广州起义烈士陵园植物配置与景观研究
|
摘要
植物造景是园林景观中最重要的组成部分。随着建设生态园林的发展进程,全国乃至全世界都开始日益重视植物在园林绿化中的作用。植物造景作为绿化主题,在城市绿化建设进程中得到广泛的应用,其在生态效益、创造优美环境和景观空间意境审美中,都起着举足轻重的作用。
作为广州历史园林重要组成部分的新型生态园林,广州起义烈士陵园具有巨大的生态、文化、经济和社会价值。本研究应用植物学、生态学、景观学等相关学科的理论与方法,通过实地调查探究广州起义烈士陵园植物群落的物种组成、植物造景等方面的特点,结合植物群落案例分析和研究,总结广州起义烈士陵园植物配置的总体特色,提炼出适合岭南地区园林设计的植物群落模式,以期对岭南城区园林建设实践产生直接的指导作用,并为今后更大范围、更为深入的研究奠定基础。
主要研究方法及结果如下：
1植物种类组成
应用统计学原理,划出样地,按所需数据设定样方,在样地内进行测量和调查,调查内容包括树种、株数、胸径、冠幅、高度等。根据以上调查结果计算分析研究地乔木、灌木以及草本层重要值,从而掌握广州起义烈士陵园植物种类组成概况。
(1)从植物群落种类组成情况上看,陵园所有群落中共有木本植物约170种,隶属于67科108属,其中裸子植物5科11属19种,被子植物约为62科97属151种。园区有乔木接近80种,灌木层物种约90种；草本层物种64种,与该地区地带性植物种类相比,略显不足,与国外先进城市相比,差距更大。
(2)从植物群落外貌特征上看,陵园植物群落为常绿林,群落结构较为简单,有的明显分为乔木层,灌木层和草本层,部分只包括乔木层和草本层。乔木层多为单层林,灌木层和草本层物种相对丰富。
(3)从树种季相结构上看,陵园在植物配置方面季相特征明显,一年四季皆有景可赏,结构分明,有较高的观赏价值。
(4)样方内乔木生长情况结果表明：陵园内树木的总体健康指数相对较高。
(5)结合样方数据进行分析总结,把广州起义烈士陵园木本植物群落按垂直结构和树种组成分为六类：①复层型针阔混交模式；②复层型阔叶树种混交模式；③复层型针叶树种混交模式；④单层型针阔混交模式；⑤单层型阔叶林模式；⑥单层型针叶林模式。其中复层型配置模式所占比例最高。
2景观多样性
(1)在分析广州起义烈士陵园植物重要值、群落的不同类型的基础上,针对该陵园部分植物群落景观特征列表例证,结果可见该区域景观多样性高,群落层次丰富。
(2)景观分区调查表明,陵园在树种选择上多使用常绿树种,色叶和落叶树种的使用较少,或多集中在草本层,而季相变化方面明显呈现四季有花的景观特色。
(3)根据造景配置实例将广州起义烈士陵园植物造景分别归为以乔木为主景,以灌木为主景和以草本为主景三种类型,再将各类型景观细分为单纯型、混交型等各种亚型加以备注,以便形成较为直观并且具有一定意义的岭南城区园林植物造景类型借鉴体系,供今后岭南城区园林工作者进行植物配置和造型时进行参考。
3美学评价
采用SBE法(即景观评价值评定法)对研究对象进行美学评价,经过标准化分析,得到的得分值可见复层群落配置模式高于单层群落配置模式,层次分明,季相色彩丰富,树种质感良好,树形美观的群落容易受到好评,能够得到较高的美学评价。
4景观功能评价
通过对以上几点的计算和分析,证明陵园具备了相当的美学功能、生态功能和科普价值。
综合可见,陵园在造景方面具有主体性、地带性、观赏性,坚持以树木为主体,努力提倡乔、灌、草相结合的复层结构,力求维护生态系统可持续发展。
与岭南传统园林相比,陵园保留了岭南传统园林擅用果木的习惯,配置了众多传统绿化树种,积极引进和栽培多种常色叶植物和观花观果植物,形成了更丰富稳定的群落结构。对于岭南传统园林的花台和盆栽文化,则以展览馆的形式加以替代。
广州起义烈士陵园作为岭南地区综合性园林,从陵园植物生长情况看来,乔、灌、草复层群落模式具有较好的生态效益和景观效益,在植物造景方面是相对成功的,可作为现今岭南城区园林的植物配置经典案例。
As an emerging industry under our country reform and open policy, the forestation profession of botanical garden has extremely rapidly developed in recent years. It is not limited in the field of natural system, but includes nature, economy and social environment, containing the harmonious development between people and nature, people and social environment. Taking the urban ecology as the core, to construct an ecological green system is both a strategic direction for modem urban development and a tendency to achieve virtuous urban developing cycle. Speeds up along with the urbanized advancement, ecological environment contradictory day by day prominent, the people are also more urgent to the green plants' sentiment of hope. The environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems that mankind faces today, green land in an urban area is one of the most important elements composing its ecological environment, much attention should be paid on the beauty of landscape gardens and the ecological principle as well so that we can get the most ecological benefits.
