地应力瞬态卸荷对围岩损伤特征的影响
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摘要
我国西南、西北地区在建和即将兴建的一批大型、特大型水电工程均需进行高地应力条件下的大跨度地下洞室群或超长隧洞的大规模、高强度开挖。同时,核废料处置工程、交通、采矿等工程领域也都涉及到深部岩体的开挖。爆破作为岩体开挖的主要方式,存在爆炸荷载和地应力瞬态卸荷等动力对深部工程围岩的扰动问题。
针对围岩损伤的两大诱因：爆炸荷载和地应力瞬态卸荷,研究其作用机理及岩体的动态响应等问题,对深部岩体开挖方法的改进、安全度的评价以及降低工程造价等方面都有重大的理论意义和工程应用价值。
本文主要研究了高地应力条件下地下洞室钻爆开挖过程中爆炸荷载、地应力瞬态卸荷及二者耦合作用激发的围岩动态应力场,在此基础上进一步确定了不同动载作用下围岩损伤区的分布特征。
基于爆炸力学、断裂力学、流体力学等相关理论,结合有限元方法,计算了炮孔柱状装药爆炸荷载的峰值大小、持续时间与作用过程。根据岩体爆破开挖过程中爆炸荷载的作用特征及开挖面岩体的力学边界条件,进一步确定了地应力瞬态卸荷的起始时刻、持续时间与作用过程。
采用理论方法求解了钻孔附近岩体在爆炸荷载作用下的应变率分布规律,结果表明,钻孔附近岩体的应变率较高,且随爆心距的增加,应变率急剧衰减,衰减速度随爆心距的增大而降低。按照岩石动、静态力学问题划分的应变率判据,确定了岩石爆破数值仿真中围岩动、静态力学强度参数取值的分区。综合分析了动载作用过程中洞室围岩可能存在的应力状态,并针对不同的破坏模式提出了相应的安全判剧。
提出并建立了不同动载作用激发围岩动态应力场的计算模型,采用理论计算方法研究了静水应力场中圆形断面隧洞开挖过程中地应力瞬态卸荷作用激发的围岩动态应力场,分析了卸荷持续时间、岩体介质特性等因素对动态应力场的影响规律。结果表明,地应力瞬态卸荷具有显著的动力效应,径向应力快速卸荷回弹,表现出“超松弛”现象,而在切向则出现动态应力集中,表现出“超集中”现象。
采用动力有限元方法,计算了非均匀应力场条件下、不同断面形状的洞室围岩在地应力瞬态卸荷作用下的动态应力时程曲线。结果表明,地应力瞬态卸荷的动力效应在应力值较大的方向上更为显著,对围岩的扰动也更大。同时,洞室结构也能影响瞬态卸荷应力场的分布,在城门洞形断面隧洞边墙处产生径向拉应力,且卸荷边界上对应的开挖荷载越大,在围岩中激发的拉应力值也越大。
对于动载耦合作用激发的围岩动态应力场,由于爆炸应力波峰值高、衰减快,故耦合应力场在爆源近区以爆炸应力波为主,远区则以卸荷应力波为主。
基于深埋洞室爆破开挖过程中围岩的动态应力分布,结合不同应力状态下岩体的损伤机理及相应的安全判剧,研究了不同动载作用诱发的围岩损伤区分布规律。不同地应力条件下,爆炸荷载诱发的围岩损伤主要限于围岩表层,深度较小,受围岩中二次应力场的切向压应力影响显著。在高地应力条件下,地应力瞬态卸荷所形成的损伤区范围大于准静态卸荷条件,二者形状相似,均由围岩二次应力场的形态决定。围岩的最终损伤范围可视为由一定地应力条件下的爆炸荷载诱发的围岩损伤区和地应力瞬态卸荷作用诱发的围岩区损伤叠加组成,且地应力瞬态卸荷作用是围岩中大范围损伤区形成的主要原因。
以锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞爆破开挖过程中的实测围岩振动信号为基础,采用小波分析的模极大值法和时能密度法,证明了实际工程中地应力瞬态卸荷动力效应的存在。通过对锦屏二级辅助洞爆破开挖损伤区的检测和数值计算,比较了分别由地应力瞬态卸荷及地应力重分布(地应力准静态卸荷)所造成的围岩损伤,分析了不同损伤区的形成机理及分布特征。为控制和减小地应力瞬态卸荷作用对围岩的扰动,针对深埋大型洞室岩体的爆破开挖,从开挖程序和爆破网络两个方面出发,提出了具体的优化措施。
Large-scale and high-intensity excavation of wide-span underground caverns and extra-long tunnels is required in a large number of large-scaled and extra-large-scaled hydropower projects. And excavation of deep rock mass is also involved in nuclear waste deposit, communication and division tunnels, where blasting excavation is mainly adopted, there is an excavation disturbing problem in surrounding rock of deep-buried engineering.
