北京话音节发音的时间结构
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摘要
本文以发音音系学为理论框架基于发音数据对北京话音节中各成分发音的时间关系进行了深入的实验研究。
传统认为语音是按照线性依次排列的(Trubetzkoy 1939; Jakobson 1941; Chomsky and Halle 1968),但近来基于发音动作诸研究发现情况并不都是这样。在一个CVC音节中,虽然音节尾辅音是在元音结束之后才开始发出的,但音节首辅音与元音的发音却是同时开始的(Goldstein et al.2006; Xu and Liu 2006)。那么,北京话音节中包括C和V在内各成分之间存在着什么样的发音时间关系呢?北京话音节种类的数量有限,我们不妨对北京话各音节类型做一个比较全面的分析和研究,搞清楚各成分发音之间的时间关系,并提出北京话音节各成分发音动作之间的统一的音节发音模式。
发音音系学是一种基于发音动作的音系学理论,由Browman and Goldstein(1986,1988,1989,1992,1995)提出。该理论认为发音动作是语言中的基本成分,音节由相互配合的发音动作构成。本文将从上述这一理论观点出发,对北京话音节结构成分之间的进行分析和探讨。
发音动作数据的采集由电磁发音仪(EMA)来完成。它可以实时显示粘贴在唇、下颚和舌面等部位表面的感应器的运动,并将这种运动与声学数据同步录制下来。发音人共三位,均为以北京话为母语的男士,年龄均在20-30岁之间,没有发音和听觉上的障碍。录制下来的发音和声学数据的处理由MatLab、Praat等软件完成。数据统计将采用Minitab软件完成。
北京话音节成分共有六种：首辅音C、主元音V、元音前滑音G、元音后滑音E、尾鼻音N和儿尾R。这些成分可构成六对,分别是CV、CG、GV、VE、VN和CR。本研究采用实验方法对北京话音节各成分发音之间的时间关系进行成对比较和分析。通过实验,我们得到每对发音动作在开始时间上的差异。实验结果表明,我们进行比较的这几对发音动作均可以认为是在音节首位置同时开始实施的。调类、音节结构、发音方法等方面的不同基本上不会对数据结果产生影响。发音动作的目标位置及运动方向有时候会对相比较的两个发音动作的开始时间差带来影响,但均可以得到合理的解释。基于这一实验结果,本文
The present dissertation makes an attempt to investigate into the articulatory timing between gestures in Beijing Mandarin syllables within the framework of Articulatory Phonology.
Speech sounds in language are traditionally believed to be linearly arranged one after another (Trubetzkoy 1939; Jakobson 1941; Chomsky and Halle 1968), but recent gesture-based studies find that this is not always the case. In a CVC syllable, while the gesture of the syllable-final consonant starts after the completion of the vowel, the gesture of the syllable-initial consonant starts simultaneously with that of the vowel (Goldstein et al.2006; Xu and Liu 2006). This inspired me to ponder over the timing of sounds like the pre- and postnuclear glides and the retroflexion in Mandarin syllables. The limited number of all syllable types in Mandarin makes it possible to conduct an extensive investigation into the organization of elements in all types of Mandarin syllables, and to build a gesture-based model of syllable structure accounting for all intergestural timing relations in this language.
Articulatory Phonology is a gesture-based phonological theory developed by Browman, Goldstein and their colleagues (Browman and Goldstein 1986,1988, 1989,1992,1995). They claim that gestures are basic elements in language, and syllables are formed by mutually coupled gestures. The questions raised in the previous paragraph will be investigated in the framework of this theory.
The technique employed for collecting the articulatory data is the electromagnetic articulography (EMA), which can perform real-time display and recording of the movements of up to twelve sensors attached to the surface of the lips, the jaw and the tongue, and synchronized acoustical data. The participants invited are three male native Beijing Mandarin speakers all in their twenties without any speaking or hearing problems. The articulatory and acoustical data are processed by computer software MatLab and Praat. The statistical work is done by Minitab.