Plant landscape is an ultimate way to thrifty type landscape greening. With building development process of the ecological garden, all pay great attention to the role in afforestation of the garden plant in the whole country and even the whole world, the landscape plants are playing more and more important and extensively applying urban garden in recent years. The plants play an important part in landscape architecture, because of bringing ecological benefit, beautiful environment, and artistic conception of space.Rational use of landscape plants can directly affect the quality of the urban landscape projects and garden plants function.
As a new type of ecological garden and an important component part of the historical gardens in Guangzhou, Guangzhou Uprising Martyrs Park have great ecological value, cultural value, economic value and social value. It based the evergreen tree with many varieties of plant, construct the stable plant community relatively to provide visitors a solemn boulevards space and a quiet place to visit. As to garden plants, exotic species on the same latitude are gradually introduced and used in clever mix with local varieties to create new plant landscape space.
The main conclusions were as follows:
1 The characteristics of plant resources are:
Attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations, calculate the species composition in Guangzhou Uprising Martyrs Cemetery Park. The quantitative characters of 20 community plots were studied, The major content including:tree species, crown breadth, tree height,ect. By means of field investigation,the dominant tree species and life form spectrum as well as diversity index of tree and shrub layer and community evenness in this park were discussed in this paper.
There is complicated vertical structure which can be divided into tree stratum, shrub stratum and herb layer as well as a definite number of interstratum plants. There wre 170 species medicine garden plants which contained 80 species arbor,90 species bush,4 species woody climber,60 species herbage. The dominant species of arbor layer are Pinus massoniana, Podocarpus macrophylius, Lingnania chungii etc. The dominant species of shrub layer are Schetttera heptaphylla, Celtis sinensis, Duranta erecta etc. The dominant species of herb layer are Axonopus compressus, Reineckia carnea etc.
Summarizes the woody species composition in gardens through sampling survey. the physiognomy of plant communities of Guangzhou Uprising Martyrs Cemetery Park is evergreen and uses the often color leaf plants. This pattern was different from that for zonal evergreen broadleaf forest in which species diversity of shrub layer (including seedling and sapling) was large than that of tree layer. The community evenness of shrub layer is obviously bigger than that of tree layer while it is not very different from those between herb layer and tree layer and shrub layer.
2 landscape diversity
Landscape diversity means the diversity of landscape in structures, functions and temporal changes. On the analysis of guangzhou uprising martyr cemetery plants the important value and community based on the different types of the cemetery, on the part of landscape features list plant community, result shows this area examples of landscape diversity, community rich administrative levels high.
Cemetery in tree species selection on many use green trees, the color of leaves and deciduous trees, or many use less concentrated in herb layer, and season clearly phase change present with floral landscape features four seasons.
Plant landscape in return for respectively, to observe a tree to observe and to herb for shrub for three types, again observe all types for simple type, landscape subdivision various subtypes of nitrogen fixation, in order to form relatively to remark and have certain significance of visual lingnan city garden plant landscaping type for future reference system, lingnan city botanical garden workers when plant configuration and modelling for reference.
3 Esthetic evaluation
On the base of SBE, green design deciduous, evergreen tree with a variety of flowering shrubs concept, the formation of rich plant-level and seasonal variation, clad community were well received.
4 The function evaluation
Compared with gardens in South China traditional, the park retained the skilled in the use of lingnan traditional garden fruit tree habit. Meanwhile, it have the tradition of better afforest beautification and base. On this basis, it began to introduce exotic species into the park and formed a richer stable community structure.
According to the results of above-mentioned investigations,the general characteristics of planting design of parks and gardens in the park were summed up, which were as follows:Imitating the nature to build steady man-made plant communities; Changing the plant density to form the different spaces; Arranging appropriate plants to meet different functions; Selecting right trees in right places scientifically and artistically; Assembling different trees ingeniously to display abundant seasonal aspects; Creating the plant landscapes with distinctive theme.
In present study, spacies and types of plant landscape design in the park were investigated. On this basis, using the principles of botany, ecology, aesthetics, the author summarized park plant landscape design have five characteristics:entity, area, variety, view, popular science nature. Author believes the park's plant landscape design is much successful, it has great studying and drawing lessons. The thesis illustrates different location select for use choice principle and afforestation plant kind, plant that should follow dispose the way at planting thinging and the applicability of the appraising approaches to the floral disposition, and brings forward some problems we should emphasize on in the practical utilization.
