水下高速航行体超空泡减阻的大涡模拟与实验研究
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摘要
水下兵器发展过程中,提高水下射弹、鱼雷的航行速度一直是摆在设计研究人员面前的最大障碍。过去研究人员采用优化航行体结构、添加航行体表面涂层、增加和改进动力系统推进方式等常规方法来提高水下航行体速度,研究结果表明由于水下阻力极大,这些方法很难大幅度提高水下航行体的运动速度。随着俄罗斯超空泡高速鱼雷的问世,打破了以往常规方法的限制,成功实现了水下航行体速度的提升,并且获得了非常喜人的效果。目前随着世界各国对于海上军事主动权的争夺日趋紧张,超空泡技术极具军事应用发展前景的特点,深深地吸引了各大军事强国的关注,开展了大量相关研究,并且取得了一定的研究成果。但是空泡流动是一种考虑相变、粘性、湍流运动、界面可压缩性的极其复杂多相流动现象,使得空泡流动的研究发展在很大程度上受到制约,其相关实验研究、数值预测和空泡机理研究仍然是目前多相流领域内的研究难点与热点。
针对这种情况,本文利用自行开发设计的大涡模拟算法程序,进行了水下高速航行体超空泡减阻问题的空泡流动数值模拟；利用空泡数值模拟理论结果设计航行体模型,研制水下测速仪器,开展水下超空泡航行体实验研究,具体研究工作内容如下：
首先,基于国内外关于超空泡技术的研究现状和发展动态,结合本文主要研究工作的实际工程应用背景,提出本文研究所要解决问题和解决这些问题所采用的研究方法与技术途径。
其次,通过对国内外关于空泡流动的数值模拟方法的分析研究,结合空泡流动特点,在均相流动理论的框架下,建立基于三维Navier-Stokes方程且考虑气液间相变的大涡模拟求解计算方法。详细分析了大涡模拟操作中常用滤波函数的特点和不同形式亚网格应力模型的优缺点,并且对本文采用的亚网格湍动能κ-△模型进行了推导。讨论了可以处理气液间相变问题的不同空化模型。在此基础上,详细介绍了本文采用的数值离散方法,其中包括大涡模拟控制方程离散、压力-速度-密度的耦合算法以及PISO算法中压力修正方程的推导过程。另外详细分析了计算域和数值计算边界条件,讨论了不同网格类型的优缺点,并且针对复杂多相流场计算中所需计算量很大的问题,设计了基于MPI方法的并行算法。
第三,为验证本文计算方法的适用性和探究低速航行体空泡流动特性,开展了绕低速NACA0015水翼云空化流动的数值模拟研究。计算了空泡形成过程与周期性脱落频率,将计算结果与实验结果对比,两者吻合较好,证明了本文计算方法的适用性。在此基础上,分析了包括初始涡、回射涡、空泡分离以及空泡再生的非定常周期性脱落过程,研究了Kunz空化模型和Sauer空化模型对空泡形态的影响以及分析了不同空化数对水动力特性的影响。
第四,为验证本文计算方法的正确性和探究高速航行体空泡流动特性,分别从空泡形态特性与阻力特性两方面,开展了绕不同外形结构三维航行体模型超空泡流动的数值模拟研究。通过计算得到超空泡由航行体头部初生至完全包裹航行体的非定常形成过程。将计算的超空泡无量纲特征长度、厚度与Logvinovich实验结果对比,两者吻合较好,证明了计算结果的正确性。在此基础上,详细分析了不同空化数、空化器直径、空化器形状、航行体攻角以及航行体尾翼形状对超空泡形态特性和阻力特性的影响。
最后,为进一步验证本文数值方法的正确性,基于高速航行体空泡形态特性与阻力特性的数值分析结果,结合圆盘空化器具有较高减阻效率和良好空化能力的特点,设计了带尾翼结构的圆盘空化器多种外形结构航行体模型,开展了高速航行体从空中斜射入水中形成超空泡的实验研究。通过水下高速摄像获得了小空化数下自然超空泡形成图像。讨论了航行体空中运动稳定性与航行体能否形成超空泡之间的关系。利用水下测速靶上的航行体穿孔位置,分析超空泡航行体的水下弹道稳定性。获得了不同空化数和空化器直径下超空泡航行体的平均阻力系数,并且分析了空化数和空化器直径对平均阻力系数的影响。将实验结果与数值计算结果对比,两者吻合较好,验证了数值计算方法的正确性。在此基础上,计算了水下超空泡航行体的减阻率,分析了超空泡减阻效果。
综合上述关于高速航行体超空泡减阻问题的数值模拟与实验研究可知,本文实现的数值计算方法能够较好地模拟水下高速航行体超空泡流动；在空化数σ-=5.9×104、空化器相对直径Dn=2.3×10-1条件下,水下超空泡航行体可获得最高约为94.67%的减阻率。
In the process of underwater weapon development, to improve the navigation speed of underwater projectile and torpedo is always the biggest obstacle in front of design researchers. In the past, researchers had adopted many conventional methods to improve the speed of underwater navigation body, such as optimization of the navigation body structure, adding coating on the navigation body surface, increasing and improving the power system of propulsion. The result was shown that due to the great resistance of water, these methods were difficult to significantly increase the movement speed of the submerged navigation body. With the appearance of high-speed supercavitation torpedo developed in Russia, breaking the limitations of the conventional methods, successfully enhancing the speed of a submerged navigation body, and a very gratifying effect is completed. Presently, the contention of maritime military initiative becomes a hot topic in the word, and characteristics of military applications development prospect deeply attract the attention of the major military powers. Those have carried out lots of researches and made some certain results. However, cavitation is a very complex multiphase flow including phase change, viscous effect, turbulence flow, and compressibility of interface. That gives a greatly restricted on the cavitating flow research and development. Furthermore, relevant test research, numerical prediction and cavitation mechanism research are still research difficulties and hot in the multiphase flow field.
