其当前面临的挑战》，《华中理工大学学报》（社会科学版），1996年第4期，第41页。
2吉尔伯特C菲特：《美国经济史》，沈阳：辽宁人民出版社，1981年，第382页。
3复旦大学资本主义国家经济研究所编著：《美国垄断财团》，上海：上海人民出版社，1975年，第5页。
4[美]彼得·柯利尔，戴维霍罗威茨：《洛克菲勒王朝》，上海：上海译文出版社，1982年，第26页。
1陆月娟：《试论19世纪末20世纪初美国垄断财团对美国政府的影响》，《历史教学问题》，1996年第5期，第8页。
2罗恩·切诺著：《摩根财团：美国一代银行王朝和现代金融业的崛起》（金立群校译），北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003年，第142‐143页。
3Paul W. Drake, Money Doctors, Foreign Debts, and Economic Reforms in Latin America from the1890s to the Present, Wilmington, DE, Scholarly Resources Inc.,1994.
1Gold standard（金本位制）词条引自《简明不列颠百科全书》编辑部译编：《不列颠百科全书》（第7卷），北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1986年，第177页。
2Gold standard（金本位制）词条引自外文出版社大美百科全书编辑部，光复书局大美百科全书编辑部编译：《大美百科全书》（第12卷），北京：外文出版社，1994年，第407‐408页。
1陈明：《美国<金本位法>确立的历史透视》，《吉首大学学报》（社科版），2003年12月刊，第55页。
2Richard T. McCulle, Banks and Politics during the Progressive Era: The Origins of the FederalReserve System: Money, Class, and Corporate Capitalism,1890‐1913, New York and London:Garland Publishing, Inc.,1992, pp.45‐46.
3陈明：《美国<金本位法>确立的历史透视》，《吉首大学学报》（社科版），2003年12月刊，第58页。
1Michael Gonzalez Cruz,“U.S. Invasion of Puerto Rico: Occupation and Resistance to the ColonialState,1898to the Present”, Latin American Perspective, Vol.25, No.5(Sep.,1998), p.11.
2J. H. Hollander,“The Finance of Puerto Rico”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XVI, December,1901, pp.553‐554.
3Emily S. Rosenberg,“Foundations of United States International Financial Power: Gold StandardDiplomacy,1900‐1905”, Business History Review, No.59(Summer1985), pp.172‐173.
1Emily S. Rosenberg,“Foundations of United States International Financial Power: Gold StandardDiplomacy,1900‐1905”, Business History Review, No.59(Summer1985), p.174.
2Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, p.14.
1“The Philippine Islands”, Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W. Jenks eds., Report onthe introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, New York: Washington Government PrintingOffice,1904, p.283.
1Charles Conant,“The Currency of the Philippine Islands”, The Annals of the American Academyof Political and Social Science, Vol.20, Finance (Nov.,1902), pp.46‐47.
2Charles Conant,“The Currency of the Philippine Islands”, The Annals of the American Academyof Political and Social Science, Vol.20, Finance (Nov.,1902), pp.50‐51.
3Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, p.16.
4“The Currency of the Philippine Islands”, in Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W.Jenks eds., Report on the introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, pp.21‐22.
5Charles Conant,“The Currency of the Philippine Islands”, The Annals of the American Academyof Political and Social Science, Vol.20, Finance (Nov.,1902), pp.58‐59.
1Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, p.17.
2Exact from the Report of the chief of the Bureau Insular Affairs, War Department,1904, in HughH. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W. Jenks, Report on the introduction of the Gold‐ExchangeStandard, New York: Washington Government Printing Office,1904, p.294.
3“The Philippine Islands”, Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W. Jenks eds., Report onthe Introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, p.292.
1“The Philippine Islands”, Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W. Jenks eds., Report onthe Introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, pp.287‐288.
1Charles Conant,“The Gold Exchange Standard in the Light of Experience”, The Economic Journal,Vol.19, No.74(Jun.,1909), p.199.
2“Depositaries of Philippine Funds”, Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W. Jenks eds.,Report on the introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, pp.304‐305.
3Charles Conant,“The Gold Exchange Standard in the Light of Experience”, The Economic Journal,Vol.19, No.74(Jun.,1909), p.194.
1“Secretary Hay to Urge Adoption of United States Gold Standard”, Journal of Commerce andCommercial Bulletin, New York, June6,1904.
2“Panama”, in Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W. Jenks eds., Report on theintroduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, New York: Washington Government Printing Office,1904, pp.320‐321.
3“Act of Panama in Pursuance of Agreement”, Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant and Jeremiah W.Jenks eds., Report on the introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, New York: WashingtonGovernment Printing Office,1904, pp.331‐332.虽然巴拿马货币完全美元化已近一个世纪，但并未给其带来绝对的稳定。参见Ilan Goldfj,“Full Dollarization: The Case of Panama”, Economia,Vol.1,(Spring2001), pp.102‐103.
1关于美国财政专家精琪与中国清政府就币制改革的协商部分详见本文第四章。笔者注。
2Charles Conant, The Banking System of Mexico, Washington: Government Office,1910, p.62.
3William Schell,“Money as Commodity: Mexico’s Conversion to the Gold Standard in1905,”Mexican Studies12(1), Winter1996, p.69.
1Charles Conant, The Banking System of Mexico, Washington: Government Office,1910, p.68.
2Charles Conant, The Banking System of Mexico, pp.71‐72.
3Michael O’Malley,“Specie and Species: Race and the Money Question in the NineteenthCentury America”, American Historical Review, No.99(1994), pp.369‐395.
1“Chronology of Political Events in Santo Domingo,1905,” FRUS,1906, Kraus Reprint CO., pp.
596‐597.
2多米尼加共和国采纳金本位的档案可参见”Establishment of the American Gold Standard asthe Monetary Standard of the Dominican Republic”, FRUS,1905, Kraus Reprint CO., pp.412‐413.
1“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS,1912, New York, KrausReprint CO.,1969, p. x.
2参见吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国：1909‐1913》，上海：复旦大学出版社，1997年。
2Gerstle Mack, Land Divided: A History of the Panama Canal and other Isthmian Canal Projects,New York: Alfred Knopf,1914, p.101.
3[英]莱斯利贝瑟尔主编：《剑桥拉丁美洲史》（第4卷，约1870‐‐1930），北京：中国社会科学文献出版社，1991年，第84‐88页。
4Robert Seager and Doris Maguire, Letters and papers of Alfred Thayer Mahan, Vol.3, Annapolis:Naval Institute Press,1975, p.9; Commodore George Melville, Views to the Strategic andCommercial Value of the Nicaraguan Canal, the Future Control of the Pacific Ocean to the UnitedStates, Washington: Government Printing Office,1898, pp.18‐19.
1Thomas Schoonver, Germany in Central America, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press,1998, pp.118‐133.
2“Annual Messages to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS,1912, p. xxvii.
1“Annual Messages to the Congress”, FRUS,1912, p. xii.
2Walter V. Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration,Columbia: University of Missouri Press,1970, p.63; Lester D. Langley, The Banana Wars: An InnerHistory of American Empire1900‐1934, Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky,1983,pp.64‐66.
3Hon. Philander C. Knox, Letter and statement concerning a loan which the Republiccontemplates making with citizen of United States, Washington,1911, p.6.
4Dana G. Munro, Invention and Dollar Diplomacy in the Caribbean1900‐1921, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1964, p.173.
1Hon. Philander C. Knox, The Spirit and Purpose of American Diplomacy, Philadelphia,1910,June15, pp.45‐47.
2“Mr. Bryce to Sir Edward Grey”, BDFA: North American Affairs, Volume15,1911‐1914,pp.140‐141; George T. Weitzel, American Policy in Nicaragua, Washington: Government PrintingOffice,1916, pp.4‐5.
3“The Secretary of State to various Senators”, FRUS,1912, p.1088.
1“The Secretary of State to various Senators”, FRUS,1912, p.1088.
2“The Secretary of State to the Nicaraguan Charge”, FRUS,1909, pp.455‐457.
3“Mr. Bryce to Sir Edward Grey”, BDFA: North American Affairs, Volume15,1909‐1911, pp.
207‐208.
4“Annual message to the Congress”, FRUS,1910, p. XV.
5“Senor Castrillo to the Secreatry of State”, FRUS,1910, p.762.
1“Senor Castrillio to Knox”, FRUS,1910, p.762.
2“H. Wilson to American Minister Thomas Dawson”, FRUS,1910, p.763.
3“The Acting Secretary of State to Minister Dawson”, FRUS,1910, pp.763‐764.
1“The Nicaraguan Minister for Foreign Affairs to the American Special Agent”, FRUS,1911, pp.
627‐628.
2“The American Minister to Secretary of State”, File No.41, FRUS,1911, p.660.
3“Loan Convent between the united State and Nicaragua”, FRUS,1912, pp.1074‐1075.
1“Dollar Diplomacy Outdone”, New York Times, July21,1913.引自American Periodicals数据库。
1“Message from the United States transmitting a Convention between the United States andNicaragua concerning a loan which Nicaragua contemplates making with citizens of the UnitedStates”, FRUS,1912, p.1073;“Urges Refund Treaty: Taft Asks Immediate Action on NicaraguanPact”, The Washington Post,June9,1911, p.4.
2Walter V. Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration,Columbia: University of Missouri Press,1970, p.62.
3“Annual message to the Congress”, FRUS,1911, p. XVI.
1“Address of Honorable Philander C. Knox before the New York State Bar Association”, FRUS,1912, p.1092.
2Hon. Philander C. Knox, The Spirit and Purpose of American Diplomacy, Philadelphia,1910,June15, p.51.
3“Will Reply to Taft: Senator Bacon Plans Probe of Dollar Diplomacy”, The Washington Post,December7,1912, p.3.
4Robert D. Schulzinger, US diplomacy since1900, New York: Oxford University Press,2002, p.47.
1[美]查理斯·R·吉斯特著，《华尔街史》（敦哲、金鑫译），北京：经济科学出版社，2004年，第77、88、103页。
2Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers1854‐1913, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1987, pp.589‐590.
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers1854‐1913, pp.590‐591.
2Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1999, p.66.
3“A friend of Justice, Our policy in Nicaragua and the recent Revolutions”, The North AmericanReview, January1913, Vol. CXCVII, American Periodicals, p.50.