According to the two major factors which induce the damage of urrounding rock:blast load and in-situ stress transient unloading, problems are discussed on the action mechanism of dynamic load, dynamic response of surrounding rock, etc. It is of significance theoretical meaning and engineering application value on improving excavation methods for deep rock mass, evaluating safety level and reducing engineering cost.
The dynamic stress field excited by blast load, in-situ stress transient unloading and the coupling effect of both them is mainly studied. And based on that, the damage area distribution characteristics is further determined.
Based on relevant theories such as explosion mechanics, fracture mechanics, fluid mechanics, etc, adopting finite element method (FEM), the peak value, duration and process of blast load of column explosive in the borehole is calculated. According to the characteristics of the blast load, and the mechanical boundary of excavation surface in the blasting excavation process, the starting and ending moments, duration and effect process of in-situ stress transient unloading are determined.
The strain rate distribution of the rock mass around the borehole induced by the blast load is calculated with theoretical methods. It is revealed by results that, the strain rate is high in the rock mass close to the borehole, and is rapidly decreased with the increase of the distance to the blasting source. And the decreasing rate is lower when the distance to the blasting source is longer. Rock mass dynamic problems and static problems are distinguished by strain rate. The zone division of different strength selection is determined for dynamic and static numerical simulation of surrounding rock. The potential stressed state of surrounding rock under dynamic load is comprehensively analyzed. Corresponding safety criteria is suggested for different damage pattern.
Calculation models are put forward and built for dynamic stress field excited by different dynamic load in the surrounding rock. Adopting theoretical calculation method, the dynamic stress field excited by the in-situ stress transient unloading in surrounding rock during the excavation process of round-section tunnel in the hydrostatic stress field is studied, the influence of unloading duration, rock mass medium features, etc, is analyzed. The results show that the transient unloading of in-situ stress has an obvious dynamic effect. The radial stress rapid unloading shows extra-loosening phenomenon, while shows extra-concentrating phenomenon in circumferential stress.
Adopting Dynamic FEM, the variation curve of dynamic stress with time is calculated for the surrounding rock of caverns in different section shapes under non-uniform stress field. It is revealed by the result that, the dynamic effect of in-situ stress transient unloading is more obvious in the direction of greater stress, where greater disturbance is applied on the surrounding rock. In the same time, the cavern structure is also influencing the unloading stress field distribution. Radial tensile stress is generated on the side walls of city-gate section channel. When the corresponding excavation load on the unloading boundary is higher, the induced tensile stress in the surrounding rock would be higher.
As for the dynamic stress field excited by the coupling of static and dynamic load, due to the high peak value and fast attenuation of blast stress wave, the coupled stress field is mainly blast stress wave in the nearby area, and unloading stress wave in the far area.
Base on the dynamic stress distribution in the surrounding rock during the blasting excavation of deep cavern, adopting damage mechanism and relevant safety criteria for rock mass in different stressed state, the damage zone distribution effected by different dynamic load is studied. Under different in-situ stress conditions, the blast load induced damage in the surrounding rock is limited within the surface layer, which is quite shallow and is obviously influenced by the circumferential stress of the secondary stress field. Under high in-situ stress condition, the damage zone formed by in-situ stress transient unloading is larger than that of quasi-static condition, and is similar in shapes, which are determined by the secondary stress field in the surrounding rock. The final damage scale can be regarded as the coupling of the blast load induced and in-situ stress induced damage zones in the surrounding rock. And the in-situ stress transient unloading is the major cause to large-scale damage zone.
Based on the actual monitored vibration signals in surrounding rock around the diversion tunnel of Jingping Second Cascade Hydropower Station during the excavation, adopting modulus maximum method and time-energy density method in wavelet analysis, the existence of dynamic effect of in-situ stress transient unloading in actual engineering is proved. Through tests and numerical calculation on damage zone induced by blasting excavation in auxiliary tunnel at Jingping Second Cascade Hydropower Station, the surrounding rock damage induced by in-situ stress transient unloading and in-situ stress redistribution (in-situ stress quasi-statically unloaded) are compared, and the formation mechanism and distribution of different damage zones are analyzed. In order to control and reduce the disturbance of in-situ stress transient unloading in surrounding rock, specific optimizing measures are suggested on both excavation procedure and blasting network in the excavation of deep-buried and large-scale caverns.