作为广州历史园林重要组成部分的新型生态园林,广州起义烈士陵园具有巨大的生态、文化、经济和社会价值。本研究应用植物学、生态学、景观学等相关学科的理论与方法,通过实地调查探究广州起义烈士陵园植物群落的物种组成、植物造景等方面的特点,结合植物群落案例分析和研究,总结广州起义烈士陵园植物配置的总体特色,提炼出适合岭南地区园林设计的植物群落模式,以期对岭南城区园林建设实践产生直接的指导作用,并为今后更大范围、更为深入的研究奠定基础。
主要研究方法及结果如下：
1植物种类组成
应用统计学原理,划出样地,按所需数据设定样方,在样地内进行测量和调查,调查内容包括树种、株数、胸径、冠幅、高度等。根据以上调查结果计算分析研究地乔木、灌木以及草本层重要值,从而掌握广州起义烈士陵园植物种类组成概况。
(1)从植物群落种类组成情况上看,陵园所有群落中共有木本植物约170种,隶属于67科108属,其中裸子植物5科11属19种,被子植物约为62科97属151种。园区有乔木接近80种,灌木层物种约90种；草本层物种64种,与该地区地带性植物种类相比,略显不足,与国外先进城市相比,差距更大。
(2)从植物群落外貌特征上看,陵园植物群落为常绿林,群落结构较为简单,有的明显分为乔木层,灌木层和草本层,部分只包括乔木层和草本层。乔木层多为单层林,灌木层和草本层物种相对丰富。
(3)从树种季相结构上看,陵园在植物配置方面季相特征明显,一年四季皆有景可赏,结构分明,有较高的观赏价值。
(4)样方内乔木生长情况结果表明：陵园内树木的总体健康指数相对较高。
(5)结合样方数据进行分析总结,把广州起义烈士陵园木本植物群落按垂直结构和树种组成分为六类：①复层型针阔混交模式；②复层型阔叶树种混交模式；③复层型针叶树种混交模式；④单层型针阔混交模式；⑤单层型阔叶林模式；⑥单层型针叶林模式。其中复层型配置模式所占比例最高。
2景观多样性
(1)在分析广州起义烈士陵园植物重要值、群落的不同类型的基础上,针对该陵园部分植物群落景观特征列表例证,结果可见该区域景观多样性高,群落层次丰富。
(2)景观分区调查表明,陵园在树种选择上多使用常绿树种,色叶和落叶树种的使用较少,或多集中在草本层,而季相变化方面明显呈现四季有花的景观特色。
(3)根据造景配置实例将广州起义烈士陵园植物造景分别归为以乔木为主景,以灌木为主景和以草本为主景三种类型,再将各类型景观细分为单纯型、混交型等各种亚型加以备注,以便形成较为直观并且具有一定意义的岭南城区园林植物造景类型借鉴体系,供今后岭南城区园林工作者进行植物配置和造型时进行参考。
3美学评价
采用SBE法(即景观评价值评定法)对研究对象进行美学评价,经过标准化分析,得到的得分值可见复层群落配置模式高于单层群落配置模式,层次分明,季相色彩丰富,树种质感良好,树形美观的群落容易受到好评,能够得到较高的美学评价。
4景观功能评价
通过对以上几点的计算和分析,证明陵园具备了相当的美学功能、生态功能和科普价值。
综合可见,陵园在造景方面具有主体性、地带性、观赏性,坚持以树木为主体,努力提倡乔、灌、草相结合的复层结构,力求维护生态系统可持续发展。
与岭南传统园林相比,陵园保留了岭南传统园林擅用果木的习惯,配置了众多传统绿化树种,积极引进和栽培多种常色叶植物和观花观果植物,形成了更丰富稳定的群落结构。对于岭南传统园林的花台和盆栽文化,则以展览馆的形式加以替代。
广州起义烈士陵园作为岭南地区综合性园林,从陵园植物生长情况看来,乔、灌、草复层群落模式具有较好的生态效益和景观效益,在植物造景方面是相对成功的,可作为现今岭南城区园林的植物配置经典案例。
As an emerging industry under our country reform and open policy, the forestation profession of botanical garden has extremely rapidly developed in recent years. It is not limited in the field of natural system, but includes nature, economy and social environment, containing the harmonious development between people and nature, people and social environment. Taking the urban ecology as the core, to construct an ecological green system is both a strategic direction for modem urban development and a tendency to achieve virtuous urban developing cycle. Speeds up along with the urbanized advancement, ecological environment contradictory day by day prominent, the people are also more urgent to the green plants' sentiment of hope. The environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems that mankind faces today, green land in an urban area is one of the most important elements composing its ecological environment, much attention should be paid on the beauty of landscape gardens and the ecological principle as well so that we can get the most ecological benefits.
Plant landscape is an ultimate way to thrifty type landscape greening. With building development process of the ecological garden, all pay great attention to the role in afforestation of the garden plant in the whole country and even the whole world, the landscape plants are playing more and more important and extensively applying urban garden in recent years. The plants play an important part in landscape architecture, because of bringing ecological benefit, beautiful environment, and artistic conception of space.Rational use of landscape plants can directly affect the quality of the urban landscape projects and garden plants function.
