北方地区两种主要类型裸露坡面植被恢复及生态功能评价研究
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摘要
裸露坡面植被恢复是一项长期的、复杂的生态工程,其目的是为了恢复植被,减少水土流失,防沙治沙,改善日益恶化的生态环境。本文以恢复生态学的基本原理和可持续发展等理论为依据,从基础研究着手,对北方裸露坡面进行系统分类;以实验基地人工堆积裸露坡面为研究对象,研究了人工模拟裸露坡面上灌木群落光合特性、几种主要植物群落根系分部特征及生物量;以北京门头沟区109国道及百花山景区公路沿线裸露坡面为研究对象,分别在斋堂镇及百花山景区公路上各选择了5种植被恢复配置模式,系统的研究不同配置模式的生态功能,筛选出优化配置模式;以抚顺露天煤矿西排土场矸石山为研究对象,研究了不同排矸年限阴阳坡植被及土壤的演变特征,并对公路及矸石山植被恢复生态功能做出综合评价。研究结果为北方地区裸露坡面植被恢复提供理论依据。主要结果如下:
1)本文根据裸露坡面成因及其坡面的典型特征,综合考虑多方面因素,采用多个因子进行综合分类。将裸露坡面进行系统划分,使得复杂多变的裸露坡面得以条理化、系统化。
2)选择四种优良水土保持灌木荆条(Vitex negundo var.heterophylla)、酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu)、胡枝子(Leapedezabicolor.Turcz)、紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa L.)为研究对象,调查分析其根系分布特征及地上、地下生物量相关性及有效根密度的差异,结果表明:紫穗槐在不同人工群落中的地下生物量相对稳定,具有良好的混播性能;四种灌木地上、地下生物量有较强的相关性,群落Ⅰ有效根密度总和远大于群落Ⅱ和Ⅲ,说明群落Ⅰ的植物配置模式相对合理。
3)对人工模拟裸露坡面上的四种灌木净光速率日变化研究结果表明:胡枝子净光合速率及蒸腾速率日变化均呈单峰曲线,水分利用效率上坡位低于下坡和平地;荆条的光合速率及蒸腾速率日变化呈单峰曲线,水分利用效率变化趋势平缓;酸枣净光合速率及蒸腾速率呈单峰曲线,水分利用效率上坡出现双峰;紫穗槐净光合速率呈双峰变化曲线,蒸腾速率在上坡和平地呈现双峰变化,在下坡呈单峰变化,水分利用效率平地明显高于上坡和下坡。
4)在百花山区,物种植物配置模式D(胡枝子+紫穗槐+马棘(Indigoferapseudotinctoria Mats.)+荆条+苜蓿(Medicago sativa Linn)+野菊(Dendranthemaindicum(Linn.)Des Moul.))物种多样性指数、生物量、截流量、枯枝落叶层的现存量、容水量最大;土壤孔隙度、结构系数均最大,团聚体含量最高;团聚状况、团聚度、分散系数最小。生态功能评价结果模式D得分最高,建议在该地区推广以乡土植物为主的灌草结合的配制模式。
5)在斋堂镇,模式H(白桦(Betula platyphylla Suk)+胡桃楸(Juglansmandshurica)+油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.))物种多样性指数、植冠层生物量、截留量、枯枝落叶层的现存量和容水量均最大;抗冲性指数最大,土壤化学性质的改善作用最强。在斋堂镇各种配置模式生态功能综合评价结果以模式H得分最高,值得推广。
6)抚顺西排土场矸石山阴坡,随着排矸年限的,增加物种数由初期的4科5种增至后期14科29种。植被由最初的鹅绒藤(Cynanchum chinense R.Br.)+豚草(AmbrosiaartemisiifoliaL)+刺蒺藜(Puncturevine Caltrop Fruit)群落逐步演变到榆树群落。建议在阴坡人工植被恢复时,乔木可配置耐旱榆树(Ulmus pumila L.)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)和火炬(Rhus typhina),停止排矸长的地段可适当配置白桦,灌木可配置耐旱胡枝子、紫穗槐、山杏(prunus armniacaL.)、沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.)、酸枣等,以快速改善生境条件。土壤理化性质分析结果表明,阴坡矸石风化18年后土壤机械组成、土壤容重接近农田水平,阳坡显著低于阴坡与农田差异较大;土壤有机含量、有效N含量、有效P含量低于农田水平,阳坡低于阴坡;速效K的含量阳坡、阴坡明显高于农田。生态功能综合评价值均随着排矸年限的增加而增大。阴阳坡植被恢复生态功能综合评价结果为:阴_D＞阳_D＞阴_C＞阳_C＞阴_B＞阳_B＞阴_A＞阳_A。
Restoration of uncovering slopes is a long-term and complex ecological project to reduce soil erosion,and to desertificate and improve the deteriorating ecological environment.This paper basing on the principles of restoration ecology and theory of sustainable development,classified the uncovering slopes of semiarid areas systemically from the basic research on restoration of uncovering slopes,and researched on the photosynthetic characteristics of shrub community,and the patterns and biomass of root system on the artificial uncovering slopes with artificial restoration.This paper talked about the uncovering slopes along the Mentougou District in Beijing 109 National Highway and Baihua Mountain scenic highway,and by choosing five vegetation restoration models at the town of Zhaitang and along with Baihua Mountain scenic highway.The author systematically studied the different ecological function of above models,and selected the optimal allocation model.By investigating Fushun Open-pit Coal Mine Western waste dump,the author also researched the evolution characteristics of vegetation and soil in shady and sunny slope where the waste rocks are discharged in different years.The results provide a theoretical basis for vegetation restoration of uncovering slopes in the north semi-arid areas.The main results are:
1)Based on the causes and typical characteristics of uncovering slopes,and also other factors,the paper used muti-factor classification.This classification will be systematical.