Totally there are six kinds of elements in Mandarin syllables, including syllable-initial consonants (C), prenuclear glides (G), nuclear vowels (V), postnuclear glides (E, from'ending', distinguished from G), nasal codas (N) and the retroflexion (R). The timing relationships between six pairs of gestures, including CV, CG, GV, VE, VN and CR, are investigated. The onset-to-onset lags of these pairs are computed. Results show that these pairs can all be assumed to start simultaneously from the beginning of the syllable. By integrating these intergestural timing relationships together, we can propose an overall model of gestural organization in Mandarin syllables, that is, all the gestures in a syllable start simultaneously form the beginning of the syllable, but end one by one differently. The initial consonant C ends first, then does the glide G, the vowel V, and at last the ending E and the retroflexion R. A postnuclear glide ending and a nasal coda are not allowed to occur simultaneously in the same syllable; so there is no coupling relationship between them. The retroflexion is actually a feature all over the whole syllable.
The coproduction of the C and V is in accordance with Goldstein et al. (2006) and Xu and Liu (2006). The coproduction of the G, V and E is in accordance with Ren's (1986) Truncation Model, and provides explanation for the variation of the mid and low vowels in GVE sequences and the prohibition of filling the two positions of glides with the same glide in the same syllable. The coproduction of the vowel and nasal coda is against the proposal of Goldstein et al. (2006) and Xu and Liu (2006), even though I will insist on the proposed model in the present study, based on the articulatory data of the present experiment, the aerodynamic data from Fung (2001), phonological data from synchronic and diachronic phonological processes, and the explanatory power of the present model on the variation of the vowels in VN sequences. The co-onset of the initial consonant C and the retroflexion R tells us that the retroflexion is better to be viewed as a feature on the whole syllable, but not a suffix to the end, similar to the'fusional type'.proposal in earlier analyses.
The primary significance of the present study is that it is the first time the timing relationships between the productions of all kinds of elements in syllables of a language is investigated in an articulatory experiment, and an integrated model of syllable structure, which is explanatory to a lot of phonological phenomena, is proposed, bringing a better understanding of the timing relationships between the productions of the elements and relevant phonological processes in syllables of the human languages, especially Mandarin.
传统认为语音是按照线性依次排列的(Trubetzkoy 1939; Jakobson 1941; Chomsky and Halle 1968),但近来基于发音动作诸研究发现情况并不都是这样。在一个CVC音节中,虽然音节尾辅音是在元音结束之后才开始发出的,但音节首辅音与元音的发音却是同时开始的(Goldstein et al.2006; Xu and Liu 2006)。那么,北京话音节中包括C和V在内各成分之间存在着什么样的发音时间关系呢?北京话音节种类的数量有限,我们不妨对北京话各音节类型做一个比较全面的分析和研究,搞清楚各成分发音之间的时间关系,并提出北京话音节各成分发音动作之间的统一的音节发音模式。
发音音系学是一种基于发音动作的音系学理论,由Browman and Goldstein(1986,1988,1989,1992,1995)提出。该理论认为发音动作是语言中的基本成分,音节由相互配合的发音动作构成。本文将从上述这一理论观点出发,对北京话音节结构成分之间的进行分析和探讨。
发音动作数据的采集由电磁发音仪(EMA)来完成。它可以实时显示粘贴在唇、下颚和舌面等部位表面的感应器的运动,并将这种运动与声学数据同步录制下来。发音人共三位,均为以北京话为母语的男士,年龄均在20-30岁之间,没有发音和听觉上的障碍。录制下来的发音和声学数据的处理由MatLab、Praat等软件完成。数据统计将采用Minitab软件完成。
北京话音节成分共有六种：首辅音C、主元音V、元音前滑音G、元音后滑音E、尾鼻音N和儿尾R。这些成分可构成六对,分别是CV、CG、GV、VE、VN和CR。本研究采用实验方法对北京话音节各成分发音之间的时间关系进行成对比较和分析。通过实验,我们得到每对发音动作在开始时间上的差异。实验结果表明,我们进行比较的这几对发音动作均可以认为是在音节首位置同时开始实施的。调类、音节结构、发音方法等方面的不同基本上不会对数据结果产生影响。发音动作的目标位置及运动方向有时候会对相比较的两个发音动作的开始时间差带来影响,但均可以得到合理的解释。基于这一实验结果,本文
The present dissertation makes an attempt to investigate into the articulatory timing between gestures in Beijing Mandarin syllables within the framework of Articulatory Phonology.