针对围岩损伤的两大诱因：爆炸荷载和地应力瞬态卸荷,研究其作用机理及岩体的动态响应等问题,对深部岩体开挖方法的改进、安全度的评价以及降低工程造价等方面都有重大的理论意义和工程应用价值。
本文主要研究了高地应力条件下地下洞室钻爆开挖过程中爆炸荷载、地应力瞬态卸荷及二者耦合作用激发的围岩动态应力场,在此基础上进一步确定了不同动载作用下围岩损伤区的分布特征。
基于爆炸力学、断裂力学、流体力学等相关理论,结合有限元方法,计算了炮孔柱状装药爆炸荷载的峰值大小、持续时间与作用过程。根据岩体爆破开挖过程中爆炸荷载的作用特征及开挖面岩体的力学边界条件,进一步确定了地应力瞬态卸荷的起始时刻、持续时间与作用过程。
采用理论方法求解了钻孔附近岩体在爆炸荷载作用下的应变率分布规律,结果表明,钻孔附近岩体的应变率较高,且随爆心距的增加,应变率急剧衰减,衰减速度随爆心距的增大而降低。按照岩石动、静态力学问题划分的应变率判据,确定了岩石爆破数值仿真中围岩动、静态力学强度参数取值的分区。综合分析了动载作用过程中洞室围岩可能存在的应力状态,并针对不同的破坏模式提出了相应的安全判剧。
提出并建立了不同动载作用激发围岩动态应力场的计算模型,采用理论计算方法研究了静水应力场中圆形断面隧洞开挖过程中地应力瞬态卸荷作用激发的围岩动态应力场,分析了卸荷持续时间、岩体介质特性等因素对动态应力场的影响规律。结果表明,地应力瞬态卸荷具有显著的动力效应,径向应力快速卸荷回弹,表现出“超松弛”现象,而在切向则出现动态应力集中,表现出“超集中”现象。
采用动力有限元方法,计算了非均匀应力场条件下、不同断面形状的洞室围岩在地应力瞬态卸荷作用下的动态应力时程曲线。结果表明,地应力瞬态卸荷的动力效应在应力值较大的方向上更为显著,对围岩的扰动也更大。同时,洞室结构也能影响瞬态卸荷应力场的分布,在城门洞形断面隧洞边墙处产生径向拉应力,且卸荷边界上对应的开挖荷载越大,在围岩中激发的拉应力值也越大。
对于动载耦合作用激发的围岩动态应力场,由于爆炸应力波峰值高、衰减快,故耦合应力场在爆源近区以爆炸应力波为主,远区则以卸荷应力波为主。
基于深埋洞室爆破开挖过程中围岩的动态应力分布,结合不同应力状态下岩体的损伤机理及相应的安全判剧,研究了不同动载作用诱发的围岩损伤区分布规律。不同地应力条件下,爆炸荷载诱发的围岩损伤主要限于围岩表层,深度较小,受围岩中二次应力场的切向压应力影响显著。在高地应力条件下,地应力瞬态卸荷所形成的损伤区范围大于准静态卸荷条件,二者形状相似,均由围岩二次应力场的形态决定。围岩的最终损伤范围可视为由一定地应力条件下的爆炸荷载诱发的围岩损伤区和地应力瞬态卸荷作用诱发的围岩区损伤叠加组成,且地应力瞬态卸荷作用是围岩中大范围损伤区形成的主要原因。
以锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞爆破开挖过程中的实测围岩振动信号为基础,采用小波分析的模极大值法和时能密度法,证明了实际工程中地应力瞬态卸荷动力效应的存在。通过对锦屏二级辅助洞爆破开挖损伤区的检测和数值计算,比较了分别由地应力瞬态卸荷及地应力重分布(地应力准静态卸荷)所造成的围岩损伤,分析了不同损伤区的形成机理及分布特征。为控制和减小地应力瞬态卸荷作用对围岩的扰动,针对深埋大型洞室岩体的爆破开挖,从开挖程序和爆破网络两个方面出发,提出了具体的优化措施。
Large-scale and high-intensity excavation of wide-span underground caverns and extra-long tunnels is required in a large number of large-scaled and extra-large-scaled hydropower projects. And excavation of deep rock mass is also involved in nuclear waste deposit, communication and division tunnels, where blasting excavation is mainly adopted, there is an excavation disturbing problem in surrounding rock of deep-buried engineering.