2)Researched on four excellent shrubs in water and soil conservation Vitex negundo var.heterophylla,Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa(Bunge) Hu,Leapedezabicolor.Turcz,Amorpha fruticosa L.,and investigated roots distribution,the correlation of biomass on the ground and below-ground and the effective root density,The results are as follows:
The below-ground biomass of Amorpha in different artificial community is relatively stable,have good mixed sowing performance;there is a strong correlation between on the ground and below-ground biomass of four shrubs,the effective root density of communityⅠis far greater than communityⅡ,Ⅲ. These results illustrated CommunityⅠis relatively reasonable.
3)The results of study on net photosynthetic rate of four shrubs on the artificial uncovering slope showed:the changes on net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of Leapedezabicolor.Turcz.are both peak curve,water use efficiency on the uphill is lower than downhill and ground;the changes on net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of Vitex negundo var.heterophylla are both single peak curve,The difference of water use efficiency is not significant,the changes on net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu are both single peak curve,water use efficiency on the uphill showed double-peak curve,the changes on net photosynthetic rate of Amorpha fruticosa L.is single peak curve,the transpiration rate showed double-peak curve on the uphill and ground,but,on the downhill showed single peak curve,water use efficiency on the ground is higher uphill and downhill significantly.
4) On the Baihua Mountain,plant species configuration mode D(Amorpha fruticosa L.is+ Leapedezabicolor.Turcz.+ Vitex negundo var.heterophylla+ Indigofera pseudotinctoria Mats.+ Medicago sativa Linn.+ Dendranthema indicum(Linn.)Des Moul.) is largest on the aspects of index of species diversity、biomass,intercepted amount,the existing volume of litter,water capacity, soil porosity,structure coefficient and aggregate content,and is lowest on the aspects of soil aggregation, degree of aggregation and dispersion coefficient.Results of the evaluation of the ecological functions of the D model with the highest scores,is recommended in the region to promote a local plant-based combined with the plant shrubs and grasses.
5) At the town of Zhaitang,model H(Betula platyphylla Suk.+ Juglans mandshurica+ Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)is largest on the aspects of index of species diversity、biomass,intercepted amount, the existing volume of litter,water capacity,the index of soil anti-scourability and change on soil chemical properties.Evaluation of the H model with the highest scores,is worth promoting.
6) On the shady slope in Fushun Western Waste Dump,with the scheduled length of the waste rocks,the number of species from the initial four families and five species increased to 14 families and 29 species.Vegetation from the very beginning of Cynanchum chinense R.Br., AmbrosiaartemisiifoliaL,Puncturevine Caltrop Fruit community turned to the Ulmus pumila L. community.Artificial slope in the proposed restoration of vegetation,drought-resistant elm trees as Ulmus pumila L.,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,Rhus typhina can be configured.On the area of stopped discharge waste rock,Betula platyphylla Suk.,Leapedezabicolor.Turcz.,Amorpha fruticosa L.,prunus armniacaL.,Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu and Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.can be configured.The results of Analysis of the physical and chemical properties of soil showed on the shady slope the mechanical components and soil bulk density of waste rock will be close to the level of farmland after 18 years.,and on the sunny slope,the above two aspects significantly lower than shady slope,meanwhile compared with farmland,the difference is significant.Soil on the shady and sunny slope,on the aspects of Soil organic content,the effective content of N,P and effective content was lower than the level of farmland.Available K content in the sunny and shady slope was significantly higher than farmland.The comprehensive evaluation of the ecological functions increased with the waste of life increases.The results of comprehensive evaluation on restoration of vegetation on the shady and sunny slopes,shows shady D＞sunny D＞shady C＞sunny C＞shady B＞sunny B＞shady A＞sunny A.
