水系沉积物和焦化区土壤中汞的形态分析及分布规律研究
摘要
重金属汞污染物多来源于矿山、冶炼、电镀、化工等工业废水以及煤炭燃烧排放的废气。若使用未经处理、处理不达标的污水灌溉农田或长期处于煤焦生产、火力发电地区,就会造成土壤和农作物的汞污染。重金属汞对植物的危害从根部开始,然后再蔓延至地上部,受其影响,会妨碍植物对氮、磷、钾的吸收,使农作物叶黄化、茎杆矮化,从而降低农作物产量和质量。
水体中重金属汞对水生生物的毒性,不仅表现为汞本身的毒性,而且汞可在微生物的作用下转化为毒性更大的金属化合物,如汞的甲基化作用。曾经轰动世界的“水俣病”,就是日本九州岛水俣地区因长期食用受甲基汞污染的鱼贝类而引起的慢性甲基汞中毒。另外,水体中的重金属汞还可以经过食物链的生物放大作用,在水生生物体内富集,并通过食物进入人体,造成人类慢性中毒。
本论文以原子荧光光谱分析技术为检测手段,系统研究了水体沉积物与焦化区土壤中痕量汞的赋存形态、空间分布特征,并对其污染程度进行了初步的评价。主要研究内容概括如下:
(1)采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)作为检测手段,系统地研究了影响痕量汞分析的各种因素,确定最佳的实验条件,并将其应用于汾河沉积物中痕量汞的分析。
(2)采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)作为检测手段,对沉积物中痕量汞的各种形态进行了初步研究,选定了最佳的浸提条件,对汾河水体的污染状况及程度进行综合评价。
(3)采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)作为检测手段,选择最佳的实验条件,对汾河水样中的痕量汞进行初步的分析,并分析对比了汾河不同区段的污染情况。
(4)对焦化厂附近土壤中汞的含量进行分析,试图通过实验数据,了解焦化厂附近土壤汞的污染状况。并结合当地的主导风向、附近土壤的理化性质及其周围的地理环境等因素,对比不同距离土壤中汞的含量,找出其分布规律。
Most pollutions of heavy metal mercury come from waste gas and industrial waste water such as mining, smelting, electroplating, chemical industry, etc. When irrigating farmland with untreated or non-standard treatment of sewage, it will cause pollution to the soil and crops. The harm of heavy metal mercury to plants begin from the roots, and then spread to above-ground. Mercury will hinder the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of plants, so induce etiolation of leaves, dwarfing of stem, thus reducing yields and quality of crops. The toxicity of heavy metal mercury to aquatic life in water, not only for the toxicity of mercury itself, but also for the the more toxic metal compounds which formed by mercury under the exsit of micro-organisms, such as methylation of mercury. "Minamata disease", which shocked the world, is the chronic poisoning of methylmercury for people in Japan's Kyushu region eating polluted fish and shellfish long-term. In addition, the heavy metal mercury in water could be enriched in aquatic organisms through the enlaring effect of food chain, and then entered the human body through food, thus caused human chronic poisoning.
The purpose of this dissertation is to research the speciation and spatial distribution of trace mercury in the sediment samples and coking soil samples systematically by the detection mean of atomic fluorescence spectrum analytic technique, and then give a preliminary evaluation of the situation of pollution. The major contents are summarized as follows:
(1) Proposed a new method for determination of trace mercury in the sediment samples by Hydride generatin atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) and find out the best experiment conditions such as concentrations of reductant, hydrochloric acid and operating conditions. The method was applied to detect the trace mercury in fenhe rivers sediment samples.
(2) A new method for determination of mercury species in the sediment samples by Hydride generatin atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) after extraction was proposed. In this section, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemical extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace mercury into seven fractions. The effect of experimental conditions such as the extraction reagents and its concentration, the extraction time. The proposed method was applied to determination of mercury species in fenhe rivers sediment samples. And then give a evaluation on the situation of the mercury pollution in fenhe river.
(3) A sensitive HG-AFS method was developed for determination of trace mercury species in water samples. Under the best experimental conditions, trace mercury in water samples of the fenhe River have been determined, and compare the pollution degrees of different areas.