In view of this situation, the self-developed LES program is used to carry out numerical simulation of supercavity drag reduction of underwater high-speed navigation body with cavitating flow. The navigation body model is designed by the numerical simulation results of cavitating flow, and the underwater measurement device is also developed. Based on it, the experimental study of underwater supercavity navigation body is carried out. The specific research contents are shown as follows.
Firstly, based on the domestic and international research present situation and development trend on supercavity technology, combining the actual engineering application background, the research methods and technical ways that the problems needs to be solved and the solution of these problems have been put forward.
Secondly, through the analysis of the domestic and international numerical simulation method on cavitation flow, combined with the characteristics of cavitation flow, the LES calculation solution method based on the three dimensional Navier-Stokes equation and considering phase change between gas-liquid is established in the homogeneous flow theory framework. The filter function characteristics of the LES common operation has been analyzed in detail, and also the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of subgrid stress models. The turbulent kinetic energy k-△model is deduced. The different cavitation models handling phase change between gas-liquid are discussed. On this basis, the numerical discretization method adopted in present is introduced in detail, which including discretization of LES control equation, pressure-velocity-density coupling algorithm, and the derived pressure correction equation in PISO algorithm. In addition, a detailed analysis of calculation domain and numerical boundary condition is completed. The advantages and disadvantages of different grid types are discussed. According to the problem that the complex multiphase flow needs a high calculation, a parallel algorithm is designed based on MPI.
Thirdly, in order to validate the applicability of calculation method in present and explore the cavity flow characteristics of low-speed navigation body, numerical simulation research of cloud cavitation flow around the low speed NACA0015hydrofoil is carried out. The periodic shedding frequency and process of cavity forming have been calculated. Comparison of the experimental results with calculated results has been made, there is a well agreement, and applicability of calculation methods is also proved. On this basis, the analysis of unsteady periodic shedding process including the initial vortex, re-entrant jet vortex, cavitation separation and cavity regeneration is completed. The influence of Kunz cavitation model and Sauer cavitation model on cavity form is analyzed. Furthermore, the influence of different cavitation number on hydrodynamic characteristics is analyzed.