4“The Acting Secretary of State to Minister Dawson”, FRUS,1910, pp.763‐764.
1“Translation of Agreement Signed by Provisional President Estrada and others”, FRUS,1911,p.653.
2U.S. Sen. Rel. Com., Supra, Part Vi., pp.170‐171.华尔街银行家参与金元外交的档案文件还可参见”Brown Brothers and Company and J. and W. Seligman and Company to the Secretary ofState”,FRUS,1912, pp.1078‐1081, pp.1101‐1102, p.1105.
3U.S. Sen. Rel. Com.,“Hearings on Nicaraguan Affairs”,1913, Part VI, pp.205‐206.
1U.S. Sen. Rel. Com.,“Convention between the U.S and Nicaragua,” Part VI, pp.170‐171.
1” Brown Brothers and Company and J. and W. Seligman and Company to the Secretary of State”,FRUS,1912, p.1079.
1“Knox Upholds Taft: Premier Lauds Chief’s Work at Home and Abroad”, The Washington Post,October24,1912, p.1.
2Scott Nearing and Joseph Freeman, Dollar Diplomacy: A Study in American Imperialism,London: George Allen and Unwin LTD.,1927, p.161.
1“The Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1913, p.1036.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.1036‐1037.
3“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.1037.
4“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.1037.
1File No.817.51/535, Department of State, March5, FRUS,1913, p.1039.
2“Memorandum of the Latin‐American Division of the Department of State for the Informationof the Secretary”, FRUS,1913, p.1041.
3“Memorandum of the Latin‐American Division of the Department of State for the Informationof the Secretary”, FRUS,1913, p.1042.
1“Dollar Diplomacy Outdone”, New York Times, July21,1913.引自American Periodicals数据库。
2“The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.1042‐1043.
3“The Treaties with Nicaragua”, The Independent, June5,1913, p.1226.引自AmericanPeriodicals数据库。
4“The Secretary of State to Brown Brothers and Company”, FRUS,1913, pp.1042‐1043.
5“The Minister of the Treasury of Nicaragua on an Official Visit to Washington, to the Secretaryof State”, FRUS,1913, pp.1048‐1049.
1“Brown Brothers&Co. and J. and W. Seligman&Co. to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.1052‐1053.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.1053‐1054.
3“The Secretary of State to Brown Brothers&Company and Seligman&Co.”, FRUS,1913, pp.1052‐1053.
1“Brown Brothers&Co. and J. and W. Seligman&Co. to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913,p.1055.
2“The Secretary of State to Brown Brothers&Co. and J. and W. Seligman&Co.”, FRUS,1913,p.1057.
1“Statement of the feature of the loan contracts of October8,1913, prepared by the bankersand given to press October20with the assent of the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.1063;“Money To Nicaragua: New York Loan Approved by Wilson Administration”, The Washington Post,October24,1913, p.3.
2“A loan for Nicaragua”, The Independent, October9,1913, p.68.引自南开大学图书馆Proquest—American Periodicals数据库。
1“The Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1911, pp.649‐651.
2Walter V. Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration,Columbia: University of Missouri Press,1970, p.66.
3“Statements of the Secretatry of State before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations,May21,1911”, FRUS,1912, p.594.
4Dana G. Munro, Invention and Dollar Diplomacy in the Caribbean1900‐1921, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1964, p.95.
5Hugh H. Hanna, Charles Conant, Report on the introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard,New York: Washington Government Printing Office,1904.
1Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1999, p.64.
2Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, p.75.
3“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, pp.1093‐1094.
4Messrs. F.C. Harrison and Charles Conant, Report Presenting a Plan of Money Reform forNicaragua, April23,1912, p.2.全文可在www.archive.org上获得。
1Messrs. F.C. Harrison and Charles Conant, Report Presenting a Plan of Money Reform forNicaragua, April23,1912, p.5.
2Speeches Incident to the Visit of Philander Chase Knox: Secretary of State of the United Statesof America to the countries of the Caribbean, Washington: Government Printing Office,1913, pp.39‐40.
1“Summary of the Above Letter and some Suggestions for Remedies for the Evils MentionedTherein”, FRUS,1913, pp.1049‐1050.
2“Statement of the Feature of the Loan Contracts of October8,1913, Prepared by the Bankersand Given to Press October20with the Assent of the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.1062.
1“Statement to the Press concerning Nicaragua Finances”, FRUS,1913, pp.1065‐1066.
2在尼加拉瓜，金元外交家由财政专家、两名联合赔偿委员会委员，各大城市海关税务司、马拉瓜国家银行经理及各分行代表以及太平洋铁路的经理组成。转引自Michael Gobat,Confronting the American Dream: Nicaragua under U.S. imperial rule, Durham: Duke UniversityPress,2005, pp.127‐300.
3Otto Schoenrich, Report of Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission to the Secretary of State ofthe United States, Washington,1915, p16.
1“Minister Dawson to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1910, p.766.
2“Act of October14,1911, of the Nicaraguan Constistutional Assembly, approving thePresidential decree of October9,1911, amending the act of April4‐May17,1911, establishingthe tribunal or mixed commission”, FRUS,1911, p.641.
3“The Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1911, p.628.
4“The Minister for Foreign Affairs to the American Minister”, FRUS,1911, p.629.
5“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1911, p.631.
6Arthur Thompson,“Renovating Nicaragua”, World’s Work, No.21(March1916), pp.490‐503.
1“Memorandum of the Latin‐American Division of the Department of State for the informationof the Secretary”, FRUS,1913, p.1042.
2Michael Gobat, Confronting the American Dream: Nicaragua under U.S. Imperial Rule, p.128.
3Otto Schoenrich, Report of Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission to the Secretary of State ofthe United States, Washington, p.29.
1“The Secretary of State to the Minister of Finance of Nicaragua”, FRUS,1913, p.1055.
2“The Secretary of State to Brown Bros.&Co. and Seligman&Co.”, FRUS,1913, p.1055.
3“The Minister of Finance of Nicaragua to Brown Brothers&Co. and J. and W. Seligman&Co.”,FRUS,1913, p.1058.
4“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1913, p.1055.
5“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.1060.
6“The Secretary of State to Brown Bros.&Co. and Seligman&Co.”, FRUS,1913, p.1065.
7“联合赔偿委员会”(Mixed Claims Commission,1911‐1915）后于1917年改为“公共信用委员会”（Public Credit Commission,1917‐1918），而后于1919年改为“高级委员会”（HighCommission），数易其名，但其宗旨都在于维护其债务和国家财政之稳定。参见MichaelGobat, Confronting the American Dream: Nicaragua under U.S. Imperial Rule, p.127.
1B.R. Mitchell, International Historical Statistics: The Americas1750‐2000, New York: PalgraveMacmillan,2003, Fifth Edition, p.436.21913年12月13日，尼加拉瓜财政部长写信给国务卿布莱恩，认为尼加拉瓜处于前所未有的经济危机之中。参见”The Minister of Finance of Nicaragua to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.1066‐1067;“Drops the U.S. Loan: Facing Money Crisis, Nicaragua Hits DollarDiplomacy”, The Washington Post, July1,1912, p.6.
3Annual Report on Central America for the year1913,in Kenneth Bourne and D. Cameron, edit.,British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Part I~Series D Latin America, Volume8, Central America,1887‐1914, University Publications of America,1992, pp.405‐408.
1“The Minister of the Treasury of Nicaragua on an official visit to Washington, to the Secretaryof State”, FRUS,1913, pp.1042‐1043.
1转引自Michael Gobat, Confronting the American Dream: Nicaragua under U.S. Imperial Rule,p.125.
2Michael D. Rice, Nicaragua&the U.S.: Policy Confrontations&Cultural Interactions,1893‐1933,Dissertation (Ph. D), University of Houston,1995, p.277.
3南开大学历史系辑译:《尼加拉瓜史》，天津：天津人民出版社，1976年，第143页。
4“Message of President to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS,1910, p.xvii.
1“Message of President to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS,1910, p. xii.
1Huntington Wilson, The Peril of Hifalutin, New York: Duffield and Company,1918, p.244;“ToProd Diplomats: Knox Will Urge Greater Commercial Activity”, The Washington Post, February11,1910, p.1;“Has Swung Big Deals: State Department Tells of Aid to Capitalists, Fruit of DollarDiplomacy”, The Washington Post, May12,1911, p.10;“Ambassador To Argentina”, TheWashington Post, December29,1910, p.5.
2“Work For U.S. Firms: State Department Seeks Bids on Montevideo Contracts”, The WashingtonPost, September8,1912, p.5.
3[英]莱斯利贝瑟尔主编：《剑桥拉丁美洲史》（第4卷，约1870‐‐1930），北京：中国社会科学文献出版社,1991年，第107页。
4[英]莱斯利贝瑟尔主编：《剑桥拉丁美洲史》（第4卷，约1870‐‐1930），北京：中国社会科学文献出版社，1991年，第75‐76页；参见Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries tothe World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy,1900‐1930, Massachusetts: HarvardUniversity Press,1999, pp.155‐165.
1参见梁根成：《美国与非洲》，北京：北京大学出版社，1991年，第2‐3页；”ConveysLiberia’s Thanks: American Minister Brings Letter about Fleet’s Timely Appearance”, New YorkTimes, September11,1904, p.4.
2“The First Loan of Liberia”, The African Repository, October1871, Vol.47, pp.297‐299;“TheLoan of1871”, The African Repository, October1882, Vol.58, pp.126‐129.
3“Liberia’s Finances: Commission Coming Here to Get Material to Reorganize them”, New YorkTimes, March12,1905, p.7.
1“British Have Taken Liberian Territory: Seizure of300Square Miles Reported to AmericanCommissioners”, New York Times, July3,1909, p.4;”Cross Into Liberia to Curb Savages:Washington Believes Encroachment by English Was to Police Border Tribes”, New York Times, July4,1909, p.5.此外，法国对利比里亚的殖民侵略也是由来已久，参见”French Aggression InLiberia: The United States Will Interpose to Protect the African Republic”, New York Times,September11,1893, p.8.
1“The United States Missing a Valuable opportunity by Not Entering Into Active CompetitionWith European Commerce in the New Field”, New York Times, January8,1905, p.SM4.