1)本文根据裸露坡面成因及其坡面的典型特征,综合考虑多方面因素,采用多个因子进行综合分类。将裸露坡面进行系统划分,使得复杂多变的裸露坡面得以条理化、系统化。
2)选择四种优良水土保持灌木荆条(Vitex negundo var.heterophylla)、酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu)、胡枝子(Leapedezabicolor.Turcz)、紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa L.)为研究对象,调查分析其根系分布特征及地上、地下生物量相关性及有效根密度的差异,结果表明:紫穗槐在不同人工群落中的地下生物量相对稳定,具有良好的混播性能;四种灌木地上、地下生物量有较强的相关性,群落Ⅰ有效根密度总和远大于群落Ⅱ和Ⅲ,说明群落Ⅰ的植物配置模式相对合理。
3)对人工模拟裸露坡面上的四种灌木净光速率日变化研究结果表明:胡枝子净光合速率及蒸腾速率日变化均呈单峰曲线,水分利用效率上坡位低于下坡和平地;荆条的光合速率及蒸腾速率日变化呈单峰曲线,水分利用效率变化趋势平缓;酸枣净光合速率及蒸腾速率呈单峰曲线,水分利用效率上坡出现双峰;紫穗槐净光合速率呈双峰变化曲线,蒸腾速率在上坡和平地呈现双峰变化,在下坡呈单峰变化,水分利用效率平地明显高于上坡和下坡。
4)在百花山区,物种植物配置模式D(胡枝子+紫穗槐+马棘(Indigoferapseudotinctoria Mats.)+荆条+苜蓿(Medicago sativa Linn)+野菊(Dendranthemaindicum(Linn.)Des Moul.))物种多样性指数、生物量、截流量、枯枝落叶层的现存量、容水量最大;土壤孔隙度、结构系数均最大,团聚体含量最高;团聚状况、团聚度、分散系数最小。生态功能评价结果模式D得分最高,建议在该地区推广以乡土植物为主的灌草结合的配制模式。
5)在斋堂镇,模式H(白桦(Betula platyphylla Suk)+胡桃楸(Juglansmandshurica)+油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.))物种多样性指数、植冠层生物量、截留量、枯枝落叶层的现存量和容水量均最大;抗冲性指数最大,土壤化学性质的改善作用最强。在斋堂镇各种配置模式生态功能综合评价结果以模式H得分最高,值得推广。
6)抚顺西排土场矸石山阴坡,随着排矸年限的,增加物种数由初期的4科5种增至后期14科29种。植被由最初的鹅绒藤(Cynanchum chinense R.Br.)+豚草(AmbrosiaartemisiifoliaL)+刺蒺藜(Puncturevine Caltrop Fruit)群落逐步演变到榆树群落。建议在阴坡人工植被恢复时,乔木可配置耐旱榆树(Ulmus pumila L.)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)和火炬(Rhus typhina),停止排矸长的地段可适当配置白桦,灌木可配置耐旱胡枝子、紫穗槐、山杏(prunus armniacaL.)、沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.)、酸枣等,以快速改善生境条件。土壤理化性质分析结果表明,阴坡矸石风化18年后土壤机械组成、土壤容重接近农田水平,阳坡显著低于阴坡与农田差异较大;土壤有机含量、有效N含量、有效P含量低于农田水平,阳坡低于阴坡;速效K的含量阳坡、阴坡明显高于农田。生态功能综合评价值均随着排矸年限的增加而增大。阴阳坡植被恢复生态功能综合评价结果为:阴_D＞阳_D＞阴_C＞阳_C＞阴_B＞阳_B＞阴_A＞阳_A。
Restoration of uncovering slopes is a long-term and complex ecological project to reduce soil erosion,and to desertificate and improve the deteriorating ecological environment.This paper basing on the principles of restoration ecology and theory of sustainable development,classified the uncovering slopes of semiarid areas systemically from the basic research on restoration of uncovering slopes,and researched on the photosynthetic characteristics of shrub community,and the patterns and biomass of root system on the artificial uncovering slopes with artificial restoration.This paper talked about the uncovering slopes along the Mentougou District in Beijing 109 National Highway and Baihua Mountain scenic highway,and by choosing five vegetation restoration models at the town of Zhaitang and along with Baihua Mountain scenic highway.The author systematically studied the different ecological function of above models,and selected the optimal allocation model.By investigating Fushun Open-pit Coal Mine Western waste dump,the author also researched the evolution characteristics of vegetation and soil in shady and sunny slope where the waste rocks are discharged in different years.The results provide a theoretical basis for vegetation restoration of uncovering slopes in the north semi-arid areas.The main results are:
1)Based on the causes and typical characteristics of uncovering slopes,and also other factors,the paper used muti-factor classification.This classification will be systematical.