Fourthly, in order to validate the correctness of calculation method in this paper and explore the cavitating flow characteristics of high-speed navigation body, numerical simulation research of supercavitating flow around the three dimensional navigation body model with different construction appearance is carried out, respectively in the two aspects of the cavity shape and resistance characteristics. The unsteady process that supercavity produces from warhead to surrounded completely navigation body is achieved through the calculation. Comparison of supercavity dimensionless characteristic length, thickness of the calculated results with Logvinovich experimental results has been made, there is a well agreement, and correctness of calculation methods is also proved. On this basis, the influence of the different cavitation number, cavitator diameter, cavitator shape, attack angle of navigation body, and tail shape of navigation body on the supercavity shape and resistance characteristics is analyzed in detail.
Finally, in order to further verify the correctness of the numerical method in this paper, based on the analysis results of high-speed navigation body of cavity shape and resistance characteristics, combined with the disc cavitator has a higher drag reduction efficiency and better cavitation capability characteristic, designing a variety of construction appearance navigation body model with disc cavitator and tail, the experimental research that high-speed navigation body is from the air oblique into the water for forming supercavity is carried out. The forming image of underwater natural supercavity is achieved by underwater high-speed camera. The relationship between navigation body movement stability in air and forming supercavity has been discussed. The trajectory stability of supercavity navigation body is analyzed by punching position of navigation body on the underwater velocity measurement target. On condition that the different cavitation number and cavitator diameter, the average drag coefficient of supercavity navigation body is achieved. The influence of the different cavitation number and cavitator diameter on the average drag coefficient is also analyzed. Comparison of the calculated results with experimental results has been made, there is a well agreement, and correctness of calculation methods is also verified. On this basis, the drag reduction rate of the underwater supercavity navigation body is calculated and the effect of supercavity drag reduction is analyzed.
A combination of the supercavity drag reduce problems of high speed navigation body about the numerical simulation and experimental study shows that numerical calculation method adopted in this paper can better simulate the supercavity flow of underwater high speed navigation body. In conditions of the cavitation number σ=5.9×10-4and the cavitator relative diameter Dn=2.3×10-1, the drag reduction rate of underwater supercavity navigation body can approximately get up to94.67%.
针对这种情况,本文利用自行开发设计的大涡模拟算法程序,进行了水下高速航行体超空泡减阻问题的空泡流动数值模拟；利用空泡数值模拟理论结果设计航行体模型,研制水下测速仪器,开展水下超空泡航行体实验研究,具体研究工作内容如下：
首先,基于国内外关于超空泡技术的研究现状和发展动态,结合本文主要研究工作的实际工程应用背景,提出本文研究所要解决问题和解决这些问题所采用的研究方法与技术途径。