2“(Letter) From Ernest Lyon”, in Louis R.Harlan,ed., The Booker T. Washington Papers, Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1980, Series9, pp.332‐333.
3“(Letter) To Theodore Roosevelt”, The Booker T. Washington Papers, Series9, pp.337‐338.
4“(Letter) To Ernest Lyon”, The Booker T. Washington Papers, Series9, p.341.
5Elliott P. Skinner, African Americans and U.S. Policy toward Africa,1850‐1924, Washington D.C.:Howard University Press,1992, p.310.
1“(Letter) To Theodore Roosevelt”, The Booker T. Washington Papers, Series9, p.476.
2“(Letter) From Theodore Roosevelt”, The Booker T. Washington Papers, Series9, p.499.
3“(Letter) To Ernest Lyon”, The Booker T. Washington Papers, Series9, p.535.
4“(Letter) To Ernest Lyon”, The Booker T. Washington Papers, Series9, p.548.
5“Memorandum Respecting the Affairs of Liberia”, in Michael Partridge and David Gillard, eds.,British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Part I,Series G. Africa,1848‐1914, Vol.22, p.334, AnImprint of CIS: University Publications of America,1996.(以下简称BDFA)。
1“The Liberian Commission to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1910, p.696.
2“The Secretary of State to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1910, p.695.
3“The Minister for Foreign Affairs to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1910, p.698.
1“The Minister for Foreign Affairs to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1910, p.697.
2“Why Liberia Wants America’s Help”, The Independent, July8,1909, Vol.67, pp.70‐74.
3“(Letter) To P. O. Gray”, The Booker T. Washington Papers, Series9, pp.574‐575;“LiberiaHonors American: Confers the order of African Redemption on Booker T. Washington”, New YorkTimes, October18,1908, p.1.
4“The Secretary of State to President Roosevelt”, FRUS,1910, p.699.
1Elliott P. Skinner, African Americans and U.S. Policy towards Africa,1850‐1924, WashingtonD.C.: Howard University Press,1992, p.323.
2Elliott P. Skinner, African Americans and U.S. Policy towards Africa,1850‐1924, p.323.
3转引自David P. Kilroy, Extending the American Sphere to West Africa: Dollar Diplomacy inLiberia,1908‐1926, Dissertation (Ph. D), Iowa: The University of Iowa,1995, pp.30‐31.
1美国著名的黑人领袖布克尔·华盛顿欲亲自作为特使前往，但为塔夫脱总统拒绝，这也一度让企盼黑人特使的利比里亚人失望，但华盛顿助手作为黑人入选自然也是一大胜利。参见”Liberia Is Disappointed: Expected Battleships and Washington‐Got His Secretary and acruiser”, New York Times, July14,1909, p.4.
2“The Secretary of State to the Commission of Liberia”, FRUS,1910, p.705.
3“The Secretary of State to the Commission of Liberia”, FRUS,1910, pp.706‐707.
1“The Secretary of State to the Commission of Liberia”, FRUS,1910, p.706.
2“Liberia Entertains Envoys: American Commissioners So Feted That Work Is Interfrered With”,New York Times, May22,1909, p.4.
3“Go Separately to Liberia: Commisioners to Travel Each Upon His Own Cruiser—Trouble NotOver”, New York Times, April22,1909, p.4;“Hurt Pride In Liberia: Prominent Citizens Omittedfrom American Commissioners’ Dinner”, New York Times, May29,1909, p.4.引自南开大学图书馆American Periodicals数据库。
4Emmett J. Scott,“Is Liberia Worth Saving?”, The Journal of Race Development, Vol.1, No.3(Jan.,1911), pp.298‐299.
5Roland P. Falkner,“The United States and Liberia”, American Journal of International Law, No.4(1910), pp.534‐535.
1Report of the American Commission to the Republic of Liberia,“Affair of Liberia,” SenateDocument, No.457,61st Congress,2nd Session,1910, p.16;”Liberia and The United States”,Outlook, May7,1910, p.5;“Liberia Baited By Britain and France”, New York Times, May26,1910,p.6.
2“Opportunities in Liberia: Secretary Ellis, Home on a visit, Tells of the Negro Republic”, NewYork Times, May16,1910, p.18.
3早在1902年美国巡洋舰旧金山号就曾与利比里亚协商海军加煤站建设。参见”CoalingStation In Liberia.: The Cruiser San Francisco Said to Have Been Negotiating with the WestAfrican Republic”,New York Times,June1,1902, p.4; Emmett J. Scott,“Is Liberia Worth Saving?”,The Journal of Race Development, Vol.1, No.3(Jan.,1911), pp.299‐300.
1“Liberia: Annual Report1910”, BDFA, Vol.22, p.378.
2“Memorandum respecting the Affairs of Liberia1910,", BDFA, Vol.22, pp.348‐349.
1转引自David P. Kilroy, Extending the American Sphere to West Africa: Dollar Diplomacy inLiberia,1908‐1926, Dissertation (Ph. D), Iowa: The University of Iowa,1995, p.45.
2Huntington Wilson, Memoirs of an Ex‐Diplomat, Boston, Toronto, B. Humphries, inc.; TheRyerson press,1945, p.195.
3“Will Ask Congress to Save Liberia: African Republic Founded by Us Needs Assistance”, NewYork Times, October19,1909, p.9.
4James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. XXIII,Bureau of National Literature,2006, pp.7858‐7859;“To Assit Liberia”, The Independent, March
31,1910, Vol.68, p.673.
5“Ambassador Reid to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1910, p.703.
1参见”The Minister for Foreign Affairs to the Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1910, p.704.
2“The American Ambassador the Great Britain to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1911, p.338.
1“The British Ambassador to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1911, p.339.
2“The Secretary of State to the American Minister to Liberia”, FRUS,1911, p.340.
3”French Aggression In Liberia: The United States Will Interpose to Protect the AfricanRepublic”, New York Times, September11,1893, p.8.
4“Oppose our Liberia Move: French Think America Has No Right to Interfere in Little Republic”,New York Times, August7,1910, p.7.
5“The French Minister for Foreign Affairs to the American Ambassador to France”, FRUS,1911,p.344.
1“Minister for Foreign Affairs”, FRUS,1911, p.345;“Liberia Satisfies France: And the Way IsNow Clear for the Conclusion of the America”, New York Times, January10,1911, p.1.
2“Memorandum of Interview between Mr. Clark and President Barclay”, BDFA, Vol.22,1910,p.331.
3Yekutiel Gershoni, Black Colonialism: The Americo‐Liberian Scramble for the Hinterland,Boulder and London: Westview Press,1985, pp.44‐45.
4“Warship to Liberia: State Department Considers Sending One to Negro Republic”, New YorkTimes, February14,1909, p.2.
1Emmett J. Scott,“The American Commissioners in Liberia”, The Independent, August19, Vol.67,pp.403‐405.
2“Army officer For Liberia: Negro Republic has Requested Assistance to Organize Hinterland”,New York Times, December5,1909, p.C4.
3“Message of the President to the Congress,” FRUS,1911, p.337.
4“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.652.
5“The Liberian Secretary of State to the Acting British Consul‐General,” FRUS,1912, p.654.
1“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.654.
1“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.657.
2“The American Military Attache to the American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.665.
3“The American Military Attache to the American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.667.
1“Message of the President to the Legislature”, FRUS,1912, p.649.
2参见” Message of the President Daniel E. Howard to the Legislature”, FRUS,1915, p.627.
3“Liberia Annual Report1910”, BDFA, Vol.22, p.383.
1“Charge d’ Affaires Bundy to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1915, p.632.
2Emily Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion,1890‐1945, New York: Hill and Wang Press,1982, p.62.
1“Liberia’s Crisis and Appeal”, The Independent, July29,1909, Vol.67, p.263.
2美国公使莱恩也认为现在利比里亚需要的是美国资本，来偿还其近100万美元的债务。参见Emmett J. Scott,“Is Liberia Worth Saving?”, The Journal of Race Development, Vol.1, No.3
(Jan.,1911), p.299;“Liberia Needs Capital: Amercan Consul General Says the Little RepublicProgresses, However.”, New York Times, October4,1909, p.10.
3Report of the American Commission to the Republic of Liberia,“Affair of Liberia,” SenateDocument No.457,61st Congress,2nd Session,1910, p.55.
1“Message of the President to Congress”, FRUS,1911, p.337.
2“The Secretary of State to the German Ambassador”, FRUS,1911, p.346.
3“Message of the President to Congress”, FRUS,1911, p.338.
1“Informal Statement for the Guidance of Mr. Falkner and the American Banking Group”, FRUS,1911, p.344;“No Protest On Liberia: Washington says European Powers Have Not Opposed LoanPlan”,New York Times, July31,1910, p.C4.
2转引自David P. Kilroy, Extending the American Sphere to West Africa: Dollar Diplomacy inLiberia,1908‐1926, Dissertation (Ph. D), Iowa: The University of Iowa,1995, p.61.
3福克纳在给纽约时报的声明中，表示美国要处理利比里亚高达140万美元的债务，其中近100万美元是外债，美国的目的是要控制其财政，将其建立在合理的基础之上。参见“Liberian Finance in American Hands: United States Government Will Appoint Officials to CollectCustoms and Taxes”, New York Times, August7,1910, p.7.
1“The Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1911, p.342.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1911, p.343.
1“The Acting Secretary of State to Messrs. Kuhn Loeb, and CO.”, FRUS,1913, p.670.
1“Messrs. Kuhn Loeb, and CO. to John Bassett Moore”, May21,1913.转引自David P. Kilroy,Extending the American Sphere to West Africa: Dollar Diplomacy in Liberia,1908‐1926,Dissertation (Ph. D), Iowa: The University of Iowa,1995, p.59.
2“Message of the President to Legislature”, FRUS,1912, p.651.
1“The Acting Secretary of State to American Minister”, FRUS,1913, p.671.
2“The Acting Secretary of State to American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.655.
3“Will Buy Liberian Bonds: Bankers Offer to Take the1871Issue Off the Owner’ Hands”, NewYork Times, July26,1912, p.5.
4“The Acting Secretary of State to American Charge d’ Affaires”, FRUS,1912, p.658.
