杜仲叶抗氧化性及主成分合成积累动态研究
|
摘要
本文系统研究了不同处理方式对杜仲叶主要活性物质和抗氧化活性的影响,并确定了杜仲抗氧化物质的最佳超声提取工艺,以及对不同栽培模式、不同生长季节杜仲叶和杜仲皮中化学成分差异性进行了研究,以期为杜仲的深精加工提供理论依据。试验结果如下:
(1)对杜仲鲜叶采收后进行了五种不同的处理:自然阴干、微波处理、蒸汽处理、烘制处理、炒制处理,并以自然阴干为对照,采用DPPH·体外抗氧化方法对处理后的杜仲叶提取物抗氧化能力进行了评价。结果表明:黄酮含量与DPPH·清除率呈高度正相关性,相关系数为0.9474;多酚含量与DPPH·清除率呈中度正相关,相关系数为0.6094。各种前处理方式可对杜仲叶中的黄酮、多酚含量及抗氧化能力产生影响,但影响程度不同。各种热处理均取最高值和对照相比,黄酮含量有不同程度增加,多酚含量和DPPH·清除率只有烘制处理比对照低外,其他处理方式均比对照高。分别比较不同热处理方式,微波的最佳处理条件为高火2.5min至5min;蒸汽处理为3min或20min;烘制处理120℃时间为30min;炒制处理130℃时间为3min、4min或5min。综合四种处理方式,微波处理升温迅速而且均匀,操作简便易控,能最大限度的保留杜仲叶中的抗氧化物质和杜仲叶的绿色。
(2)采用单因素和正交试验的方法,以DPPH·清除率和杜仲浸膏粉为指标,对影响杜仲叶抗氧化活性物质的主要因素进行了分析,确定了超声提取杜仲叶抗氧化活性物质的最佳提取条件为:溶剂为60%的乙醇,料液比1:15,提取温度60℃,提取时间30min。
(3)对不同栽培模式、不同生长季节杜仲叶和杜仲皮中绿原酸、杜仲醇和京尼平苷酸的含量进行测定,其含量变化规律如下:
两种栽培模式的叶片中绿原酸的生长积累动态规律是一致的,即4-6月份随着叶片的生长而增加,6月份达到全年的最高峰,叶林叶中绿原酸含量为2.77%,乔林叶中绿原酸含量为2.12%;7-10月份含量逐渐下降,到了11月落叶季节含量又稍有回升。叶林模式杜仲皮中绿原酸含量在8月为第一个高峰期,10月为第二个高峰期,且为全年最高,6月最低。乔林模式杜仲枝皮中绿原酸含量在6月、8月和10月较高,而7月和9月最低。对不同的栽培模式及药用部位而言,两种栽培模式叶片中的绿原酸含量约为皮部的10倍。
两种栽培模式的叶片中杜仲醇的生长积累动态规律是一致的,5-9月逐渐升高,9月达到最高峰,然后下降,直至11月份落叶,且两种栽培模式下的杜仲醇含量相差不多。两种栽培模式的皮部杜仲醇的生长积累动态规律也是一致的,在年生长周期中杜仲醇有两个生长高峰期,第一个高峰期在5月份,处于生长旺盛期,另一个高峰期在8月,树木处于第二个生长高峰,次生代谢物比较多,9月过后含量迅速下降。对不同的栽培模式及药用部位而言,两种栽培模式的叶片中杜仲醇含量约为皮部的5倍。
两种栽培模式的叶片中京尼平苷酸的生长积累动态规律稍有不同,叶林叶中京尼平苷酸含量于7月达到最高峰,乔林叶6月份达到最高峰,然后呈下降趋势。两种栽培模式的杜仲皮中京尼平苷酸生长积累动态规律有一定差异,乔林皮中京尼平苷酸含量逐月增加,一直到11月份叶落达到最高峰。而叶林皮中京尼平苷酸含量在5至6月升高之后随之下降,8月跌入最低谷,之后又迅速上升,11月达到最高峰,为同时期杜仲叶中京尼平苷酸含量的6倍。
In this paper, the effects of different processing methods on the contents of main chemical constituents and antioxidation of Eucommia Ulmoides Oliv leaves were studied. The optimum conditions extracting antioxidants from E. ulmoides leaves by supersonic wave were determined. As well as the contents of main chemical constituents in E. ulmoides leaves and E. ulmoides cortex from different models in different seasons were studied in order to provide scientific basis for the further processing of E. ulmoides. The results were as follows:
1. After harvest, fresh leaves of E. ulmoides were prepared by five pretreatment methods: drying in the shade (the control group), heated in microwave oven, steam treatment, heated in oven, baking treatment. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of E. ulmoides leaves extracts by DPPH·assay. The results were as follows: the content of totle flavones was highly positive correlated with the DPPH radical scavenging activity and the coefficients was 0.9474; in addition, a moderate correlation was found between the contents of total phenolic compounds with the correlation coefficient of 0.6094. Various processing methods had different effects on the contents of totle flavones and total phenolic in the E. ulmoides leaves. Compared the maximum of each processing method with the control group, the content of totle flavones had the varying degree increase, the content of total phenolic and DPPH radical scavenging activity were increased compared to the control group besides baking treatment. Compared different processing methods separately, the best trestment conditions for microwave was high fire 2.5min to 5min, steam treatment was 3min or 20min, heated in oven for 30min at 120℃, baking treatment for 3min, 4min or 5min at 130℃. Considering the four kinds of treatment, microwave treatment heating quickly and evenly, the operation simple and easy to control, and it was found to be the best one for its maintenance of green color and the antioxidants in the E. ulmoides leaves.
