不同生育期杂交晚稻品种氮素吸收特性及其对产量形成的影响
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摘要
本试验在不同施氮量和氮肥运筹模式下研究了不同生育期杂交晚稻品种的氮素吸收特性及其对产量形成的影响,主要结果如下：
(1)不同施氮量和氮肥运筹对4个不同生育期杂交晚稻品种产量有明显的影响。在基础地力和较低施氮量条件下,随生育期延长产量表现出增加的趋势。生育期为107d的早熟品种最高产量在施氮量为150kghm-2和基蘖肥占80%时获得；生育期为115d和124d的中熟品种最高产量在施氮量为195kghm-2和基蘖肥占70%时获得；生育期为132d的迟熟品种最高产量在施氮量为240kghm-2和基蘖肥占50%时获得。在本试验条件下,早熟品种主要靠增穗增产；中熟品种在足穗的基础上适当提高每穗粒数增产;迟熟品种在适宜穗数基础上主要通过大穗增产。
(2)在不同施氮量和氮肥运筹条件下,4个不同生育期杂交晚稻品种总吸氮量随施氮量和穗肥施用比例的增加而增加,氮素表观利用率随施氮量和基蘖肥施用比例的增加而下降。在施氮量和氮肥运筹方法相同的条件下,各品种总吸氮量随生育期的延长而增加,品种间总吸氮量产生差异的主要时期在秧田期和抽穗-成熟期,中、早熟品种在生育前、中期有吸氮优势,迟熟品种在生育后期有吸氮优势,氮素表观利用率随生育期的延长而增加。
(3)4个不同生育期杂交晚稻品种株型上存在差异。在相同施氮量和氮肥运筹条件下,株高和上部3节节间长度随生育期延长而增加。在不同施氮量和氮肥运筹条件下,株高和上部3节间的长度随施氮量和穗肥施用比例的增加而增加；顶3叶的叶长、叶宽和叶角均随施氮量的增加而增加；倒1、2叶叶长、叶宽和叶角随基蘖肥施用比例的增加而增加。
(4)在基础地力和较低施氮量条件下,随生育期的延长4个不同生育期杂交晚稻总干物质积累量表现出增加的趋势。在相同施氮量和氮肥运筹条件下,各品种的高峰苗数、有效穗数随生育期的延长而下降,抽穗期叶面积指数随生育期的延长表现出增加的趋势。在不同施氮量和氮肥运筹条件下,各品种的高峰苗数、有效穗数随施氮量和基蘖肥施用比例的增加而增加；穗分化期、抽穗期叶面积指数(LAI)和抽穗后剑叶叶绿素(SPAD)均随总施氮量和穗肥施用比例的增加而增加。
(5)在江西双季稻地区,早熟和中熟品种通过适当增加氮肥施用量和提高基蘖肥施用比例能获得较高产量,生育期超过130d的迟熟品种生产上有一定风险。
Nitrogen absorption characteristics and its effects of late hybrid rice of different growth period duration were researched on different amount of nitrogen and method of nitrogen application. The main results were as follows:
(1)The amount of different nitrogen applicd and methods of nitrogen fertilizer application had important effects on yield for late hybrid rice with different growth period duration. Under zero and 105kg.ha-1 nitrogen application, the yield increased with the extension of the rice growth duration. The highest yield of short growth period duration (growth period is 107 days) was obtained when the amount of nitrogen applicd was 150 kg.ha-1 and application ratios of basic-tille was 80 percents; The highest yield of middle growth period duration (growth period are 115 and 124 days) was obtained when the amount of nitrogen applicd was 195 kg.ha-1 and application ratios of basic-tiller was 70 percents; The highest yield of long growth period duration (growth period is132 days) was obtained when the amount of nitrogen applicd was 240 kg.ha-1 and application ratios of basic-tille was 50%; For the yield components, the way to increasing yield mainly by increasing panicles for short growth period duration, the way to increasing yield mainly by increasing panicles and grain number for middle growth period duration, the way to increasing yield mainly by increasing grain number for long growth period duration.