其次,通过对国内外关于空泡流动的数值模拟方法的分析研究,结合空泡流动特点,在均相流动理论的框架下,建立基于三维Navier-Stokes方程且考虑气液间相变的大涡模拟求解计算方法。详细分析了大涡模拟操作中常用滤波函数的特点和不同形式亚网格应力模型的优缺点,并且对本文采用的亚网格湍动能κ-△模型进行了推导。讨论了可以处理气液间相变问题的不同空化模型。在此基础上,详细介绍了本文采用的数值离散方法,其中包括大涡模拟控制方程离散、压力-速度-密度的耦合算法以及PISO算法中压力修正方程的推导过程。另外详细分析了计算域和数值计算边界条件,讨论了不同网格类型的优缺点,并且针对复杂多相流场计算中所需计算量很大的问题,设计了基于MPI方法的并行算法。
第三,为验证本文计算方法的适用性和探究低速航行体空泡流动特性,开展了绕低速NACA0015水翼云空化流动的数值模拟研究。计算了空泡形成过程与周期性脱落频率,将计算结果与实验结果对比,两者吻合较好,证明了本文计算方法的适用性。在此基础上,分析了包括初始涡、回射涡、空泡分离以及空泡再生的非定常周期性脱落过程,研究了Kunz空化模型和Sauer空化模型对空泡形态的影响以及分析了不同空化数对水动力特性的影响。
第四,为验证本文计算方法的正确性和探究高速航行体空泡流动特性,分别从空泡形态特性与阻力特性两方面,开展了绕不同外形结构三维航行体模型超空泡流动的数值模拟研究。通过计算得到超空泡由航行体头部初生至完全包裹航行体的非定常形成过程。将计算的超空泡无量纲特征长度、厚度与Logvinovich实验结果对比,两者吻合较好,证明了计算结果的正确性。在此基础上,详细分析了不同空化数、空化器直径、空化器形状、航行体攻角以及航行体尾翼形状对超空泡形态特性和阻力特性的影响。
最后,为进一步验证本文数值方法的正确性,基于高速航行体空泡形态特性与阻力特性的数值分析结果,结合圆盘空化器具有较高减阻效率和良好空化能力的特点,设计了带尾翼结构的圆盘空化器多种外形结构航行体模型,开展了高速航行体从空中斜射入水中形成超空泡的实验研究。通过水下高速摄像获得了小空化数下自然超空泡形成图像。讨论了航行体空中运动稳定性与航行体能否形成超空泡之间的关系。利用水下测速靶上的航行体穿孔位置,分析超空泡航行体的水下弹道稳定性。获得了不同空化数和空化器直径下超空泡航行体的平均阻力系数,并且分析了空化数和空化器直径对平均阻力系数的影响。将实验结果与数值计算结果对比,两者吻合较好,验证了数值计算方法的正确性。在此基础上,计算了水下超空泡航行体的减阻率,分析了超空泡减阻效果。
综合上述关于高速航行体超空泡减阻问题的数值模拟与实验研究可知,本文实现的数值计算方法能够较好地模拟水下高速航行体超空泡流动；在空化数σ-=5.9×104、空化器相对直径Dn=2.3×10-1条件下,水下超空泡航行体可获得最高约为94.67%的减阻率。
In the process of underwater weapon development, to improve the navigation speed of underwater projectile and torpedo is always the biggest obstacle in front of design researchers. In the past, researchers had adopted many conventional methods to improve the speed of underwater navigation body, such as optimization of the navigation body structure, adding coating on the navigation body surface, increasing and improving the power system of propulsion. The result was shown that due to the great resistance of water, these methods were difficult to significantly increase the movement speed of the submerged navigation body. With the appearance of high-speed supercavitation torpedo developed in Russia, breaking the limitations of the conventional methods, successfully enhancing the speed of a submerged navigation body, and a very gratifying effect is completed. Presently, the contention of maritime military initiative becomes a hot topic in the word, and characteristics of military applications development prospect deeply attract the attention of the major military powers. Those have carried out lots of researches and made some certain results. However, cavitation is a very complex multiphase flow including phase change, viscous effect, turbulence flow, and compressibility of interface. That gives a greatly restricted on the cavitating flow research and development. Furthermore, relevant test research, numerical prediction and cavitation mechanism research are still research difficulties and hot in the multiphase flow field.
In view of this situation, the self-developed LES program is used to carry out numerical simulation of supercavity drag reduction of underwater high-speed navigation body with cavitating flow. The navigation body model is designed by the numerical simulation results of cavitating flow, and the underwater measurement device is also developed. Based on it, the experimental study of underwater supercavity navigation body is carried out. The specific research contents are shown as follows.