As a new type of ecological garden and an important component part of the historical gardens in Guangzhou, Guangzhou Uprising Martyrs Park have great ecological value, cultural value, economic value and social value. It based the evergreen tree with many varieties of plant, construct the stable plant community relatively to provide visitors a solemn boulevards space and a quiet place to visit. As to garden plants, exotic species on the same latitude are gradually introduced and used in clever mix with local varieties to create new plant landscape space.
The main conclusions were as follows:
1 The characteristics of plant resources are:
Attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations, calculate the species composition in Guangzhou Uprising Martyrs Cemetery Park. The quantitative characters of 20 community plots were studied, The major content including:tree species, crown breadth, tree height,ect. By means of field investigation,the dominant tree species and life form spectrum as well as diversity index of tree and shrub layer and community evenness in this park were discussed in this paper.
There is complicated vertical structure which can be divided into tree stratum, shrub stratum and herb layer as well as a definite number of interstratum plants. There wre 170 species medicine garden plants which contained 80 species arbor,90 species bush,4 species woody climber,60 species herbage. The dominant species of arbor layer are Pinus massoniana, Podocarpus macrophylius, Lingnania chungii etc. The dominant species of shrub layer are Schetttera heptaphylla, Celtis sinensis, Duranta erecta etc. The dominant species of herb layer are Axonopus compressus, Reineckia carnea etc.
Summarizes the woody species composition in gardens through sampling survey. the physiognomy of plant communities of Guangzhou Uprising Martyrs Cemetery Park is evergreen and uses the often color leaf plants. This pattern was different from that for zonal evergreen broadleaf forest in which species diversity of shrub layer (including seedling and sapling) was large than that of tree layer. The community evenness of shrub layer is obviously bigger than that of tree layer while it is not very different from those between herb layer and tree layer and shrub layer.
2 landscape diversity
Landscape diversity means the diversity of landscape in structures, functions and temporal changes. On the analysis of guangzhou uprising martyr cemetery plants the important value and community based on the different types of the cemetery, on the part of landscape features list plant community, result shows this area examples of landscape diversity, community rich administrative levels high.
Cemetery in tree species selection on many use green trees, the color of leaves and deciduous trees, or many use less concentrated in herb layer, and season clearly phase change present with floral landscape features four seasons.
Plant landscape in return for respectively, to observe a tree to observe and to herb for shrub for three types, again observe all types for simple type, landscape subdivision various subtypes of nitrogen fixation, in order to form relatively to remark and have certain significance of visual lingnan city garden plant landscaping type for future reference system, lingnan city botanical garden workers when plant configuration and modelling for reference.
3 Esthetic evaluation
On the base of SBE, green design deciduous, evergreen tree with a variety of flowering shrubs concept, the formation of rich plant-level and seasonal variation, clad community were well received.
4 The function evaluation
Compared with gardens in South China traditional, the park retained the skilled in the use of lingnan traditional garden fruit tree habit. Meanwhile, it have the tradition of better afforest beautification and base. On this basis, it began to introduce exotic species into the park and formed a richer stable community structure.
According to the results of above-mentioned investigations,the general characteristics of planting design of parks and gardens in the park were summed up, which were as follows:Imitating the nature to build steady man-made plant communities; Changing the plant density to form the different spaces; Arranging appropriate plants to meet different functions; Selecting right trees in right places scientifically and artistically; Assembling different trees ingeniously to display abundant seasonal aspects; Creating the plant landscapes with distinctive theme.
In present study, spacies and types of plant landscape design in the park were investigated. On this basis, using the principles of botany, ecology, aesthetics, the author summarized park plant landscape design have five characteristics:entity, area, variety, view, popular science nature. Author believes the park's plant landscape design is much successful, it has great studying and drawing lessons. The thesis illustrates different location select for use choice principle and afforestation plant kind, plant that should follow dispose the way at planting thinging and the applicability of the appraising approaches to the floral disposition, and brings forward some problems we should emphasize on in the practical utilization.
引文
[1]唐学山,李雄,曹礼昆.园林设计[M],北京：中国林业出版社,1997.3.
[2]徐渡,赵锋,李金路.关于城市绿地及其分类的若干思考[J],中国园林,2000.16(5)：29-32.
[3]Michel Racine.Allain Provost. Paysages Inventes[M], Ostkamp:Stichting Kunstboek,2004.10-15.
[4]梁隐泉,王广友.园林美学[M],北京：中国建材工业出版社,2002.9-13.
[5]卢圣主.植物造景[M],北京：气象出版社,2004.278-281.
[6]秦治兵.试论城市公园生态系统的保护与建设[J],中国园林,1992.3：57-64.
[7]傅伯杰.陈利顶.景观生态学原理及应用[M],北京：科学出版社,2001.1-4.
[8]D. Gordon. Green Cities:ecologically sound approaches to urban space[M], Black rose books., 1990.12-23.
[9]刘少宗.园林植物造景[M],天津：天津大学出版社,2003.45-86.
[10]林庆怡.城市形态[M],北京：华夏出版社,2001.12-23.