2)Researched on four excellent shrubs in water and soil conservation Vitex negundo var.heterophylla,Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa(Bunge) Hu,Leapedezabicolor.Turcz,Amorpha fruticosa L.,and investigated roots distribution,the correlation of biomass on the ground and below-ground and the effective root density,The results are as follows:
The below-ground biomass of Amorpha in different artificial community is relatively stable,have good mixed sowing performance;there is a strong correlation between on the ground and below-ground biomass of four shrubs,the effective root density of communityⅠis far greater than communityⅡ,Ⅲ. These results illustrated CommunityⅠis relatively reasonable.
3)The results of study on net photosynthetic rate of four shrubs on the artificial uncovering slope showed:the changes on net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of Leapedezabicolor.Turcz.are both peak curve,water use efficiency on the uphill is lower than downhill and ground;the changes on net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of Vitex negundo var.heterophylla are both single peak curve,The difference of water use efficiency is not significant,the changes on net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu are both single peak curve,water use efficiency on the uphill showed double-peak curve,the changes on net photosynthetic rate of Amorpha fruticosa L.is single peak curve,the transpiration rate showed double-peak curve on the uphill and ground,but,on the downhill showed single peak curve,water use efficiency on the ground is higher uphill and downhill significantly.
4) On the Baihua Mountain,plant species configuration mode D(Amorpha fruticosa L.is+ Leapedezabicolor.Turcz.+ Vitex negundo var.heterophylla+ Indigofera pseudotinctoria Mats.+ Medicago sativa Linn.+ Dendranthema indicum(Linn.)Des Moul.) is largest on the aspects of index of species diversity、biomass,intercepted amount,the existing volume of litter,water capacity, soil porosity,structure coefficient and aggregate content,and is lowest on the aspects of soil aggregation, degree of aggregation and dispersion coefficient.Results of the evaluation of the ecological functions of the D model with the highest scores,is recommended in the region to promote a local plant-based combined with the plant shrubs and grasses.
5) At the town of Zhaitang,model H(Betula platyphylla Suk.+ Juglans mandshurica+ Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)is largest on the aspects of index of species diversity、biomass,intercepted amount, the existing volume of litter,water capacity,the index of soil anti-scourability and change on soil chemical properties.Evaluation of the H model with the highest scores,is worth promoting.
6) On the shady slope in Fushun Western Waste Dump,with the scheduled length of the waste rocks,the number of species from the initial four families and five species increased to 14 families and 29 species.Vegetation from the very beginning of Cynanchum chinense R.Br., AmbrosiaartemisiifoliaL,Puncturevine Caltrop Fruit community turned to the Ulmus pumila L. community.Artificial slope in the proposed restoration of vegetation,drought-resistant elm trees as Ulmus pumila L.,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,Rhus typhina can be configured.On the area of stopped discharge waste rock,Betula platyphylla Suk.,Leapedezabicolor.Turcz.,Amorpha fruticosa L.,prunus armniacaL.,Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu and Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.can be configured.The results of Analysis of the physical and chemical properties of soil showed on the shady slope the mechanical components and soil bulk density of waste rock will be close to the level of farmland after 18 years.,and on the sunny slope,the above two aspects significantly lower than shady slope,meanwhile compared with farmland,the difference is significant.Soil on the shady and sunny slope,on the aspects of Soil organic content,the effective content of N,P and effective content was lower than the level of farmland.Available K content in the sunny and shady slope was significantly higher than farmland.The comprehensive evaluation of the ecological functions increased with the waste of life increases.The results of comprehensive evaluation on restoration of vegetation on the shady and sunny slopes,shows shady D＞sunny D＞shady C＞sunny C＞shady B＞sunny B＞shady A＞sunny A.
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