1“Consul general Maugham to Sir Edward Grey”, in Peter Woodward, edit, British Documentson Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Tropical Africa;Abyssinia, December1918‐October1925, Volume26, University Publications of America, p.20.
2“Notes re British Interests in Liberia”, in Peter Woodward, edit, British Documents on ForeignAffairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Tropical Africa; Abyssinia,December1918‐October1925, Volume26, University Publications of America, p.23.
3“The Acting Secretary of State to Messrs. Kuhn Loeb, and CO.”, FRUS,1914, p.441.
4“American Legation”, FRUS,1914, p.441.
1” The Acting Secretary of State to Messrs. Kuhn Loeb, and CO.”, FRUS,1915, p.635.
2“Message of the President to the Congress”, FRUS,1911, p.337.
1Emmett J. Scott,“Is Liberia worth Saving?”, The Journal of Race Development, Vol.1, No.3
(Jan.,1911), p.299;“Wants Us to Solve Liberian Problem: Booker T. Washington Says theNegroes There Are in Dire Need of Assistance”, New York Times, February15,1909, p.4.
2“Annual Report1910”, BDFA, Vol.22,1910, p.390.
1“The Secretary of State to the British Ambassador”, FRUS,1911, p.347.
2“The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador of the French Republic’’, FRUS,1912, p.676.
3“Message of the President to Congress”, FRUS,1911, p.337.
4“Approves Liberia Plan: Germany Gives Its Moral Support to the Syndicate Loan”, New YorkTimes, July29,1910, p.4.
1“The French Minister for Foreign Affairs to the American Ambassador to France”, FRUS,1911,pp.344‐345.
2“The Secretary of State to the German Ambassador”, FRUS,1911, p.345.
3参见” Memorandum respecting the Affairs of Liberia”, BDFA, Vol.22, pp.402‐403.
1“Fresh Demand On Liberia: Germany Imitating France in Attacks on the Republic”, New YorkTimes, January14,1910, p.7;“Germany Would Aid Liberia: Will Exchange Views with the Unitedstates on Country’s Independence”, New York Times,August10,1908, p.6;“Liberia FearsGermany: High Government Official Tells of Nedds of West Afirca”, New York Times, August6,1901, p.6.
2“Approves Liberia Plan: Germany Gives Its Moral Support to the Syndicate Loan”, New YorkTimes, July29,1910, p.4.
3“The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.675.
1“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, pp.684‐685.
2“The German Charge d’ Affaires to the Acting Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.686.
3“The Acting Secretary of State to the German Charge d’ Affaires”, FRUS,1912, pp.686‐687.
1“The American Charge d’Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, pp.694‐695.
2“The German Receiver ot Customes to the Acting Secretary of State of Liberia“, FRUS,1912,pp.696‐697.
3“Memorandum respecting the Affairs of Liberia1912”, BDFA, Vol.22, pp.404‐406.
4详细参见“Memorandum respecting the Affairs of Liberia1912”, BDFA, Vol.22, p.404.
1“The Ambassador of the French Republic to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.673.
2“The General Receiver to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.673.
3参见” The German Ambassador to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.674.
1“Annual Report on Liberia for the year1912”, BDFA, Vol.22, p.407.
2“The Charge d’ Affaires of the French Republic to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.684.
3“Secretary of State to Messrs. Kuhn, Loeb&Co.”,1912, FRUS, pp.681‐682.
1“The Acting Secretary of State to the Charge d’ affaires of the French Republic, FRUS,1912,p.687.
2参见” Administrative Circular No.1of the Customs Receivership”, FRUS,1912, p.694.
3“The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.611.
4“Liberian Annual Report”, BDFA, Vol.22,1913, pp.419‐420.
1“Liberian Annual Report”, BDFA, Vol.22,1913, p.420.
2“The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.668.
1“The General Receiver of Customs to the American Charge d’ Affaire”s, FRUS,1913, p.675.
2参见” The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.678.
3参见” The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.680.
1“Annual Report on Liberia for the year1911”, BDFA, Vol.22, p.400.
2“Liberia Annual Report”,1913, Vol.22, BDFA, p.422.
1“Charge Bundy to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1915, p.640.
2参见” Charge Bundy to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1915, p.640.
3“Charge Bundy to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1915, p.642.
1“Annual Message on our Foreign Relations”, in David H. Burton, ed., The Collected Works ofWilliam Howard Taft, Vol. IV, Athens: Ohio University Press,2002, p.311.
2“Annual Message on our Foreign Relations”, in David H. Burton, ed., The Collected Works ofWilliam Howard Taft, Vol. IV, Athens: Ohio University Press,2002, p.302;“Why Liberia Should beSaved”, Outlook, August7,1909, p.823.
3Philander C. Knox, The Achievement of Dollar Diplomacy, Saturday Evening Post, March9,1912.
1H. Wilson, The Peril of Hifalutin, New York: Duffield and Company,1918, pp.246‐247.
2“Second Annual Message”, in David H. Burton, ed., The Collected Works of William HowardTaft, Vol. IV, Athens: Ohio University Press,2002, p.9.
3“Message of President to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS,1910, p. xvii.
1“Annual Message on our Foreign Relations,” in David H. Burton, ed., The Collected Works ofWilliam Howard Taft, Vol. IV, Athens: Ohio University Press,2002, p.310.
2Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, NewYork: The Department of State,1911, p.43.
3Huntington Wilson, The Peril of Hifalutin, New York: Duffield and Company,1918, p.244.
1“Liberia Annual Report1910”, BDFA, Vol.22,1910, p.388.
2“Liberia Makes Protest: Says Customs Receiver for Loan Has Assumed Dictatorial Powers”,New York Times, June2,1914, p.5.
3Philander C. Knox, Address of Hon. Philander C. Knox before the National Civic Federation, NewYork: The Department of State,1911, p.41.
1转引自David P. Kilroy, Extending the American Sphere to West Africa: Dollar Diplomacy inLiberia,1908‐1926, Dissertation (Ph. D), Iowa: The University of Iowa,1995, p.169.
2“Government of the Republic of Liberia and Finance Corporation of America Loan Agreement”,in Peter Woodward, ed., BDFA, Part II Series G, African1914‐1939, Vol.30, February1925‐Novermber1939, An Imprint of CIS: University Publications of America,1997, pp.67‐79.
1Emily Rosenberg,“The Invisible Protectorate: The United States, Liberia, and the Evolution ofNeocolonialism,1909‐40”, Diplomatic History, Volume9, Issue3, July1985, pp.211‐212.
1[美]李约翰著，孙瑞芹、陈泽宪译：《清帝逊位与列强（1908‐1912）：第一次世界大战前的一段外交插曲》，南京：凤凰出版传媒集团，2006年，第443页。
2参见刘秉麟：《近代中国外债史稿》，武汉：武汉大学出版社，2007年，第4页。
3罗玉东：《光绪朝补救财政之方策》，《中国近代社会经济史研究集刊》（第1卷），第
2期，1933年5月。
4《附：甲午战费和偿付赔款的外债统计表》，引自中国人民银行参事室编：《中国清代外债史资料》，北京：中国金融出版社，1991年，第247页。
1《国债辑要》，第31‐37页，引自中国人民银行参事室编：《中国清代外债史资料》，第
228‐229页。
2《赔偿委员会关于中国财政资源的报告》，引自中国人民银行参事室编：《中国清代外债史资料》，第911页。
3参见刘秉麟：《近代中国外债史稿》，武汉：武汉大学出版社，2007年，第20页。
4参见中国人民银行参事室编：《中国清代外债史资料》，第842‐849页。
5马陵合：《晚清外债史研究》，上海：复旦大学出版社，2005年，第12页。
1《精琪归美后的演说——仍主张中国币制宜仿效菲律宾为虚金本位制》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），北京：中华书局，1964年，第1200‐1201页。
2《远东评论：中国革命的财政历史专号》，引自中国人民银行参事室编：《中国清代外债史资料》，北京：中国金融出版社，1991年，第840‐841页。
1Default of Foreign Debt,in Nish Ian, ed., British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Part I~Series EAsia,1860‐1914, Volume14, Annual Reports on China,1906‐1913, An Imprint of CIS: UniversityPublications of America,1993, pp.270‐271.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.119.
3《北京政府财政总长熊希龄痛陈财政困难致全国通电》，1912年5月24日，引自程道德、张敬孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编一：一九一一至一九一九》，北京：北京大学出版社，1991年，第50‐51页。
4《北京政府财政总长周学熙致省议会通电》，1913年4月26日，引自程道德、张敬孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编一：一九一一至一九一九》，第64‐65页。
5“The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.191.
1费正清著，张理京译：《美国与中国》，北京：世界知识出版社，1999年，第304页。
2中美关系资料汇编编写组：《中美关系资料汇编》（第一辑），北京：世界知识出版社，1957年，第78页。
1中国第一历史档案馆编：《光绪朝朱批奏折》，第一一二辑，北京：中华书局出版社，2009年，第895页。
1吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，上海：复旦大学出版社，1997年，第10页。
2G.P. Good&H. W. V. Temperley, eds., British Documents on the Origins of the World War,1898‐1914. Vol.8, London: H.M.S.O.,1929, p.457.
1胡适：《美国退换庚子赔款记》，引自胡寄尘：《清季野史》，长沙：岳麓书社出版社，1985年，第183‐185页。
2《美国减收庚子赔款奉上谕遣唐绍仪加尚书衔往美国致谢》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十一），桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2007年，第二七一页。
1《光绪三十四年十月初六日美水师访问厦门石刻》，现仍可见于福建厦门南普陀寺碑林，笔者曾进行实地调查，笔者注。
2屈春海：《1908年美国舰队访华》，《中国档案》，2008年11月，第56‐59页。
3《论欢迎美舰事》，《大公报》（天津，光绪三十四年十月十七日），第一张。
4Tyler Dennett, Roosevelt and the Russo‐Japanese War, New York: Doubleday, Page&Company,1925, pp.320‐323.
1《日元老关于清美关系之谈片》，《大公报》（天津，光绪三十四年十二月初二日），第二张。持此说者还有英国公使朱尔典参见Annual Report,1908,in Nish Ian, ed., BritishDocuments on Foreign Affairs: Part I~Series E Asia,1860‐1914, Volume14, Annual Reports onChina,1906‐1913, An Imprint of CIS: University Publications of America,1993, pp.90‐91.