Firstly, based on the domestic and international research present situation and development trend on supercavity technology, combining the actual engineering application background, the research methods and technical ways that the problems needs to be solved and the solution of these problems have been put forward.
Secondly, through the analysis of the domestic and international numerical simulation method on cavitation flow, combined with the characteristics of cavitation flow, the LES calculation solution method based on the three dimensional Navier-Stokes equation and considering phase change between gas-liquid is established in the homogeneous flow theory framework. The filter function characteristics of the LES common operation has been analyzed in detail, and also the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of subgrid stress models. The turbulent kinetic energy k-△model is deduced. The different cavitation models handling phase change between gas-liquid are discussed. On this basis, the numerical discretization method adopted in present is introduced in detail, which including discretization of LES control equation, pressure-velocity-density coupling algorithm, and the derived pressure correction equation in PISO algorithm. In addition, a detailed analysis of calculation domain and numerical boundary condition is completed. The advantages and disadvantages of different grid types are discussed. According to the problem that the complex multiphase flow needs a high calculation, a parallel algorithm is designed based on MPI.
Thirdly, in order to validate the applicability of calculation method in present and explore the cavity flow characteristics of low-speed navigation body, numerical simulation research of cloud cavitation flow around the low speed NACA0015hydrofoil is carried out. The periodic shedding frequency and process of cavity forming have been calculated. Comparison of the experimental results with calculated results has been made, there is a well agreement, and applicability of calculation methods is also proved. On this basis, the analysis of unsteady periodic shedding process including the initial vortex, re-entrant jet vortex, cavitation separation and cavity regeneration is completed. The influence of Kunz cavitation model and Sauer cavitation model on cavity form is analyzed. Furthermore, the influence of different cavitation number on hydrodynamic characteristics is analyzed.
Fourthly, in order to validate the correctness of calculation method in this paper and explore the cavitating flow characteristics of high-speed navigation body, numerical simulation research of supercavitating flow around the three dimensional navigation body model with different construction appearance is carried out, respectively in the two aspects of the cavity shape and resistance characteristics. The unsteady process that supercavity produces from warhead to surrounded completely navigation body is achieved through the calculation. Comparison of supercavity dimensionless characteristic length, thickness of the calculated results with Logvinovich experimental results has been made, there is a well agreement, and correctness of calculation methods is also proved. On this basis, the influence of the different cavitation number, cavitator diameter, cavitator shape, attack angle of navigation body, and tail shape of navigation body on the supercavity shape and resistance characteristics is analyzed in detail.
Finally, in order to further verify the correctness of the numerical method in this paper, based on the analysis results of high-speed navigation body of cavity shape and resistance characteristics, combined with the disc cavitator has a higher drag reduction efficiency and better cavitation capability characteristic, designing a variety of construction appearance navigation body model with disc cavitator and tail, the experimental research that high-speed navigation body is from the air oblique into the water for forming supercavity is carried out. The forming image of underwater natural supercavity is achieved by underwater high-speed camera. The relationship between navigation body movement stability in air and forming supercavity has been discussed. The trajectory stability of supercavity navigation body is analyzed by punching position of navigation body on the underwater velocity measurement target. On condition that the different cavitation number and cavitator diameter, the average drag coefficient of supercavity navigation body is achieved. The influence of the different cavitation number and cavitator diameter on the average drag coefficient is also analyzed. Comparison of the calculated results with experimental results has been made, there is a well agreement, and correctness of calculation methods is also verified. On this basis, the drag reduction rate of the underwater supercavity navigation body is calculated and the effect of supercavity drag reduction is analyzed.
A combination of the supercavity drag reduce problems of high speed navigation body about the numerical simulation and experimental study shows that numerical calculation method adopted in this paper can better simulate the supercavity flow of underwater high speed navigation body. In conditions of the cavitation number σ=5.9×10-4and the cavitator relative diameter Dn=2.3×10-1, the drag reduction rate of underwater supercavity navigation body can approximately get up to94.67%.
引文
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