基于道路交通环境负荷因素的城市土地利用格局优化研究
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摘要
机动车,以其舒适、快捷和方便的特性,已成为很多城市交通出行的主要方式。于是,交通行业逐渐成为城市环境污染物和温室气体的主要排放源,而机动车尤其是小汽车的出行需求及特征与道路交通环境负荷息息相关,而土地利用格局正是交通出行的根源,因此,从土地利用的角度分析其对道路交通环境负荷的影响以及如何以城市道路交通环境负荷的降低为目标优化城市土地利用格局成为很有意义的课题,且它的研究能为城市规划者的决策提供借鉴。
本文通过可追踪发生源的道路交通环境负荷测算方法得到目标区域道路交通环境负荷,并分析了发生源土地利用对目标区域道路交通环境负荷的影响,建立了以城市目标区域道路交通环境负荷加权最小为目标的发生源土地利用格局优化模型。首先,分析了土地利用格局对道路交通环境负荷的影响机理,为后续研究奠定理论基础；其次,建立了基于用地类别的交通需求模型,从而建立了发生源土地利用与交通需求之间的关系；再次,给出了系统完整的基于发生源的的道路交通环境负荷测算方法,并采用聚类分析的方法分析了发生源土地利用格局对目标区域道路交通环境负荷产生的影响；最后,构建了道路环境友好的城市土地利用格局优化模型。
结果表明,发生源土地利用格局对目标区域道路交通环境负荷有一定的影响,各变量对影响产生的作用大小不一且有联动效应,在本文的实例中交通小区平均容积率的对道路交通环境负荷的影响作用大于土地利用混合度。此外,通过本文的优化研究证明针对城市部分区域道路交通环境负荷需要降低的研究,在无法优化自身土地利用格局的前提下,通过优化其发生源的土地利用格局可以达到目的。
Motorized travel dominates as a means of transportation in cities due to its comfortability, ease access and nominal convenient. Thus, the transportation sector has become one of the major contributors of city encironmental pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. Essentially, these environment conpacities are mainly determined by the traffic demand and driving characteristics, which are dominated by the urban land use pattern. Thus, it is significantly meaningful and decision supportive to analyze the impacts on environment capacity by urban land use pattern, as well as optimize the urban land use pattern under the constraint of minimizing the environment capacity.
This dissertation focuses on following aspects:
(1) Building up the progressive relationship of land use pattern, urban traffic demand and vehicle emission using the qualitative analysis mechanism.
(2) Establishing a land use characteristic based model to estimate and predict the traffic origin and destination demand of each traffic analysis zone (TAZ). By embedding the proposed traffic demand estimation model to a traffic assignment framework, one can map the traffic demand to each link and calculate the related emission rate. In this way, the vehicle emission of each traffic analysis zone can be estimated.
(3) Proposing an urban land use pattern optimization framework under the constraint of minimizing the urban transportation emission. Based on the field experiment of Dalian city in China,57 TAZ are carefully chosen as the optimization target. By comparing the land use pattern before the optimization and after the optimization, this study has some interesting findings, which are 1) the vehicle emission mitigation objective of some TAZ can be achieved by optimizing the neighboring TAZ; 2) the elasticity of each land use characteristic is different and the elasticity of land use intensity is strongly related with the elasticity of mix land use.
本文通过可追踪发生源的道路交通环境负荷测算方法得到目标区域道路交通环境负荷,并分析了发生源土地利用对目标区域道路交通环境负荷的影响,建立了以城市目标区域道路交通环境负荷加权最小为目标的发生源土地利用格局优化模型。首先,分析了土地利用格局对道路交通环境负荷的影响机理,为后续研究奠定理论基础；其次,建立了基于用地类别的交通需求模型,从而建立了发生源土地利用与交通需求之间的关系；再次,给出了系统完整的基于发生源的的道路交通环境负荷测算方法,并采用聚类分析的方法分析了发生源土地利用格局对目标区域道路交通环境负荷产生的影响；最后,构建了道路环境友好的城市土地利用格局优化模型。
结果表明,发生源土地利用格局对目标区域道路交通环境负荷有一定的影响,各变量对影响产生的作用大小不一且有联动效应,在本文的实例中交通小区平均容积率的对道路交通环境负荷的影响作用大于土地利用混合度。此外,通过本文的优化研究证明针对城市部分区域道路交通环境负荷需要降低的研究,在无法优化自身土地利用格局的前提下,通过优化其发生源的土地利用格局可以达到目的。
Motorized travel dominates as a means of transportation in cities due to its comfortability, ease access and nominal convenient. Thus, the transportation sector has become one of the major contributors of city encironmental pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. Essentially, these environment conpacities are mainly determined by the traffic demand and driving characteristics, which are dominated by the urban land use pattern. Thus, it is significantly meaningful and decision supportive to analyze the impacts on environment capacity by urban land use pattern, as well as optimize the urban land use pattern under the constraint of minimizing the environment capacity.
This dissertation focuses on following aspects:
(1) Building up the progressive relationship of land use pattern, urban traffic demand and vehicle emission using the qualitative analysis mechanism.
(2) Establishing a land use characteristic based model to estimate and predict the traffic origin and destination demand of each traffic analysis zone (TAZ). By embedding the proposed traffic demand estimation model to a traffic assignment framework, one can map the traffic demand to each link and calculate the related emission rate. In this way, the vehicle emission of each traffic analysis zone can be estimated.
(3) Proposing an urban land use pattern optimization framework under the constraint of minimizing the urban transportation emission. Based on the field experiment of Dalian city in China,57 TAZ are carefully chosen as the optimization target. By comparing the land use pattern before the optimization and after the optimization, this study has some interesting findings, which are 1) the vehicle emission mitigation objective of some TAZ can be achieved by optimizing the neighboring TAZ; 2) the elasticity of each land use characteristic is different and the elasticity of land use intensity is strongly related with the elasticity of mix land use.
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