[11]张丽杰,高聪慧,冯千凤.城市森林在城市生态建设中的作用[J],现代农业科学,2009.16(1)：92-93.
[12]Gordon Cullon, Urban Design and Planning[M],1992.101-110.
[13]吴人韦.国外城市绿地的发展历程[J],城市规划,1998.22(6)：3943.
[14]俞孔坚.景观：生态.、文化与感知[M],北京：中国建工出版社,2000.13-15.
[15]Brian Clouston,陈自新译.风景园林植物配置[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1992.7-10.
[16]王晓春.家庭花园彩色图说[M],北京：中国农业出版社,2002.20.
[17]汪新娥.植物配置与造景[M],北京：中国农业大学出版社,2008.20-45.
[18]陈月华,王晓红主编.植物景观设计[M],北京：国防科技大学出版社,2005.1-5.
[19]蓝盛芳,赵新峰,叶正.中山市城市生态建设特色及其发展策略fA],见：中国科协2001年学术年会分会场特邀报告汇编[C],北京：中国林业出版社,2001.12-13.
[20]王伯荪,李鸣光,彭少麟.植物种群学[M],广州：广东高等教育出版社,1995.5-9.
[21]关蓓.植物在庭园景观中的造景功能[J],资源与环境,2006.9：185-186.
[22]沈浮,王志姗.庭院与气候[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005.1-20.
[23]Mueller-Dombois, Ellenberg,鲍显诚等译.植被生态学的目的和方法[M],北京：科学出版社,1986.55-90.
[24]王庭熙.住宅庭院设计[M],江苏科学技术出版社,2005.1-15.
[25]俞孔坚.景景观评价方法[J],中国园林,1986.12(1)：16-21.
[26]朱钧珍.杭州园林植物配置[C],城市建设杂志社,国家承建总局审定,1981.
[27]彼特·麦霍伊[英]著,姬文桂译.小庭院规划指南[M],北京：北京科学技术出版社,2004.169-197.
[28]黄亚平.城市空间理论与空间分析[M],南京：东南大学出版社,1998.22-24.
[29]Ulrich R S. Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment[R], Behavior and The Natural Environment. New York:Plenum.1983.5:85-125.
[30]Lowental D. Past time, present place, landscape and memory[J], Geography Revation,1975. 65:1-36.
[31]Egler F E. Vegetation as an object of study[J], Philos Science,1942.9:245-260.
[32]Tom, C. et al. The influence of negative air ions on human perormanee and mood[J], Hum Factors,1981.28:633.
[33]Zube E H, Sell J L, Taylow J G. ndscape perception research, application and theory[J], Landscape Plann,1982.9:1-33.
[34]Richard M Smith, Kevin J Gaston, Philip H Warren, Ken Thompson. Urban domestic gardens(V): relationships between landcover composition, housing and landscape[J], Landscape Ecology, 2005.20:235-253.
[35]Buhyoff G. J, Leuschner W A. Estimating psychological disutility from damaged forest stands[J], Forest Science.1978.24:424-432.
[36]Kaplan S, Zube E H, Brush R O, Fabos J G. An informal model for the prediction of preference, In Landscape Assessment[J], Values Perceptions and Resources.1992.92-102.
[37]Elizabethbarlow Rogers. Landscape Design, A Culture and Architectural History[M], New York: Harry N. Abrams, Incororated, New York,2001.
[38]USDA Forest Service. National Forest Landscape Management USA[J], Agricultural Handbook. 1976.2:484-502.
[39]Daniel T C, Vining J. Methodological issues in the assessment of landscape quality[R], Behavior and Natureal Environment. New York:Plenum Press.1983.6:39-84.
[40]Daniel T C, Schroeder H W. Scenic beauty estimation model, predicting perceived beauty of forest landscapes. In the Proceedings of Our National Landscape[R], USDA Forest Service Technology Reporting.Berkeley, California:Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.1979.35:514-523.
[41]戴维·史蒂文森.住宅庭院规划[M],贵州科技出版社,2004.10.
[42]卡罗琳·博伊塞特[英]著,刘德江,徐勇译.园艺设计大全(1)[M],广东：广州科技出版社,2002.1-10.
[43]Hermann Weis. ASLA Cheating A Private Haven[J], Landscape architecture,2006,20(4):52-61.
[44]沈洪.英国掀起园艺热潮[J],绿化与生活,1999.13(1)：14-17.
[45]岳天样.生物多样性研究及其问题[J],生态学报,2001.21(3)：462-467.
[46]Fischer R A. The relation between the number of individuals and the number of species in a random sample of an animal population[J], Anim.Ecol,1943.12:42-58.
[47]Palmer M W. The coexistence of species in fractal landscapes[J], American Naturalist,1992. 139:375-397.
[48]Ginegan B. Forest succession [J], Nature.1984,312:107-109.