Speech sounds in language are traditionally believed to be linearly arranged one after another (Trubetzkoy 1939; Jakobson 1941; Chomsky and Halle 1968), but recent gesture-based studies find that this is not always the case. In a CVC syllable, while the gesture of the syllable-final consonant starts after the completion of the vowel, the gesture of the syllable-initial consonant starts simultaneously with that of the vowel (Goldstein et al.2006; Xu and Liu 2006). This inspired me to ponder over the timing of sounds like the pre- and postnuclear glides and the retroflexion in Mandarin syllables. The limited number of all syllable types in Mandarin makes it possible to conduct an extensive investigation into the organization of elements in all types of Mandarin syllables, and to build a gesture-based model of syllable structure accounting for all intergestural timing relations in this language.
Articulatory Phonology is a gesture-based phonological theory developed by Browman, Goldstein and their colleagues (Browman and Goldstein 1986,1988, 1989,1992,1995). They claim that gestures are basic elements in language, and syllables are formed by mutually coupled gestures. The questions raised in the previous paragraph will be investigated in the framework of this theory.
The technique employed for collecting the articulatory data is the electromagnetic articulography (EMA), which can perform real-time display and recording of the movements of up to twelve sensors attached to the surface of the lips, the jaw and the tongue, and synchronized acoustical data. The participants invited are three male native Beijing Mandarin speakers all in their twenties without any speaking or hearing problems. The articulatory and acoustical data are processed by computer software MatLab and Praat. The statistical work is done by Minitab.
Totally there are six kinds of elements in Mandarin syllables, including syllable-initial consonants (C), prenuclear glides (G), nuclear vowels (V), postnuclear glides (E, from'ending', distinguished from G), nasal codas (N) and the retroflexion (R). The timing relationships between six pairs of gestures, including CV, CG, GV, VE, VN and CR, are investigated. The onset-to-onset lags of these pairs are computed. Results show that these pairs can all be assumed to start simultaneously from the beginning of the syllable. By integrating these intergestural timing relationships together, we can propose an overall model of gestural organization in Mandarin syllables, that is, all the gestures in a syllable start simultaneously form the beginning of the syllable, but end one by one differently. The initial consonant C ends first, then does the glide G, the vowel V, and at last the ending E and the retroflexion R. A postnuclear glide ending and a nasal coda are not allowed to occur simultaneously in the same syllable; so there is no coupling relationship between them. The retroflexion is actually a feature all over the whole syllable.
The coproduction of the C and V is in accordance with Goldstein et al. (2006) and Xu and Liu (2006). The coproduction of the G, V and E is in accordance with Ren's (1986) Truncation Model, and provides explanation for the variation of the mid and low vowels in GVE sequences and the prohibition of filling the two positions of glides with the same glide in the same syllable. The coproduction of the vowel and nasal coda is against the proposal of Goldstein et al. (2006) and Xu and Liu (2006), even though I will insist on the proposed model in the present study, based on the articulatory data of the present experiment, the aerodynamic data from Fung (2001), phonological data from synchronic and diachronic phonological processes, and the explanatory power of the present model on the variation of the vowels in VN sequences. The co-onset of the initial consonant C and the retroflexion R tells us that the retroflexion is better to be viewed as a feature on the whole syllable, but not a suffix to the end, similar to the'fusional type'.proposal in earlier analyses.
The primary significance of the present study is that it is the first time the timing relationships between the productions of all kinds of elements in syllables of a language is investigated in an articulatory experiment, and an integrated model of syllable structure, which is explanatory to a lot of phonological phenomena, is proposed, bringing a better understanding of the timing relationships between the productions of the elements and relevant phonological processes in syllables of the human languages, especially Mandarin.
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