2查尔斯威维尔：《美国与中国：财政和外交研究，1906‐1913》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1990年，第68页。
1Ralph E. Minger, William Howard Taft and United States Foreign Policy, Urbana: University ofIllinois Press,1975, p.166.
2“China and Her Relations With the United States”, in David H. Burton, ed., The Collected Worksof William Howard Taft, Vol.1, Athens: Ohio University Press,2001, pp.108‐109.
3《唐绍仪致外务部电，光绪三十四年十一月初七》，第一历史档案馆，外务部档，第3482号。转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，上海：复旦大学出版社，1997年，第24页。
4James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents: WilliamHoward Taft, Vol. xxiii, Bureau of National Literature,2006, pp.7752‐7753; Scott Nearing andJoseph Freeman, Dollar Diplomacy: A Study in American Imperialism, London: Geogre Allen andUnwin Ltd.,1927, p.43.
1詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，北京：国家图书馆出版社，2011年，第240页。
1中国社会科学院研局编选：《孙毓棠集》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2007年，第220页；《湘抚赵尔巽致外部湘绅请电盛宣怀驳诘美公司合同私售比国电》，引自王彦威纂辑、王亮编：《清季外交史料》卷一七一之一四，北京：书目文献出版社出版，1987年，第二七二五页。
2詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第257页。
3《出使美国大臣梁诚照会美国外交部文》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第258页；Legation of the United States to the Honorable John Hay, inJules David, ed., American Diplomatic and Public Papers: the United States and China, series III,the Sino‐Japanese War to the Russo‐Japanese War,1894‐1905: Railroad Building and FinancialAffairs, Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources,1981, p.120.
4《美国外交部照覆出使大臣梁诚文》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第259页。
1《督办铁路总公司大臣盛宣怀咨出使美国大臣梁诚文》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第259页。
2Mr. Conger to Prince Ch’ing, in Jules David, ed., American Diplomatic and Public Papers: theUnited States and China, series III, the Sino‐Japanese War to the Russo‐Japanese War,1894‐1905:Railroad Building and Financial Affairs, p.252.
3《欲将合兴公司合同作废须俟该公司美国人将意改订达知再行议办》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十），桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2007年，第一五八页。
4《美国政府不允中国政府将合兴公司合同作废》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十），桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2007年，第一九八到一九九页。
1查尔斯威维尔：《美国与中国财政和外交研究，1906‐1913》，北京：社会科学与文献出版社，1990年，第73页。
2参见詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第269页。
3《湖广总督张之洞致驻汉总领事法磊斯函》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第267‐268页。
4《署川督锡良奏自设川汉铁路公司以开利源而保主权摺》，引自王彦威纂辑、王亮编：《清季外交史料》卷一七三之一四，第二七四九至二七五0页。
5詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第255页。
1《驻重庆法领事安致川督锡良请商办川汉铁路事宜照会》，引自王彦威纂辑、王亮编：《清季外交史料》卷一七四之一八，第二七六八页。
2詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第255页。
3中国第一历史档案馆编纂：《清代中南海档案政治活动卷二十》，北京：西苑出版社，2004年，第三一三页；另参见《政治官报》，光绪三十四年十月初五日，第34669页。引自全国图书馆文献缩微复制中心编：《清末官报汇编》，北京：全国图书馆缩微中心，2006年，第69册。
4两湖境内粤汉与川汉鄂段二者因皆在湖广总督辖境以内，故合称湖广铁路，参见中国社会科学院研局编选：《孙毓棠集》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2007年，第233页。
5张文襄：《张文襄公全集》（卷70），台北：文海出版社，1963年，第33页。
1《附张之洞致外务部函》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第304页。
2詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第305‐307页。
1“The Secretary of State to Minister Rockhill”, FRUS,1909, p.144.
2“The British Ambassador to the Acting Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.147.
3“The Acting Secretary of State to the British Ambassador”, FRUS,1909, p.148.
4詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第315页。
5詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第315页。
1“The Acting Secretary of State to Minister Rockhill”, FRUS,1909, p.148.
2“Charge Fletcher to the Prince of Ching”, FRUS,1909, p.155；又见《川汉铁路借款美政府必须按前所允之言商界，望早复》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十一），桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2007年，第四零五页。
3詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第315页。
4詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第315页。
1詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第316页。
2《附张之洞致外务部函》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第316页。
3《美银行欲加入川汉铁路借款内，望申饬该银行从速议结，毋负中国顾全之意》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十一），第三四七至三四八页。
4“The Secretary of State to Charge Fletcher”, FRUS,1909, p.179.
1“The President of the United States to Prince Chun, Regent of the Chinese Empire”, FRUS,1909,p.178.
2《美国要求川铁路与三国银行签押借款作废，一律同办借款事宜》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十一），第四一二至四一五页。
3“The Prince Regent of China to the President of United States”, FRUS,1909, p.180.
4《转交摄政王之谢函》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十一），第四一五页。亦可见于吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，上海：复旦大学出版社，1996年，第33页。
1《附张之洞致外务部函》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第317页。
2“The Secretary of State to Charge Fletcher”, FRUS,1909, p.181.
3查尔斯威维尔：《美国与中国财政和外交研究，1906‐1913》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1990年，第79页。
1“The Secretary of State to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1909, p.146.
2“Sir Edward Grey to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1909, p.149.
3“Memorandum from the British Foreign Office”, FRUS,1909, p.150.
4“The Secretary of State to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1909, p.152.
1“The British Ambassador to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.160.
2“The British Ambassador to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.163.
3“The Secretary of State to British Ambassador”, FRUS,1909, p.164.
4“The British Ambassador to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.165.
1“The Secretary of State to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1909, p.168.
2“The Acting Secretary of State to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1909, p.169.
3“Ambassador Hill to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.151.
1“Ambassador White to the Secretary of State,” FRUS,1909, p.158.
2“Ambassador Hill to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.162.
3“Ambassador Hill to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.163.
4“The Acting Secretary of State to Ambassador Hill”, FRUS,1909, p.166.
1“Banker’s Alternative Proposals Re Hukuang Loan”, FRUS.1909, p.192;“Memorandum fromMr. Liang”, FRUS,1909, p.193.
2“The Secretary of State to Charge Fletcher”, FRUS,1909, p.194.
3查尔斯威维尔：《美国与中国财政和外交研究，1906‐1913》，第79页。
1“The British Ambassador to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1909, p.201.
2“The Acting Secretary of State to Ambassador Reid”, FRUS,1909, pp.206‐207.
3“Memorandum of Hukuang Loan”, FRUS,1909, pp.207‐208.
4“The Secretary of State to Charge Blanchard”, FRUS,1909, pp.213‐214.
1“Memorandum of Terms of Agreement Come to a Meeting at the Banghe de Indo‐China, Paris”,FRUS,1910, p.280.
2詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第319页。
3《附驻京美国署理公使费致外务部函》，引自詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第320页。
1《饬催与英、法、美、德四国银行借款修粤汉、川汉铁路商谈会晤时间之照会》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十一），第454页。
2“Minister Calhourn to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1910, p.291.
3《回复关于借款建湖广铁路合同条文说明之照会》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《美国政府解密档案中美关系往来照会集》（卷十一），第457页。
1内容全文参见詹福瑞主编：《民国文献资料丛编近代交通史全编》，第35卷，第327‐336页。
2[韩]丘凡真：《精琪的币制改革方案与晚清币制问题》，《近代史研究》，2005年第3期，第120页。亦可参见汪敬虞：《外国在华金融活动中的银行与银行团（1895‐1927）》，《历史研究》，1995年第3期，第119页。
1《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美代办沈桐（致函参）函》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，光绪二十九年二月十三日，第三四二一页。
2《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美代办沈桐（致函参）函》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，光绪二十九年正月二十八日，第三三九七页。
3《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美代办沈桐（致参函）函》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，光绪二十九年二月十三日，第三四二一页。
1‘’ Notes of the Governments of China and Mexico to the United States’’, The Commission onInternational Exchange, Stability of International Exchange: Report on the Introduction of theGold‐Exchange Standard into China and Other Slive‐using Countries, Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office,1903, pp.43‐45.
2《美墨会商币制档·附件一：拟请美国会同维持银价节略》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，光绪二十九年二月十六日，第三四三五页。
3Legtion of the United States in Peikin to Secretary of State, in Jules David, ed., AmericanDiplomatic and Public Papers: the United States and China, series III, the Sino‐Japanese War to theRusso‐Japanese War,1894‐1905: Railroad Building and Financial Affairs, pp.249‐251.
4Doc. No.75, in Jules David, ed., American Diplomatic and Public Papers: the United States andChina, series III, the Sino‐Japanese War to the Russo‐Japanese War,1894‐1905: Railroad Buildingand Financial Affairs, p.253.
5The Chinese Times,February3,1903, in Jules David, ed., American Diplomatic and Public Papers:the United States and China, series III, the Sino‐Japanese War to the Russo‐Japanese War,1894‐1905: Railroad Building and Financial Affairs, p.252.