[49]Shugort H H. A Theory of Forest Dynamics [M], New York:Springer,1984.77-78
[50]Stewart G H. Population dynamics of a montane conifer forest [J], Ecology 1986.67(2): 534-544.
[51]赵世伟.园林植物种植设计与应用.北京：北京出版社,2006.25-26.
[52]Knapp R. Translated by Song YC. Vegetation Dynamics Beijing[J], Science Press,1984:26-80.
[53]湖长龙.园林规划设计[M],北京：中国农业出版社,1992.20.
[54]陈学似.景观设计的误区[J],中国园林,2000.(3)：26-29.
[55]Kessler M. Elevational gradients in species richness and endemism of selected plant groups in the central Bolivian Andes[J], Plant Ecology,2000.149:181-193.
[56]Currie D J. Energy and largescale patterns of animal and plant-species richness [J], American Naturalist,1991.137:27-49.
[57]戴维.斯蒂文森[英]著,陈慈译.花园设计[M],广州：广东科技出版社,2002.20-40.
[58]王淑芬,苏雪痕.质感与植物景观设计[J],北京工业大学学报.1995.2：6-9.
[59]杨美玲.浅谈植物景观的意境美[J],绿化与生活,2000.11(4)：56-62.
[60]李敏.城市绿地系统规划[M],北京：中国建工出版社,1998.16.
[61]苏雪痕.植物造景[M],北京：中国林业出版社,2005.22-25.
[62]郭成源.园林设计树种手册[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003.7.
[63]吴家骅.环境设计史纲[M],重庆：重庆大学出版社,1986.102.
[64]李洪远.对区域性生态园林建设的认识与思考[J],中国园林,2000.3(6)：19-23.
[65]王盘岩,李金路,白伟岚.风景园林科技“十五”计划及2015年发展规划[J],中国园林,2000.5(2)：39-45.
[66]广东植物研究所.广东植被[M],北京：科学出版社,1976.
[67]傅方煜.珠江三角洲村镇住区环境艺术设计研究[D],武汉：华中科技大学,2006.
[68]Peter Verner, Micheal Dunne. The genius of the garden[M], Webb. Bower,1989
[69]克莱尔.库珀.马库斯,俞孔坚等译.人性场所[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001.2.
[70]王笑然.利用植物的吸收净化能力改善城市生态环境[J],太原科技,2003(3)：21-23.
[71]高永刚.庭院设计[M],上海：上海文化出版社,2005：15-35.
[72]章采烈.中国园林艺术通论[M],上海：上海科学技术出版社,2004.258-261.
[73]Levin S A. Fragile dominion. Reading[M], Massachusetts:Helix Books,1999.57:70-72.
[74]http://www.examda.com/city/zixun/hangye/20100201/103934894.html[DB/OL]
[75]http://zyhh2008.blog.hexun.com/3274451_d.html [DB/OL]
[76]Suzanne McDaniel, Van DeMark. What to retain, What to emulate, What to toss[J]. Landscape architecture,2006.15(4):38-45.
[77]周维权.中国古典园林史[M],北京：清华大学出版社,2000.15-35.
[78]Weiher E, Patti AK. Relative abundance and evenness patterns along diversity and biomass gradients[J]. Oikos,1999.87(2):355-361.
[79]夏建统.梦中的天地—中国传统园林艺术[M],昆明：云南大学出版社,2002.14-15.
[80]Lieberman D M, Lieberman R Peralta G Hartshorn. Tropical forest structure and composition on a largerscale altitudinal gradient in Costa Rica[J], Journal of Ecology,1996.84:137-152.
[81]Zimmerman J C, L E DeWald, P G Rowlands. Vegetation diversity in an interconnected ephemeral riparian system of north-central Arizona, USA[J], Biological Conservation,1999.90: 217-228.
[82]陈有民.园林树木学[M],北京：中国林业出版社,1990.122-124.
[83]翁殊斐,陈锡沐.广州市公园植物景观特色与品种配置相关性研究[J],亚热带植物科学,2004.33(1)：38-42.
[84]G W Grey & F J Deneke. Urban Forestry[M], John Wiley ans Sons,1978.7-13.
[85]温扬真.园林景物布置[M],广西：广西科学技术出版社[M],2002.1-2
[86]冯敏敏.园林植物景观美感评价研究[D],杭州：浙江大学,2006.
[87]李贞.广州城市绿地系统景观异质性分析[J],应用生态学报,2000.11(1)：127-130.
[88]翁殊斐.用SBE法进行广州市公园植物配置研究[J],中国园林,2002.(5)：84-86.
[2]徐渡,赵锋,李金路.关于城市绿地及其分类的若干思考[J],中国园林,2000.16(5)：29-32.
[3]Michel Racine.Allain Provost. Paysages Inventes[M], Ostkamp:Stichting Kunstboek,2004.10-15.
[4]梁隐泉,王广友.园林美学[M],北京：中国建材工业出版社,2002.9-13.
[5]卢圣主.植物造景[M],北京：气象出版社,2004.278-281.
