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岩土锚固荷载传递规律与锚固特性试验研究
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摘要
岩土锚固作为一种实用性强的工程加固技术已经成为解决岩土工程稳定性问题最有效的手段之一,在边坡工程、隧道工程、采矿工程及基坑工程等领域得到了广泛的应用。由于锚固系统的隐蔽性和复杂性,使得现阶段对岩土锚固理论的研究还很不成熟,锚固系统的力学作用机理还没有形成一套完整的体系,岩土锚固支护设计和施工还存在一定的盲目性。本文在分析和总结目前锚固技术发展概况、锚固系统破坏模式、锚固界面力学作用机理研究现状及存在问题的基础上,对以下几个方面展开了较为深入的研究,主要有:
     (1)总结了已有锚固体与岩土体之间的剪切滑移本构关系模型。基于B.Benmok-rane等建立的孔壁界面剪切滑移本构模型,采用荷载传递函数法,建立弹塑性理论空间模型,得到了锚杆(索)界面上剪应力沿锚固体长度分布的理论解。研究表明,锚固体与围岩界面可分为残余剪切阶段,塑性软化阶段和弹性变形阶段,不同阶段的界面上具有不同剪应力分布规律,并对锚固效果的影响因素进行了系统的分析。
     (2)建立了锚杆(索)与围岩体之间相互作用的载荷传递微分方程,分别对锚固体处于弹塑性状态和粘弹塑性状态下的应力变化过程进行了分析,得到了界面应力分布的表达式。结合拉拔力学模型,推导出了预应力锚杆(索)剪应力及轴力分布公式,给出了合理预张荷载的确定方法。
     (3)基于钢筋表面形态,将剪胀滑移模型引入界面应力分析中,建立了砂浆中钢筋荷载传递模型,获得了钢筋应力沿锚固长度的分布规律,并对其影响因素进行分析。利用弹性理论对锚杆(索)合理孔径比进行分析研究,得到了锚固荷载达到极限时的孔径比公式。
     (4)通过岩土体中锚杆(索)拉拔试验研究,与沿锚固体的应力分布规律理论结果进行对比分析显示两者吻合较好,证明了理论分析的正确性。对煤层及砂浆锚杆(索)拉拔试验得到的荷载位移全过程曲线进行分析,得到了拉拔过程中两个界面的破坏过程,并利用声发射技术对砂浆中界面破坏过程进行了系统分析。推导了锥体粘结破坏模式下锚固系统的极限抗拔承载力计算公式,得到了试验过程中出现锥体粘结破坏时钢筋极限抗拔力,并与理论值进行了比较分析。
     (5)推导了锚固层界面极限抗剪强度参数与锚杆拉拔P-S曲线之间的公式关系,利用在煤岩体中进行的现场试验得到的P-S曲线数据,得到了锚固剂(树脂、砂浆)与煤岩体之间的抗剪强度参数,对锚杆(索)工程设计具有指导意义。
     (6)基于对锚固理论和现场试验的研究提出一套符合工程实际的动态锚杆(索)支护设计方法,将该设计方法应用于柠条塔煤矿N1203工作面胶运顺槽锚杆(索)支护设计中,并在现场进行了试验段研究,稳定性监测结果显示锚杆(索)支护效果良好,取得了显著的经济和社会效益。
Geotechnical anchoring, as a kind of practical engineering technology, is one of the mosteffective methods to solve the stability of geotechnical engineering problems. It is widelyused in slope, tunnel, mining, foundation ditch and so on. Due to anchoring system belongingto hidden and complex project, the theory of anchorage is un-mature so far. The mechanismof it doesn’t have a complete system, and the anchor design and construction also have someblindness. Based on the analysis and summary of present researches and existing problems ofanchoring situations, anchoring failure modes and anchorage mechanism on interface, deepresearches were carried out and the main work is as follow:
     (1) Summarizing the existing shear slip model between the anchorage and therock,based on the shear slip model of pore wall which was built by B.Benmokrane, taking theload transfer function method, a elastic-plastic model was set up for the theoretical solution ofthe shearing stress distribution law along the length direction. Research shows that anchorsolid rock interface can be divided into the residual shear stage, plastic softening stage andelastic deformation stage, and the different stage of interface has different shear stressdistribution. And the factors which influence the anchoring effect were analyzed exactly.
     (2) The differential equation for the interactions between bolt (cable) and rock was set upand based on the shear slip model in elastoplastic state and viscoelastic plastic state theinterfacial stress distribution were obtained. Combined the drawing model, the shear stressand the axial force of the pre-stressed anchor (cable) were deduced and the method ofreasonable pre-tension load was given.
     (3) Based on steel surface, the dilatancy sliding model was introduced into the interfacestress analysis. The load transfer model was built in mortar, the axial force and shear stressdistribution along anchorage were obtained and the factors were analyzed. Use the elastic theory of anchor (cable) reasonable aperture ratio analysis, the formula for aperture ratio wasobtained.
     (4) By the experimental study of bolt (cable) in rock and loess, the test results were ingood agreement with the theory analysis results that the stress distribution along theanchorage. Obtained the failure processes of two interfaces based on the analylzed the wholeload-displacement curves of the bolt (cable) pulling test in coal and mortar and used theacoustic emission technique made systems analysis of the failure processes on interface inmortar. Derived the ultimate pull bearing capacity calculating formulae of anchorage systemunder the cone-bond destruction mode, obtained the ultimate pull force of steel when appearcone-bond destruction appeared in the process of test, and compared with the theoreticalvalue.
     (5) The formula relationship between the limit shear strength parameter of anchoringlayer interface and the bolt P-S curve was derived. By the P-S curve datas of field anchor testsin the coal mass, obtained the shear strength parameters between the resin and coal mass, hasguiding significance to direct bolt (cable) engineering design.
     (6) Based on the theory and experiment on anchorage,a dynamic bolt (cable) designmethod which in line with the engineering actual was summed up, and the method wasapplied in the roadway bolt (cable) supporting design of N1203working face in NingtiaotaCoal Mine. Conduct experimental study in the field of test section, stability monitoring resultsshow bolt (cable) supporting effect was good, achieved remarkable economic and socialbenefits.
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