6《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美代办沈桐（致参函）函》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，光绪二十九年二月十六日，第三四三四页。
1亦称“国际汇价会”，“汇价会之最要宗旨，在求使用金用银之国汇划皆有准价。”详细内容参见《美员价银明论》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三六三八页。
2《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美代办沈桐（致参函）函》，光绪二十九年二月十六日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三四三四至三四三五页。
3《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美大臣梁诚函》，光绪二十九年十月十二日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七五八页。
4《美墨会商币制档·外务部收前驻美代办沈桐函》，光绪二十九年十月十三日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七六四页。
1《美墨会商币制档·附件二：美国会员上法国政府书》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三六三五至三六三六页。
1《美墨会商币制档·附件四：美员价银略论》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三六三九页。
2《美墨会商币制档·附件一：美德墨员会议条款》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七一九页。
1《美墨会商币制档·附件二：德国政府代办人声明之事》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七二0页。
2《美墨会商币制档·附件一：照泽会议银价大臣精琪来函》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七六0页。
3《美墨会商币制档·外务部致财政处、户部咨，光绪二十九年十月十七日》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七六八页。
1《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美代办沈桐（致参函）函》，光绪二十九年正月二十八日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三三九七页。
2《美墨会商币制档·外务部致美使康格照会》，光绪二十九年二月十二日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三四一七页。
3《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美代办沈桐函》，光绪二十九年二月十三日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三四二0页。
4《美墨会商币制档·外务部收前驻美代办沈桐函》，光绪二十九年十月十三日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七六四页。
1《美墨会商币制档·外务部奏折》，光绪二十九年二月十八日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三四二六至三四二八页。
2《中美新约十款有中国愿设一律之国币之语，请将我币定价以与交换》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《中美关系往来照会集》（卷十），第六七至六八页。
3《愿中国铸新币先有定价一节，惟中国尚须通盘筹算，已咨户部、财政处酌核加盟》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《中美关系往来照会集》，第七十至七十一页。
1《附件二：美国外交部为精琪来华致中国公使照会》，光绪二十九年四月十二日，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1116‐1117页。
2《精琪所著之<中国新圜法条议>》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1126‐1128页。
1《出使大臣梁诚致外务部咨呈——为精琪来华事》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑·清政府统治时期·下）北京：中华书局出版社，1964年，第1115‐1116页。
1《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美大臣梁诚文》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七五七至三七五八页。
2中国第一历史档案馆编：《光绪朝朱批奏折》，第一一二辑，北京：中华书局出版社，2009，第一二四至一二五页。
3[韩]丘凡真：《精琪的币制改革方案与晚清币制问题》，《近代史研究》，2005年第3期，第123页。’’The Work in China’’, Report on the Introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standardinto China, the Philippine Islands, Panama, and Other Silver‐using Countries and on the Stabilityof Exchange, Washington: Government Printing Office,1904, pp.14‐15.
4《驻法大臣孙宝琦致外务部电》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1119页；《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻法大臣孙宝崎孙》，光绪二十九年六月二十日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三六三三至三六三四页。
1《美墨会商币制档·外务部收驻美大臣梁诚函》，光绪二十九年十月十二日，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七五八至三七五九页。
2《精琪与户部及外务部官员会议记录》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1123页。
3《美墨会商币制档·附件二：照译会议银价大臣精琪节略》，引自黄嘉谟主编：《中美关系史料·光绪朝》，第三七六0页。亦可见于[韩]丘凡真：《精琪的币制改革方案与晚清币制问题》，《近代史研究》，2005年第3期，第124页。
1“Considerations on a New Monetary System for China”, in Hanna, Hugh H. Charles Conant andJeremiah W. Jenks, Report on the introduction of the Gold‐Exchange Standard, pp.117‐147.
2《精琪与户部及外务部官员会议记录》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1123页。
3《精琪与户部及外务部官员会议记录》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1123页。
4《庆亲王致美国政府函稿》，光绪三十年，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1125页。
1《湖广总督张之洞摺——驳精琪虚金本位及用洋司泉官》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），第1188‐1194页。
2杨端六：《清代货币金融史稿》，武汉：武汉大学出版社，2007年，第330页。
3民国三年底至四年初袁世凯领导的民国政府财政部写出一万一千余字的《中国币制改革商榷书》，概述了各种改革方案，提出了自己的主导意见。《商榷书》又说，美国人精琪建议把金款分存于伦敦、巴黎、柏林、圣彼得堡、横滨、纽约六处，作为维持法定比价的基金，“中国既为独立国，则精琪之学说不可采。”其实，此法不仅有亏国体，还使外人得以从中图利。参见孔祥贤，《<从中国币制改革商榷书>看民初货币本位制度的争论》，《中国钱币》，1986年第2期。
1“Currency Reform and Industrial Development Loans”, FRUS,1912, p.88.
2《张荫棠致外务部函》，宣统二年五月十八日（1910年5月24日），第一历史档案馆·外务部档，第3497号。转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第189页。
3“The Acting Secretary of State to the Chinese Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.89.
4H. Wilson to Calhourn, July22,1910, Philander Chase Knox Papers.转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第189页。
1“Notes on the Course of the Loan Negotiations now pending at Peking”, FRUS,1912, p.93.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.89.
3实际上，在英国公使朱尔典看来，美国对东北政策的巨变并非源于实际利益，而是一些反日情绪强烈的年轻外交官的推动，但英国方面认为美国的鲁莽行动不会取得成功。参见Annual Report1911,in Nish Ian, ed., British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Part I~Series E Asia,1860‐1914, Volume14, Annual Reports on China,1906‐1913, pp.257‐258.
4Knox to Calhourn, September29,1910, Philander Chase Knox Papers.转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第189页。
5“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.90.
1“The Acting Secretary of State to the Chinese Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.91.
2“Notes on the Course of the Loan Negotiations now pending at Peking”, FRUS,1912, pp.93‐94.
3“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.90.
1“The American Minister to the Secretary of State “, FRUS,1912, p.91.
2“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Ambassador to France”, FRUS,1912, pp.91‐92.
3Willard Straight,“History of the Currency Loan Negotiations from September1910to January1911”, Straight Papers.转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第92页。
1“Notes on the Course of the Loan Negotiations now pending at Peking”, FRUS,1912, p.93.
2Knox to Calhoun电，November25,1910, Knox Papers.转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与帝国主义列强在中国》，第94页。
3Second Annual Message, The Collected Works of William Howard Taft, Vol. IV, p.11.
1参见吴心伯：《金元外交与帝国主义列强在中国》，第99页。
2[美]查尔斯·戴维尔：《美国与中国财政和外交研究，1906‐1913》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1990年，第142页。
3中国社会科学院研局编选：《孙毓棠集》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2007年，第253页。
4吴心伯：《金元外交与帝国主义在中国》，第97‐99页。
1Herbert Croly, Willard Straight, New York,1924, p.383.
2File No.893.51/299, FRUS,1912, p.94.
3“The Department of State to the British Embassy”, FRUS,1912, pp.94‐95.
1罗恩·切诺著：《摩根财团：美国一代银行王朝和现代金融业的崛起》（金立群校译），北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003年，第146‐147页。
2“Currency Reform and Industrial Development Loan Agreement of April15,1911, Between theChinese Government and the Quadruple Group of Bankers”, FRUS,1912, pp.95‐96.
3Annual Report1911,in Nish Ian, ed., British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Part I~Series E Asia,1860‐1914, Volume14, Annual Reports on China,1906‐1913, pp.270‐271.
4Annual Report1911,in Nish Ian, ed., British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Part I~Series E Asia,1860‐1914, Volume14, Annual Reports on China,1906‐1913, p.270.
5Annual Message on Foreign Relations, the Collected Works of William Howard Taft, Vol. IV,p.185.
1“Morgan, Grenfell&Co. to the American Group”, FRUS,1913, p.195.
1“Subinclosure‐Memorandum‐Summary”, FRUS,1913, pp.195‐196.
2《中央银行为国家中央银行开具照会》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《中美关系往来照会集》（卷十二），第一六六页。
3《获悉陈景涛任中国驻外财的委员会赴伦敦就职事》，引自周振鹤策划，广西师范大学出版社编：《中美关系往来照会集》（卷十二），第一四二页。
1[美]倍克布兰德福：《美国的海外银行》，第20‐23页。转引自中国人民银行金融研究所编:《美国花旗银行在华史料》,北京：中国金融出版社，1990年，第12页。
2中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，北京：中国金融出版社，1990年，第13‐19页。
3Annual Report,1909, in Nish Ian, ed., British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Part I~Series E Asia,1860‐1914, Volume14, Annual Reports on China,1906‐1913, pp.133‐136.
4Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers1854‐1913, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1987, pp.550‐551.
1原先美国银行团还包括铁路大王哈里曼，但两个月之后，哈里曼便病逝，故剩余四家银行。笔者注。
2罗恩·切诺著：《摩根财团：美国一代银行王朝和现代金融业的崛起》（金立群校译），北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003年，第144页。
3Copy of Cable,[Whitelaw]“Reid to the Secretary of State”, June26,1909, Reel3,001441/42,WSP/CUL.转引自Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers,1854‐1913,p.552。
11909年6月，司戴德辞职后，被银行团聘为代表，具体负责银行团对华贷款的协商工作，其月薪为500美元，并且可以额外享受一年6000美元的差旅费。笔者注。
2Willard D. Straight, China’s Loan Negotiations,(New York,1912), p.4.转引自Vincent P.Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers,1854‐1913, p.553。
3“Letter from Warburg to Straight”，Straight Papers, April17,1911.转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第106页。
1《军机大臣奕劻等摺——拟定美英德法四国银行整顿币制与东三省实业借款合同》，引自中国人民银行总行参事室金融史料组编：《中国近代货币史资料》（第一辑清政府统治时期下），北京：中华书局1964年，第1212页。
2“The American Ambassador to Japan to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.96.
3“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.97.
4“The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.98.
5“Copy of the Note Verbal Presented by the Japanese Government to the French Governmenton June26,1911”, FRUS,1912, p.99.
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers1854‐1913, p.566.
2“The Russian Charge d’Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.100.
3Morgan, Grenfell&Co. to J.P. Morgan&Co., October23,1911, PT/C, I.转引自Vincent P.Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers1854‐1913, p.566.
4“The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.101.
5“The Secretary of State to the German Ambassador”, FRUS,1912, p.103.
1“The Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.102.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.119.
3“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.110.
1中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，北京：中国金融出版社，1990年，第111‐112页。
2《美国银行团驻华特别代表司戴德给北京花旗银行经理梅诺克函》，1912年2月29日，《花旗银行档案》（第3832卷），引自中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，第114页。
3“The Ambassador of Great Britain to the Acting Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.112.
4四国银行团第二笔垫款一说为110万两，另一说为101.5万两，参见” The AmericanMinister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.118；中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，第112页。
5《美国银行团驻华特别代表司戴德给北京花旗银行经理梅诺克函》，1912年3月9日，《花旗银行档案》第3832卷，引自中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，第114页。
1“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.122.
2中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，第112页。
3《美国银行团驻华特别代表司戴德给北京花旗银行经理梅诺克函》，1912年5月18日，《花旗银行档案》（第3832卷），第39‐40页。引自中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，第116页。
1《美国银行团驻华特别代表麦克纳特给北京花旗银行经理梅诺克函》，1912年6月21日，《花旗银行档案》（第3832卷），第50‐51页。引自中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，第116‐117页。
1Knox to American Embassy in St. Peterburg电，June5,1911.转引自吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第111‐112页。
2“The Secretary of State to the American Embassies at London, Paris, Berlin and St. Peterburg “,FRUS,1912, p.107.
