不整合半风化岩石成岩作用研究
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摘要
由于风化剥蚀程度的不均一性及后期水进形成上覆岩石使得不整合纵向可分为三层结构:不整合面之上岩石、风化粘土层和半风化岩石。半风化岩石是不整合结构的重要组成部分,岩性以碳酸盐岩、砂砾岩和火山岩类为主,是油气成藏的有利储集层位。半风化岩石储层的性质与岩石类型及其所经历的成岩作用过程关系密切,成岩作用对储集空间的形成、发育和保存有着重要的控制作用。冀中坳陷和准噶尔盆地均经历了海西、印支、燕山、喜山等多期构造运动,造就了数个不整合间断面,且区内半风化岩石岩性丰富,成为本文研究的重点区域。多期次不同性质构造活动导致了研究区成岩环境复杂,成岩作用多样,使原岩结构、组分、构造等发生不同程度的变化,同时也改变了储集空间类型及分布方式,为半风化岩石成岩作用研究提供了基础。根据成岩作用对储层性质的影响,可分为建设性成岩作用和破坏性成岩作用两种类型,前者包括白云石化、去石膏化、溶蚀(特别是不整合形成时的大气淡水溶蚀作用)和破裂等作用;后者以重结晶、胶结、压实、压溶、硅化和充填作用为主。溶蚀作用和构造破裂作用是主要的建设作用,有利于增加孔隙度,提高储层质量。尤其溶蚀作用是生成半风化带岩石次生孔隙的最主要途径。溶蚀作用主要表现为酸性流体溶解碳酸盐类、黏土矿物胶结物以及长石颗粒、火山岩屑颗粒等易溶组分,发育粒内溶孔、粒间溶孔和晶内溶孔等次生孔隙,对储层物性起到了积极有效的改善作用,分为风化淋滤作用和埋藏溶蚀作用。压实作用和胶结作用是对储层主要的破坏作用,导致原生和次生孔隙减少,物性变差。沉积物(岩)埋藏早期压实作用对原生孔隙破坏极强,是碎屑岩储层孔隙减少的主要原因。胶结作用在成岩演化过程中广泛发育,常见碳酸盐、硅质和黏土矿物等自生矿物胶结物,充填了几乎所有的原生孔隙和大部分次生孔隙,是碳酸盐岩和火山熔岩次生储集空间遭受破坏的主要原因。
The structure of unconformity can be divided into three layers: rocks above the unconformity interface, weathering clay and paleokarst zone, according to heterogeneity of erosion and rocks formed by transgressin. Semi-weathered rocks, which is mainly composed of carbonate, gravel and volcanic rocks, is an important part of the sturcture and the favorable hydrocarbon accumulation reservoir layer. The semi-weathered rock formation and evolution is closely related to the diagenesis, which controlled the formation and perservation of reservoir. Since the Paleozoic, it has undergone multi-periods tectonic movement such as Caledonian, Hercynian, Indo-China and the Himalayan, and formed several unconformities in Jizhong Depression and the Junggar Basin. These two area are rich in semi-weathered rock lithology and become the focus region of this study. Multiphase tectonic activities led to the different nature of the study area complex diagenetic environment, diagenesis and diverse, so that the original rock structure, composition, structure and other changes to different extent, but also changed the types and distribution of reservoir space. Tectonic activities provide the foundation of Diagenesis about semi-weathered. According to the nature of diagenesis of the reservoir can be divided into constructive and destructive diagenesis diagenesis of two types, the former including dolomitization, to plaster of dissolution (especially non-integrated atmospheric water during the formation of dissolution) and the role of rupture; latter recrystallization, cementation, compaction, pressure solution, and filling the role of silica-based. Dissolution and tectonic disruption are the main construal diagenesis, helping to increase the porosity and improve the reservoir quality. In particular, the dissolution is to produce semi-weathered rock with secondary porosity of the most important way. Mainly as acidic dissolution fluid dissolved carbonate, clay mineral cements and feldspar, volcanic debris and other soluble components of particles, development intragranular dissolved pores, intergranular dissolution pores and intragranular dissolution porosity and other secondary porosity of the storage physical property has played a positive and effective to improve the role of weathering and leaching into burial dissolution. Compaction and cementation are the main destructive effects on the reservoir, leading to reduction of primary and secondary porosity, and deterioration of properties. Compaction damages primary porosity strongly and is the main reason for porosity reduction about clastic reservoir. Cementation developmented extensivly in the diagenetic evolution, filling almost all the primary and most secondary pore with authigenic mineral cements, such as carbonate, silica and clay minerals and so on, which is the main reason for the deeturction of pore in varbonate rocks and volcanic lava reservoir.
The structure of unconformity can be divided into three layers: rocks above the unconformity interface, weathering clay and paleokarst zone, according to heterogeneity of erosion and rocks formed by transgressin. Semi-weathered rocks, which is mainly composed of carbonate, gravel and volcanic rocks, is an important part of the sturcture and the favorable hydrocarbon accumulation reservoir layer. The semi-weathered rock formation and evolution is closely related to the diagenesis, which controlled the formation and perservation of reservoir. Since the Paleozoic, it has undergone multi-periods tectonic movement such as Caledonian, Hercynian, Indo-China and the Himalayan, and formed several unconformities in Jizhong Depression and the Junggar Basin. These two area are rich in semi-weathered rock lithology and become the focus region of this study. Multiphase tectonic activities led to the different nature of the study area complex diagenetic environment, diagenesis and diverse, so that the original rock structure, composition, structure and other changes to different extent, but also changed the types and distribution of reservoir space. Tectonic activities provide the foundation of Diagenesis about semi-weathered. According to the nature of diagenesis of the reservoir can be divided into constructive and destructive diagenesis diagenesis of two types, the former including dolomitization, to plaster of dissolution (especially non-integrated atmospheric water during the formation of dissolution) and the role of rupture; latter recrystallization, cementation, compaction, pressure solution, and filling the role of silica-based. Dissolution and tectonic disruption are the main construal diagenesis, helping to increase the porosity and improve the reservoir quality. In particular, the dissolution is to produce semi-weathered rock with secondary porosity of the most important way. Mainly as acidic dissolution fluid dissolved carbonate, clay mineral cements and feldspar, volcanic debris and other soluble components of particles, development intragranular dissolved pores, intergranular dissolution pores and intragranular dissolution porosity and other secondary porosity of the storage physical property has played a positive and effective to improve the role of weathering and leaching into burial dissolution. Compaction and cementation are the main destructive effects on the reservoir, leading to reduction of primary and secondary porosity, and deterioration of properties. Compaction damages primary porosity strongly and is the main reason for porosity reduction about clastic reservoir. Cementation developmented extensivly in the diagenetic evolution, filling almost all the primary and most secondary pore with authigenic mineral cements, such as carbonate, silica and clay minerals and so on, which is the main reason for the deeturction of pore in varbonate rocks and volcanic lava reservoir.
引文
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