According to the two major factors which induce the damage of urrounding rock:blast load and in-situ stress transient unloading, problems are discussed on the action mechanism of dynamic load, dynamic response of surrounding rock, etc. It is of significance theoretical meaning and engineering application value on improving excavation methods for deep rock mass, evaluating safety level and reducing engineering cost.
The dynamic stress field excited by blast load, in-situ stress transient unloading and the coupling effect of both them is mainly studied. And based on that, the damage area distribution characteristics is further determined.
Based on relevant theories such as explosion mechanics, fracture mechanics, fluid mechanics, etc, adopting finite element method (FEM), the peak value, duration and process of blast load of column explosive in the borehole is calculated. According to the characteristics of the blast load, and the mechanical boundary of excavation surface in the blasting excavation process, the starting and ending moments, duration and effect process of in-situ stress transient unloading are determined.
The strain rate distribution of the rock mass around the borehole induced by the blast load is calculated with theoretical methods. It is revealed by results that, the strain rate is high in the rock mass close to the borehole, and is rapidly decreased with the increase of the distance to the blasting source. And the decreasing rate is lower when the distance to the blasting source is longer. Rock mass dynamic problems and static problems are distinguished by strain rate. The zone division of different strength selection is determined for dynamic and static numerical simulation of surrounding rock. The potential stressed state of surrounding rock under dynamic load is comprehensively analyzed. Corresponding safety criteria is suggested for different damage pattern.
Calculation models are put forward and built for dynamic stress field excited by different dynamic load in the surrounding rock. Adopting theoretical calculation method, the dynamic stress field excited by the in-situ stress transient unloading in surrounding rock during the excavation process of round-section tunnel in the hydrostatic stress field is studied, the influence of unloading duration, rock mass medium features, etc, is analyzed. The results show that the transient unloading of in-situ stress has an obvious dynamic effect. The radial stress rapid unloading shows extra-loosening phenomenon, while shows extra-concentrating phenomenon in circumferential stress.
Adopting Dynamic FEM, the variation curve of dynamic stress with time is calculated for the surrounding rock of caverns in different section shapes under non-uniform stress field. It is revealed by the result that, the dynamic effect of in-situ stress transient unloading is more obvious in the direction of greater stress, where greater disturbance is applied on the surrounding rock. In the same time, the cavern structure is also influencing the unloading stress field distribution. Radial tensile stress is generated on the side walls of city-gate section channel. When the corresponding excavation load on the unloading boundary is higher, the induced tensile stress in the surrounding rock would be higher.
As for the dynamic stress field excited by the coupling of static and dynamic load, due to the high peak value and fast attenuation of blast stress wave, the coupled stress field is mainly blast stress wave in the nearby area, and unloading stress wave in the far area.
Base on the dynamic stress distribution in the surrounding rock during the blasting excavation of deep cavern, adopting damage mechanism and relevant safety criteria for rock mass in different stressed state, the damage zone distribution effected by different dynamic load is studied. Under different in-situ stress conditions, the blast load induced damage in the surrounding rock is limited within the surface layer, which is quite shallow and is obviously influenced by the circumferential stress of the secondary stress field. Under high in-situ stress condition, the damage zone formed by in-situ stress transient unloading is larger than that of quasi-static condition, and is similar in shapes, which are determined by the secondary stress field in the surrounding rock. The final damage scale can be regarded as the coupling of the blast load induced and in-situ stress induced damage zones in the surrounding rock. And the in-situ stress transient unloading is the major cause to large-scale damage zone.
Based on the actual monitored vibration signals in surrounding rock around the diversion tunnel of Jingping Second Cascade Hydropower Station during the excavation, adopting modulus maximum method and time-energy density method in wavelet analysis, the existence of dynamic effect of in-situ stress transient unloading in actual engineering is proved. Through tests and numerical calculation on damage zone induced by blasting excavation in auxiliary tunnel at Jingping Second Cascade Hydropower Station, the surrounding rock damage induced by in-situ stress transient unloading and in-situ stress redistribution (in-situ stress quasi-statically unloaded) are compared, and the formation mechanism and distribution of different damage zones are analyzed. In order to control and reduce the disturbance of in-situ stress transient unloading in surrounding rock, specific optimizing measures are suggested on both excavation procedure and blasting network in the excavation of deep-buried and large-scale caverns.
引文
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