3“The Secretary of State to the American Ambassador to Great Britain”, FRUS,1912, p.109.
4“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Minister, FRUS,1912”, p.110.
5“The Ambassador of Great Britain to the Acting Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.110.
6“The American Ambassador to Germany to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.111.
1“The Acting Secretary of State to the American Ambassador to Russia,” FRUS,1912, p.112.
2“The American Ambassador to Japan to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.115.
3陈春华等译：《俄国外交文书选译》，北京：中华书局出版社，1988年，第393页。
4吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第121页。
5实际上，1912年3月21日，德国政府就公开表明，允许日俄两国参加辛迪加并非出于财政因素，政治考虑使然。参见” The American Ambassador to German to the Secretary of State”,FRUS,1912, p.121.
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers1854‐1913, p.570.
2“The Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1912, p.102.
3“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.119.
4“The Secretary of State to the American Ambassador to France”, FRUS,1912, p.128.
1“The Acting American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.124.
2Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers,1854‐1913, p.571.
3《北京政府财政部与四国银行团订立暂时垫款合同及监视开支暂时垫款章程》，1912年5月17日，引自程道德、张敏孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编（一）：一九一一至一九一九》，北京：北京大学出版社，1988年，第48‐49页。
1《南京留守黄兴反对政府擅借外债致各省都督电》，1912年5月24日，引自程道德、张敏孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编（一）：一九一一至一九一九》，第49页。
2“The Chinese Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.133.
3Draft Telegram of Inter‐bank London Conference at May15,1912, FRUS,1912, p.141.《六国银行团向北京政府垫借款银八千零六十万两之借款条件》，1912年6月21日，引自程道德、张敏孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编（一）：一九一一至一九一九》，第52页。
1“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.143.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.144.
3“The Chinese Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.146.
4“The American Ambassador to Germany to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.148.
1美国银行团后来告诉国务院，国际银行团的威胁并非源于英国、德国银行家的单独垫款行动，而在于说这种垫款一旦实现，这将会给其他财团加入提供机会，这样国际银行团的排他性和垄断性就不复存在了。参见”The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1912, p.152;“The Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1913, p.148.
2中国人民银行金融研究所编：《美国花旗银行在华史料》，第113页。
1“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.147.
2“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.151.
3“The Secretary of State to the American Minister”, FRUS,1913, p.151.
4“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.153.
1“The Secretary of State to American Ambassador to France”, FRUS,1913, p.154.
2“The American Ambassador to France to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.157‐158.
3“The American Ambassador to Russia to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.158‐159.
4“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.160.
1“The Russian Ambassador to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.163.
2“The American Ambassador to Germany to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.165.
3“The American Minister to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.164.
4“The Secretary of State to the American Charge d’ Affaires”, FRUS,1913, p.166.
1吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第130页。
2“The American Group to the he Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.168.
3Charles Vevier, The United States and China, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press,1955, p.167.
4《美总统威尔逊关于退出六国银行团借款声明》，1913年3月18日，引自程道德、张敏孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编（一）：一九一一至一九一九》，第53‐54页。
1“U.S. Not to Back Big Chinese Loan: Wilson Deals Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy’ a hard Blow”, TheWashington Post, March19,1913, p.1;“The Open Door Situation”, The Washington Post, March
23,1913, p.ES4;“The Chinese Loan”, The Washington Post, March19,1913, p.6;”Drops DollarDiplomacy: Bacon Says Bryan will not Help central American Loan”, The Washington Post, April19,1913, p.3.
2“The American Group to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, pp.171‐172.
3“The American Group to its Representative at Peking”, FRUS,1913, p.172.
4“The American Group to Morgan, Grenfell and Company”, FRUS,1913, p.172.
5Edward M. Lamont, The Ambassador from Wall Street: The Story of Thomas W. Lamont, J.P.Morgan’s Chief Executive, Maryland: Madison Books,1994, pp.153‐154.
6“New Policy Suits China: U.S. Thanked for Attitude Set Forth in Wilson’s Dollar diplomacyStatement”, The Washington Post, March23,1913, p.6.
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers,1854‐1913, p.577.
2签订合同时间实在凌晨三点，显然是由于银行团害怕拖延或者导致中国政府与别的银行缔结贷款。参见王铁崖：《中外旧约章汇编》（第2册），北京：三联书店，1982年版，第
867‐874页；”The American Charge d’ Affaires to the Secretary of State”, FRUS,1913, p.180.
3《参议院议长张继、副议长王正廷通告各省反对违法大借款》，1913年4月27日，引自道德、张敏孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编（一）：一九一一至一九一九》，第66‐67页。
4《孙中山致各国政府和人民电》，1913年4月下旬，引自道德、张敏孚、饶戈平等编：《中华民国外交史资料选编（一）：一九一一至一九一九》，第68‐69页。
1[美]孔华润著，张静尔等译：《美国对中国的反应》，上海：复旦大学出版社，1989年，第71页。
1Vincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: Private International bankers,1854‐1913, pp.577‐578.
2[美]查尔斯威维尔：《美国与中国：财政和外交研究，1906‐1913》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1990年，第172页。
3[美]费正清主编，章建刚等译：《剑桥中华民国史》第一部，上海：上海人民出版社，1991年，第210页。
1[美]李约翰著，孙瑞芹、陈泽宪译：《清帝逊位与列强（1908‐1912）：第一次世界大战前的一段外交插曲》，第444页。
2David H. Burton, ed., William Howard Taft: Confident Peacemaker, Philadelphia: Saint JosephUniversity Press,2004, p.76
3“Inclosure—From the Peking Gazette”, FRUS,1913, p.192.
4吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第140页。
1李长久、施鲁佳：《中美关系二百年》，北京：新华出版社，1984年，第78页。
2Jenks to Kemmerer, October15,1928.转引自Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries tothe World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy,1900‐1930, Massachusetts: HarvardUniversity Press,1999, p.25.
1David H. Burton, ed., William Howard Taft: Confident Peacemaker, Philadelphia: Saint JosephUniversity Press,2004, pp.63‐64.
2Donald F. Anderson, William Howard Taft: A Conservative’s Conception of the Presidency,Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press,1973; David H. Burton, ed., William Howard Taft:Confident Peacemaker, p.74;“Dollar Diplomacy”, The Washington Post, June27,1911, p.6.
1“Big Growth In Trade: Knox Attributes the Increase to Dollar Diplomacy”, The Washington Post,January19,1913, p.17.
2Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy,1900‐1930, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1999, p.96.
1罗恩·切诺著：《摩根财团：美国一代银行王朝和现代金融业的崛起》（金立群校译），北京：中国财政经济出版社，2003年，第143页。
1Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy, p.93.
2Ellis Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order, New York: St. Martin’s Press,1979; Martin J. Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism,1890‐1916, New York:Cambridge University Press,1988; Michael Hogan,“Corporatism,” in Michael Hogan and ThomasG. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, New York: CambridgeUniversity Press,1991, pp.226‐236.
3William Becker, The Dynamics of Business‐Government Relations, Chicago: Chicago UniversityPress,1982, p. XIV; p.180.
4Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of DollarDiplomacy, p.93.
2邓正来主编：《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书》，北京：中国政法大学出版社，1992年，第175页。
3组合主义可分为国家组合主义和自由组合主义两大类型。前者与二战前后发展起来的法西斯政权有着莫大的关联，其特征在于组合主义架构由国家强行施加，表现为国家组合主义。因此自第二次大战结束以来，组合主义并非一个褒义的概念，但是我们也应该看到国家组合主义仅仅是其中一个类型。学者们愈来愈认识到在多元民主的发达资本主义社会中，存在着的政府、企业与非官方的功能性组织的“综合”模式，他们之间经常权力共享，相互依赖、相互合作，共同处理社会主要问题，尤其是在涉及国家的经济政策和外交政策方面。这种“综合”的模式被称为是“自由组合主义”（Corporate Liberalism）。笔者注。
4Ellis W. Hawley,“The Discovery and Study of a ‘Corporate Liberalism’,” Business History Review52(Autumn1978), pp.309‐320.
5Alfred Chandler and Louis Galambos,“The Development of Large‐Scale Economy Organizationsin Modern America”, Journal of Economic History30,1(March1970), pp.201‐217; Robert Wiebe,The Search for Order, New York: Hill and Wang Press,1967; Samuel Hays, American PoliticalHistory as Social Analysis, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press,1980.
1[美]霍根著，韩晓燕译：《组合主义与美国外交史研究》，《国外社会科学文摘》，1991年5月，第22页。
2John Gaddis,“The Corporatist Synthesis: A Skeptical View”, Diplomatic History, Vol.10, No.4,
(Faul1986), pp.357‐358.
1Michael J. Hogan,“Revival and Reform: America’s Twentieth Century Search for a NewEconomic Order Abroad”, Diplomatic History, Vol.8, No.4,(Faul1984), p.287.
2Cynthia A. Hody,“Review”, The Business History Review, Vol.74, No.3(Autumn,2000),pp.506‐509.
1Michael J. Hogan,“Revival and Reform: America’s Twentieth Century Search for a NewEconomic Order Abroad”, Diplomatic History, Vol.8, No.4,(Faul1984), p.296.
2Will Morrisey, The Dilemma of Progressivism: How Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson Reshaped theAmerican Regime of Self‐Government, Maryland: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers, INC.,2009,p.147.
3Huntington Wilson, The Peril of Hifalutin, New York: Duffield and Company,1918, pp.249‐250.
4[美]霍根著，韩晓燕译：《组合主义与美国外交史研究》，《国外社会科学文摘》，1991年5月，第23页。
1Richard Werking,“Bureaucrats, Business, and Foreign Trade: The Origins of the United StatesChamber of Commerce,” Business History Review,52(Autumn1978), pp.321‐341.
2Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the Reconstruction of WesternEurope,1947‐1952, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1987.
1Michael J. Hogan,“Revival and Reform: America’s Twentieth Century Search for a NewEconomic Order Abroad”, Diplomatic History, Vol.8, No.4,(Faul1984), p.298.