(4) In this section, the heavy metal mercury which have been discharged in the coking process of coking plant impacting on the ecological environment has been researched by determining the content of mercury. A HG-AFS method has been used to analysis the mercury pollution level in soil samples. Meanwhile, combined the size of coking plant, local dominant wind direction, physical and chemical properties of the soil nearby, the surrounding geographical conditions and other factors, the mercury pollution in the soil nearby was studied.
水体中重金属汞对水生生物的毒性,不仅表现为汞本身的毒性,而且汞可在微生物的作用下转化为毒性更大的金属化合物,如汞的甲基化作用。曾经轰动世界的“水俣病”,就是日本九州岛水俣地区因长期食用受甲基汞污染的鱼贝类而引起的慢性甲基汞中毒。另外,水体中的重金属汞还可以经过食物链的生物放大作用,在水生生物体内富集,并通过食物进入人体,造成人类慢性中毒。
本论文以原子荧光光谱分析技术为检测手段,系统研究了水体沉积物与焦化区土壤中痕量汞的赋存形态、空间分布特征,并对其污染程度进行了初步的评价。主要研究内容概括如下:
(1)采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)作为检测手段,系统地研究了影响痕量汞分析的各种因素,确定最佳的实验条件,并将其应用于汾河沉积物中痕量汞的分析。
(2)采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)作为检测手段,对沉积物中痕量汞的各种形态进行了初步研究,选定了最佳的浸提条件,对汾河水体的污染状况及程度进行综合评价。
(3)采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)作为检测手段,选择最佳的实验条件,对汾河水样中的痕量汞进行初步的分析,并分析对比了汾河不同区段的污染情况。
(4)对焦化厂附近土壤中汞的含量进行分析,试图通过实验数据,了解焦化厂附近土壤汞的污染状况。并结合当地的主导风向、附近土壤的理化性质及其周围的地理环境等因素,对比不同距离土壤中汞的含量,找出其分布规律。
Most pollutions of heavy metal mercury come from waste gas and industrial waste water such as mining, smelting, electroplating, chemical industry, etc. When irrigating farmland with untreated or non-standard treatment of sewage, it will cause pollution to the soil and crops. The harm of heavy metal mercury to plants begin from the roots, and then spread to above-ground. Mercury will hinder the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of plants, so induce etiolation of leaves, dwarfing of stem, thus reducing yields and quality of crops. The toxicity of heavy metal mercury to aquatic life in water, not only for the toxicity of mercury itself, but also for the the more toxic metal compounds which formed by mercury under the exsit of micro-organisms, such as methylation of mercury. "Minamata disease", which shocked the world, is the chronic poisoning of methylmercury for people in Japan's Kyushu region eating polluted fish and shellfish long-term. In addition, the heavy metal mercury in water could be enriched in aquatic organisms through the enlaring effect of food chain, and then entered the human body through food, thus caused human chronic poisoning.
The purpose of this dissertation is to research the speciation and spatial distribution of trace mercury in the sediment samples and coking soil samples systematically by the detection mean of atomic fluorescence spectrum analytic technique, and then give a preliminary evaluation of the situation of pollution. The major contents are summarized as follows:
(1) Proposed a new method for determination of trace mercury in the sediment samples by Hydride generatin atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) and find out the best experiment conditions such as concentrations of reductant, hydrochloric acid and operating conditions. The method was applied to detect the trace mercury in fenhe rivers sediment samples.
(2) A new method for determination of mercury species in the sediment samples by Hydride generatin atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) after extraction was proposed. In this section, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemical extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace mercury into seven fractions. The effect of experimental conditions such as the extraction reagents and its concentration, the extraction time. The proposed method was applied to determination of mercury species in fenhe rivers sediment samples. And then give a evaluation on the situation of the mercury pollution in fenhe river.
(3) A sensitive HG-AFS method was developed for determination of trace mercury species in water samples. Under the best experimental conditions, trace mercury in water samples of the fenhe River have been determined, and compare the pollution degrees of different areas.
(4) In this section, the heavy metal mercury which have been discharged in the coking process of coking plant impacting on the ecological environment has been researched by determining the content of mercury. A HG-AFS method has been used to analysis the mercury pollution level in soil samples. Meanwhile, combined the size of coking plant, local dominant wind direction, physical and chemical properties of the soil nearby, the surrounding geographical conditions and other factors, the mercury pollution in the soil nearby was studied.
引文
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