[6]秦治兵.试论城市公园生态系统的保护与建设[J],中国园林,1992.3：57-64.
[7]傅伯杰.陈利顶.景观生态学原理及应用[M],北京：科学出版社,2001.1-4.
[8]D. Gordon. Green Cities:ecologically sound approaches to urban space[M], Black rose books., 1990.12-23.
[9]刘少宗.园林植物造景[M],天津：天津大学出版社,2003.45-86.
[10]林庆怡.城市形态[M],北京：华夏出版社,2001.12-23.
[11]张丽杰,高聪慧,冯千凤.城市森林在城市生态建设中的作用[J],现代农业科学,2009.16(1)：92-93.
[12]Gordon Cullon, Urban Design and Planning[M],1992.101-110.
[13]吴人韦.国外城市绿地的发展历程[J],城市规划,1998.22(6)：3943.
[14]俞孔坚.景观：生态.、文化与感知[M],北京：中国建工出版社,2000.13-15.
[15]Brian Clouston,陈自新译.风景园林植物配置[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1992.7-10.
[16]王晓春.家庭花园彩色图说[M],北京：中国农业出版社,2002.20.
[17]汪新娥.植物配置与造景[M],北京：中国农业大学出版社,2008.20-45.
[18]陈月华,王晓红主编.植物景观设计[M],北京：国防科技大学出版社,2005.1-5.
[19]蓝盛芳,赵新峰,叶正.中山市城市生态建设特色及其发展策略fA],见：中国科协2001年学术年会分会场特邀报告汇编[C],北京：中国林业出版社,2001.12-13.
[20]王伯荪,李鸣光,彭少麟.植物种群学[M],广州：广东高等教育出版社,1995.5-9.
[21]关蓓.植物在庭园景观中的造景功能[J],资源与环境,2006.9：185-186.
[22]沈浮,王志姗.庭院与气候[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005.1-20.
[23]Mueller-Dombois, Ellenberg,鲍显诚等译.植被生态学的目的和方法[M],北京：科学出版社,1986.55-90.
[24]王庭熙.住宅庭院设计[M],江苏科学技术出版社,2005.1-15.
[25]俞孔坚.景景观评价方法[J],中国园林,1986.12(1)：16-21.
[26]朱钧珍.杭州园林植物配置[C],城市建设杂志社,国家承建总局审定,1981.
[27]彼特·麦霍伊[英]著,姬文桂译.小庭院规划指南[M],北京：北京科学技术出版社,2004.169-197.
[28]黄亚平.城市空间理论与空间分析[M],南京：东南大学出版社,1998.22-24.
[29]Ulrich R S. Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment[R], Behavior and The Natural Environment. New York:Plenum.1983.5:85-125.
[30]Lowental D. Past time, present place, landscape and memory[J], Geography Revation,1975. 65:1-36.
[31]Egler F E. Vegetation as an object of study[J], Philos Science,1942.9:245-260.
[32]Tom, C. et al. The influence of negative air ions on human perormanee and mood[J], Hum Factors,1981.28:633.
[33]Zube E H, Sell J L, Taylow J G. ndscape perception research, application and theory[J], Landscape Plann,1982.9:1-33.
[34]Richard M Smith, Kevin J Gaston, Philip H Warren, Ken Thompson. Urban domestic gardens(V): relationships between landcover composition, housing and landscape[J], Landscape Ecology, 2005.20:235-253.
[35]Buhyoff G. J, Leuschner W A. Estimating psychological disutility from damaged forest stands[J], Forest Science.1978.24:424-432.
[36]Kaplan S, Zube E H, Brush R O, Fabos J G. An informal model for the prediction of preference, In Landscape Assessment[J], Values Perceptions and Resources.1992.92-102.
[37]Elizabethbarlow Rogers. Landscape Design, A Culture and Architectural History[M], New York: Harry N. Abrams, Incororated, New York,2001.
[38]USDA Forest Service. National Forest Landscape Management USA[J], Agricultural Handbook. 1976.2:484-502.
[39]Daniel T C, Vining J. Methodological issues in the assessment of landscape quality[R], Behavior and Natureal Environment. New York:Plenum Press.1983.6:39-84.
[40]Daniel T C, Schroeder H W. Scenic beauty estimation model, predicting perceived beauty of forest landscapes. In the Proceedings of Our National Landscape[R], USDA Forest Service Technology Reporting.Berkeley, California:Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.1979.35:514-523.
[41]戴维·史蒂文森.住宅庭院规划[M],贵州科技出版社,2004.10.
[42]卡罗琳·博伊塞特[英]著,刘德江,徐勇译.园艺设计大全(1)[M],广东：广州科技出版社,2002.1-10.
[43]Hermann Weis. ASLA Cheating A Private Haven[J], Landscape architecture,2006,20(4):52-61.
[44]沈洪.英国掀起园艺热潮[J],绿化与生活,1999.13(1)：14-17.
[45]岳天样.生物多样性研究及其问题[J],生态学报,2001.21(3)：462-467.