1Thomas J. McCormick,“Drift or Mastery? A Corporatist Synthesis for American DiplomaticHistory”, Reviews in American History, Vol.10, No.4, pp.326‐327.
2Michael J. Hogan,“Corporatism: A Positive Appraisal”, Diplomatic History, Vol.10, No.4,(Faul1986), pp.363‐372., p.364.
3Ellis Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order, New York: St. Martin’s Press,1979, pp.6‐7.
1[美]孔华润主编：《剑桥美国对外关系史》（上卷），北京：新华出版社，2004年，第505页。
2英文的Dollar Diplomacy国内学术界一般均按约定俗成的做法将之译为“金元外交”，而非“美元外交”。但实际上，金元就是美元，如果以“美元外交”的视角来看，其对20世纪美国外交乃至国际关系的构建都非常重要。
1Robert D. Schulzinger, US Diplomacy since1900, p.39.
2王晓德：《1776年条约计划及其对美国早期外交的影响》，《历史研究》，2010年第5期。
3John E. Crowley, The Privileges of Independence: Neo‐mercantilism and the AmericanRevolution, Baltimore&London: The Johns Hopkins University Press,1993, pp.50‐66.
1David M. Pletcher,“America in the Early1890s: A Foretaste of Dollar Diplomacy”, PacificHistorical Review, Vol.47, No.1(Feb.,1978), pp.55‐56.
2David M. Pletcher,“America in the Early1890s: A Foretaste of Dollar Diplomacy”, PacificHistorical Review, pp.88‐89.
3“金元外交的种子在1904年的多米尼加债务危机中已经种下。”参见David H. Burton,William Howard Taft in the Public Service, Malabar: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company,1986,pp.83‐84; Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture ofDollar Diplomacy, pp.41‐56.
1Walter V. Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration,pp.40‐44.
2“Record U.S. Exports: Dollar Diplomacy Wins Vast Trade for America”, The Washington Post,September17,1911, p.12.
3Thomas F. O’Brien, The Revolutionary Mission: American Enterprise in Latin America1900‐1945,New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, pp.24‐25.
1Frederic C. Howe,“Dollar Diplomacy Explained: Should Not Be Confused With InternationalTrade”, The Washington Post, October5,1917, p.6.
2Thomas F. O’Brien, The Revolutionary Mission: American Enterprise in Latin America1900‐1945,pp.32‐33.
3[美]孔华润主编：《剑桥美国对外关系史》（上卷），北京：新华出版社，2004年，第505页。
1“U. S. Need Foreign Mart: American Interests Must Expand, Says C. M. Pepper”, TheWashington Post, December16,1912, p.6.
2吴心伯：《金元外交与列强在中国》，第149页。
1James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents: WilliamHoward Taft, Vol. xxiii, Bureau of National Literature, pp.7752‐7753; Scott Nearing and JosephFreeman, Dollar Diplomacy: A Study in American Imperialism, London: Geogre Allen and UnwinLtd.,1927, p.43;“Taft Praises Knox: Tells of Secretary’s Conduct of Foreign Affairs”, TheWashington Post, May3,1910, p.1.
2“Annual Message to the Senate and House of Representatives”, FRUS,1912, p. XI.
3“U.S. Need Foreign Mart: American Interests Must Expand, Says C. M. Pepper”, TheWashington Post, December16,1912, p.6; Frank Ninkovich, The United States and Imperialism,pp.168‐170.当然，塔夫脱的“现代化设想”并没有成功，满清王朝反而在“被现代化”的过程中土崩瓦解，笔者注。
4Huntington Wilson, The Peril of Hifalutin, pp.268‐270.
1Paul R. Viotti, American Foreign Policy and National Security: A Documentary Record, NewJersey: Pearson Prentice Hall,2005, pp.157‐159；罗荣渠：《美洲史论》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1997年，第74‐103页。
2Michael D. Gambone, Documents of American Diplomacy: From the American Revolution to thePresent, Westport: Greenwood Press,2002, pp.137‐138.
1Dexter Perkins, The Monroe doctrine,1867‐1907, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press,1937,pp.426‐437.
2Michael D. Gambone, Documents of American Diplomacy: From the American Revolution to thePresent, p.138；黄安年：《二十世纪美国史》，石家庄：河北人民出版社，第24‐26页。
3“Address of the Honorable Philander C. Knox before the New York State Bar Association”, FRUS,1912, pp.1088‐1092.
4当然，“金元”取代“子弹”，并不等于不用子弹，美国在西半球是一个政治、经济和军事大国，如有需要，塔夫脱和诺克斯并不拒绝武装干涉或武力威胁，实际上，“金元外交”的核心理念中“一切恰当的支持”已经包含了一个逻辑的演绎，即为了金元，最终可用子弹来推行。换言之，塔夫脱“金元外交”理论的逻辑本身就充满了悖论。参见Walter V.Scholes and Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration, p.36; Alfred L. P.Dennis,“The Economics of Diplomacy”, The North American Review, Vol.CCXXII, NO.828(Sep.1,1925), p.92.
1“Annual Message on our foreign relations”, in David H. Burton, The Collected Works of WilliamHoward Taft, Vol. IV, p.311.
2Huntington Wilson, The Peril of Hifalutin, pp.242‐262.
1Donald F. Anderson, William Howard Taft: A Conservative’s Conception of the Presidency,p.288.
2“Declare Dollar Diplomacy Good: All Right if Economics and Politics Are Unmixed”, TheWashington Post, August11,1921, p.10.
1“No Big Stick In Commerce”, The Washington Post, March21,1913, p.1;“Dollar Diplomacy”,The Washington Post, June27,1911, p.6;“Adopts Dollar Diplomacy: Department of Agriculture toShow Farmers How to Earn Money”, The Washington Post, May4,1913, p.FF3.
2“Dollar Diplomacy”, The Washington Post, July27,1916, p.4;“The Nicaraguan Loan”, TheWashington Post, October5,1913, p.ES4.
3“Dollar Diplomacy”, The Washington Post, May9,1920, p.26.
4Robert T. Small,“Men and Matters”, The Washington Post, May3,1920, p.6;“Dollar DiplomacyUrged As Panacea By J. H. Hammond”, The Washington Post, October31,1923, p.11.
5Alfred L. P. Dennis,“The Economics of Diplomacy”, The North American Review, Vol.CCXXII,NO.828(Sep.1,1925), pp.100‐101.
1“U.S. Nicaraguan Policy Called War by Wheeler”, The Washington Post, March7,1927, p.9;Nicholas P. Gregory,“Experts to Meet Here On Trade Plans: Conference Nov.15To DiscussProblem of Latin America”, The Washington Post, Novermber5,1927, p.B6.
2Herbert Feis, The Diplomacy of the Dollar: First Era,1919‐1932, New York: W. W. Norton&Company,1950, pp.73‐74.
1Francis Adams, Dollar Diplomacy: United States Economic Assistance to Latin America, pp.1‐2.
2Humberto Mattew Loayza, Dollar Diplomacy with a New Look: President Eisenhower’sInter‐American Policies,1953‐1961, Thesis (Ph. D.), West Lafayette: Perdue University,1999,p.VIII.
3Barbara A. Tenenbaum, Georgette M. Dorn, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture,Vol.2, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons Reference Books,1978, p.833.
4Rose McKee,“Ellender Cities Futility of Dollar Doplomacy”, The Washington Post, May18,1958,p.A7.
5Margaret M. Carroll, The Rockefeller Corollary: The Impact of Philanthropy and Globalization,Thesis (Ph. D.), Los Angels: UCLA,1999, p.338.
6John Stremlau,“Clinton’s Dollar Diplomacy”, Foreign Policy, NO.97,(Winter,1994‐1995),pp.18‐35.
1Will Morrisey, The Dilemma of Progressivism: How Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson Reshaped theAmerican Regime of Self‐Government, Maryland: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers, INC.,2009,p.147.
2Paul W. Drake, Money doctors, Foreign Debts, and Economic Reforms in Latin America from the1890s to the present, pp.147‐159.
3Carlos Marichal,“The Finances of Hegemony in Latin America: Debt Negotiations and the Roleof the U.S. Government”,1945‐2005, in Fred Rosen, edit., Empire and Dissent: The United States
and Latin America, Durham and London: Duke University Press,2008, pp.92‐96.
1W. Mark C. Weidemaier,“Contracting for State Intervention: The Origins of Sovereign DebtArbitaration”, Law and Contemporary Problems, Fall.2010, Vol.73, pp.344‐349.
2按照拉夫伯的说法，“金元外交”是19世纪末20世纪初期美国日益强大的民族国家与第二次工业革命的联姻，所以它是乱伦的，因而也是高度危险的一种关系。参见[美]孔华润主编：《剑桥美国对外关系史》（上卷），北京：新华出版社，2004年，第502页。
1Robert D. Schulzinger, US diplomacy since1900, New York: Oxford University Press,2002, p.38.
1[英]莱斯利贝瑟尔主编，《剑桥拉丁美洲史》（第4卷，约1870‐‐1930），北京：中国社会科学文献出版社，1991年，第97页。
2Alfred L. P. Dennis,“The Economics of Diplomacy”, The North American Review, Vol.CCXXII,NO.828(Sep.1,1925), p.93‐95; C.S. Thomas,“Former Senator Thomas of Colorado Objects to thePhrase’Dollar Diplomacy’”, The Washington Post, January9,1927, p.S4.
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[1]. Proquest Historical Newspapers
[2]. PAO
[3]. JSTOR
[4]. EBSCO
[5]. Presidential Speech Archive. avaible at http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches.
[6]. FRUS Online, available at http://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/FRUS.
[7]. American President Project, available athttp://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/william_howard_taft.php.
[8]. Library of Congress, available at http://www.loc.gov.
[9].国际档案网，available at www.archive.com.
[10].《北美评论》（North America Review）
[11].《观察》(Outlook)
[12].《民族》(Nation)
[13].《纽约时报》（New York Times）
[14].《华盛顿邮报》(Washington Post)
[15].《华尔街杂志》(The Wall Street Journal)
[16].《基督教科学箴言报》(Christian Science Monitor)
[17].《北美评论》(The North American Review)