(2) Under this experiment condition, the total absorption of nitrogen increased with the increasing of nitrogen uptake amount for late hybrid rice of different growth period duration. When the amount of nitrogen uptake was 195 kg.ha-1, the total absorption of nitrogen showed a increasing tendency when adding the proportion of panicle nitrogen applying. Under the same amount and methodes of nitrogen fertilizer application, the total absorption of nitrogen increased with the extension of growth period, the main period that produced differences is from heading to maturation. Short and middle growth duration had the advantage of nitrogen absorption in early and medium term, the long growth duration were in late stage. The nitrogen utilization increased with the extension of the rice growth duration and the nitrogen utilization dropped with the decline of the amount of nitrogen uptake and application ratios of basic-tiller.
(3) There were differences in plant-type of late hybrid rice with different growth period duration.Plant height and top three internode-length increased with the extension of the rice growth duration. The Plant height and top three internode-length increased with the increases of application and application ratios of panicle. The length,width and angle of the third leaf from top increased with amount of nitrogen application. The length,width and angle of the flag leaf and the second leaf form the top increased with application ratios of basic-tiller.
(4)Under the condition of undering low nitrogen application, total dry material production of double season late hybrid rice increased with the extension of growth period. The maximum tillers number and effective panicles of different growth period late hybrid rice varieties decreased with the extension of growth period, while the LAI of heading stage increased with the extension of growth period.The maximum tillers number and effective panicles of the same variety showed adding with the increasing of amount of nitrogen applied and application ratios of basic-tiller. The LAI and SPAD of differentiation and heading stages were adding with the increasing of amount of nitrogen applied and ratio of application of panicle-fertilizer.
(5)In Jiangxi, a region of double season hybrid rice production, high yield can be obtainded by increasing nitrogen amount and adding the application ratios of basic-tiller for short and middle growth period varieties.The varieties with the growth duration over 130 days plant in this area is not so safty because of low temperature effection in heading period.
(1)不同施氮量和氮肥运筹对4个不同生育期杂交晚稻品种产量有明显的影响。在基础地力和较低施氮量条件下,随生育期延长产量表现出增加的趋势。生育期为107d的早熟品种最高产量在施氮量为150kghm-2和基蘖肥占80%时获得；生育期为115d和124d的中熟品种最高产量在施氮量为195kghm-2和基蘖肥占70%时获得；生育期为132d的迟熟品种最高产量在施氮量为240kghm-2和基蘖肥占50%时获得。在本试验条件下,早熟品种主要靠增穗增产；中熟品种在足穗的基础上适当提高每穗粒数增产;迟熟品种在适宜穗数基础上主要通过大穗增产。
(2)在不同施氮量和氮肥运筹条件下,4个不同生育期杂交晚稻品种总吸氮量随施氮量和穗肥施用比例的增加而增加,氮素表观利用率随施氮量和基蘖肥施用比例的增加而下降。在施氮量和氮肥运筹方法相同的条件下,各品种总吸氮量随生育期的延长而增加,品种间总吸氮量产生差异的主要时期在秧田期和抽穗-成熟期,中、早熟品种在生育前、中期有吸氮优势,迟熟品种在生育后期有吸氮优势,氮素表观利用率随生育期的延长而增加。
(3)4个不同生育期杂交晚稻品种株型上存在差异。在相同施氮量和氮肥运筹条件下,株高和上部3节节间长度随生育期延长而增加。在不同施氮量和氮肥运筹条件下,株高和上部3节间的长度随施氮量和穗肥施用比例的增加而增加；顶3叶的叶长、叶宽和叶角均随施氮量的增加而增加；倒1、2叶叶长、叶宽和叶角随基蘖肥施用比例的增加而增加。
(4)在基础地力和较低施氮量条件下,随生育期的延长4个不同生育期杂交晚稻总干物质积累量表现出增加的趋势。在相同施氮量和氮肥运筹条件下,各品种的高峰苗数、有效穗数随生育期的延长而下降,抽穗期叶面积指数随生育期的延长表现出增加的趋势。在不同施氮量和氮肥运筹条件下,各品种的高峰苗数、有效穗数随施氮量和基蘖肥施用比例的增加而增加；穗分化期、抽穗期叶面积指数(LAI)和抽穗后剑叶叶绿素(SPAD)均随总施氮量和穗肥施用比例的增加而增加。
(5)在江西双季稻地区,早熟和中熟品种通过适当增加氮肥施用量和提高基蘖肥施用比例能获得较高产量,生育期超过130d的迟熟品种生产上有一定风险。
Nitrogen absorption characteristics and its effects of late hybrid rice of different growth period duration were researched on different amount of nitrogen and method of nitrogen application. The main results were as follows:
(1)The amount of different nitrogen applicd and methods of nitrogen fertilizer application had important effects on yield for late hybrid rice with different growth period duration. Under zero and 105kg.ha-1 nitrogen application, the yield increased with the extension of the rice growth duration. The highest yield of short growth period duration (growth period is 107 days) was obtained when the amount of nitrogen applicd was 150 kg.ha-1 and application ratios of basic-tille was 80 percents; The highest yield of middle growth period duration (growth period are 115 and 124 days) was obtained when the amount of nitrogen applicd was 195 kg.ha-1 and application ratios of basic-tiller was 70 percents; The highest yield of long growth period duration (growth period is132 days) was obtained when the amount of nitrogen applicd was 240 kg.ha-1 and application ratios of basic-tille was 50%; For the yield components, the way to increasing yield mainly by increasing panicles for short growth period duration, the way to increasing yield mainly by increasing panicles and grain number for middle growth period duration, the way to increasing yield mainly by increasing grain number for long growth period duration.
(2) Under this experiment condition, the total absorption of nitrogen increased with the increasing of nitrogen uptake amount for late hybrid rice of different growth period duration. When the amount of nitrogen uptake was 195 kg.ha-1, the total absorption of nitrogen showed a increasing tendency when adding the proportion of panicle nitrogen applying. Under the same amount and methodes of nitrogen fertilizer application, the total absorption of nitrogen increased with the extension of growth period, the main period that produced differences is from heading to maturation. Short and middle growth duration had the advantage of nitrogen absorption in early and medium term, the long growth duration were in late stage. The nitrogen utilization increased with the extension of the rice growth duration and the nitrogen utilization dropped with the decline of the amount of nitrogen uptake and application ratios of basic-tiller.
(3) There were differences in plant-type of late hybrid rice with different growth period duration.Plant height and top three internode-length increased with the extension of the rice growth duration. The Plant height and top three internode-length increased with the increases of application and application ratios of panicle. The length,width and angle of the third leaf from top increased with amount of nitrogen application. The length,width and angle of the flag leaf and the second leaf form the top increased with application ratios of basic-tiller.
(4)Under the condition of undering low nitrogen application, total dry material production of double season late hybrid rice increased with the extension of growth period. The maximum tillers number and effective panicles of different growth period late hybrid rice varieties decreased with the extension of growth period, while the LAI of heading stage increased with the extension of growth period.The maximum tillers number and effective panicles of the same variety showed adding with the increasing of amount of nitrogen applied and application ratios of basic-tiller. The LAI and SPAD of differentiation and heading stages were adding with the increasing of amount of nitrogen applied and ratio of application of panicle-fertilizer.
(5)In Jiangxi, a region of double season hybrid rice production, high yield can be obtainded by increasing nitrogen amount and adding the application ratios of basic-tiller for short and middle growth period varieties.The varieties with the growth duration over 130 days plant in this area is not so safty because of low temperature effection in heading period.
引文
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