[46]Fischer R A. The relation between the number of individuals and the number of species in a random sample of an animal population[J], Anim.Ecol,1943.12:42-58.
[47]Palmer M W. The coexistence of species in fractal landscapes[J], American Naturalist,1992. 139:375-397.
[48]Ginegan B. Forest succession [J], Nature.1984,312:107-109.
[49]Shugort H H. A Theory of Forest Dynamics [M], New York:Springer,1984.77-78
[50]Stewart G H. Population dynamics of a montane conifer forest [J], Ecology 1986.67(2): 534-544.
[51]赵世伟.园林植物种植设计与应用.北京：北京出版社,2006.25-26.
[52]Knapp R. Translated by Song YC. Vegetation Dynamics Beijing[J], Science Press,1984:26-80.
[53]湖长龙.园林规划设计[M],北京：中国农业出版社,1992.20.
[54]陈学似.景观设计的误区[J],中国园林,2000.(3)：26-29.
[55]Kessler M. Elevational gradients in species richness and endemism of selected plant groups in the central Bolivian Andes[J], Plant Ecology,2000.149:181-193.
[56]Currie D J. Energy and largescale patterns of animal and plant-species richness [J], American Naturalist,1991.137:27-49.
[57]戴维.斯蒂文森[英]著,陈慈译.花园设计[M],广州：广东科技出版社,2002.20-40.
[58]王淑芬,苏雪痕.质感与植物景观设计[J],北京工业大学学报.1995.2：6-9.
[59]杨美玲.浅谈植物景观的意境美[J],绿化与生活,2000.11(4)：56-62.
[60]李敏.城市绿地系统规划[M],北京：中国建工出版社,1998.16.
[61]苏雪痕.植物造景[M],北京：中国林业出版社,2005.22-25.
[62]郭成源.园林设计树种手册[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003.7.
[63]吴家骅.环境设计史纲[M],重庆：重庆大学出版社,1986.102.
[64]李洪远.对区域性生态园林建设的认识与思考[J],中国园林,2000.3(6)：19-23.
[65]王盘岩,李金路,白伟岚.风景园林科技“十五”计划及2015年发展规划[J],中国园林,2000.5(2)：39-45.
[66]广东植物研究所.广东植被[M],北京：科学出版社,1976.
[67]傅方煜.珠江三角洲村镇住区环境艺术设计研究[D],武汉：华中科技大学,2006.
[68]Peter Verner, Micheal Dunne. The genius of the garden[M], Webb. Bower,1989
[69]克莱尔.库珀.马库斯,俞孔坚等译.人性场所[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001.2.
[70]王笑然.利用植物的吸收净化能力改善城市生态环境[J],太原科技,2003(3)：21-23.
[71]高永刚.庭院设计[M],上海：上海文化出版社,2005：15-35.
[72]章采烈.中国园林艺术通论[M],上海：上海科学技术出版社,2004.258-261.
[73]Levin S A. Fragile dominion. Reading[M], Massachusetts:Helix Books,1999.57:70-72.
[74]http://www.examda.com/city/zixun/hangye/20100201/103934894.html[DB/OL]
[75]http://zyhh2008.blog.hexun.com/3274451_d.html [DB/OL]
[76]Suzanne McDaniel, Van DeMark. What to retain, What to emulate, What to toss[J]. Landscape architecture,2006.15(4):38-45.
[77]周维权.中国古典园林史[M],北京：清华大学出版社,2000.15-35.
[78]Weiher E, Patti AK. Relative abundance and evenness patterns along diversity and biomass gradients[J]. Oikos,1999.87(2):355-361.
[79]夏建统.梦中的天地—中国传统园林艺术[M],昆明：云南大学出版社,2002.14-15.
[80]Lieberman D M, Lieberman R Peralta G Hartshorn. Tropical forest structure and composition on a largerscale altitudinal gradient in Costa Rica[J], Journal of Ecology,1996.84:137-152.
[81]Zimmerman J C, L E DeWald, P G Rowlands. Vegetation diversity in an interconnected ephemeral riparian system of north-central Arizona, USA[J], Biological Conservation,1999.90: 217-228.
[82]陈有民.园林树木学[M],北京：中国林业出版社,1990.122-124.
[83]翁殊斐,陈锡沐.广州市公园植物景观特色与品种配置相关性研究[J],亚热带植物科学,2004.33(1)：38-42.
[84]G W Grey & F J Deneke. Urban Forestry[M], John Wiley ans Sons,1978.7-13.
[85]温扬真.园林景物布置[M],广西：广西科学技术出版社[M],2002.1-2
[86]冯敏敏.园林植物景观美感评价研究[D],杭州：浙江大学,2006.
[87]李贞.广州城市绿地系统景观异质性分析[J],应用生态学报,2000.11(1)：127-130.
[88]翁殊斐.用SBE法进行广州市公园植物配置研究[J],中国园林,2002.(5)：84-86.