2. The main factors influenced the extract rate of eucommiol were anaysized. As for DPPH? scavenging rate and the extraction rate of extractum index, the main factors influenced the extract rate of antioxidant actives from the E. ulmoides leaves were anaysized. The best extract conditions were: ethanol concentration 60%, solid to liquid ratio 1:15, temperature 60℃and extracting time 30min.
3. The contents of chlorogenic acid, eucommoil and geniposide in E. ulmoides leaves and Eucommia cortex from different models in different seasons analyzed. The results showed as followed: The accumulation dynamic principle of chlorogenic acid in E. ulmoides leaves beween the tree models were the same. From April to June the content of chlorogenic acid was increased with the growth of leaves, maximum value appeared in June, the content of chlorogenic acid in leaf modle leaves was 2.77%, the content of chlorogenic acid in tree modle leaves was 2.12%. From July to October the content decreased gradually, and increased slowly in November. The content of chlorogenic acid in leaf modle cortex reached its first maximum in August, and then reached its second maximum in October, which was the highest of the whole year. The content of chlorogenic acid in tree modle cortex reached its first maximum in June, which was the highest of the whole year. The other two peak values were in August and October, and two minimum values appeared in July and September. Considering to different models and different parts, the content of chlorogenic acid in leaves was 10 times as more as in cortex of two models.
The accumulation dynamic principle of eucommoil in E. ulmoides leaves beween the tree models were the same. From May to September the content of eucommoi increased gradually, the peak value appeared in September, then decreased until leaves fell in November, and the content of eucommoi in the two modles about the same. The accumulation dynamic principle of eucommoil in E. ulmoides cortex beween the tree models were the same. The content of eucommoi appeared two peak values in the whole growing season, the first peak appeared in May which is the vigorous growing stage of trees. The second peak was in August which is the second growth peak of trees with more secondary metabolites, then declined rapidly. Considering to different models and different parts, the content of eucommoil in leaves was 5 times as more as in cortex of two models.
The accumulation dynamic principle of geniposide in E. ulmoides leaves beween the tree models were slightly different. The content of geniposide in leaf modle leaves showed its maximum values in July, and the peak value in tree modle leaves appeared in June, then decreased. The accumulation dynamic principle of geniposide in E. ulmoides cortex beween the tree models were different. The content of geniposide in leaf modle cortex increased month by month, until November reached the peak value. The content of geniposide in tree modle cortex increade from May to June, followed by a downward trend and minimum in August, and increased gradually then, the peak value appeared in November, and it was about 6 times in E. ulmoides leaves in the same period.
(1)对杜仲鲜叶采收后进行了五种不同的处理:自然阴干、微波处理、蒸汽处理、烘制处理、炒制处理,并以自然阴干为对照,采用DPPH·体外抗氧化方法对处理后的杜仲叶提取物抗氧化能力进行了评价。结果表明:黄酮含量与DPPH·清除率呈高度正相关性,相关系数为0.9474;多酚含量与DPPH·清除率呈中度正相关,相关系数为0.6094。各种前处理方式可对杜仲叶中的黄酮、多酚含量及抗氧化能力产生影响,但影响程度不同。各种热处理均取最高值和对照相比,黄酮含量有不同程度增加,多酚含量和DPPH·清除率只有烘制处理比对照低外,其他处理方式均比对照高。分别比较不同热处理方式,微波的最佳处理条件为高火2.5min至5min;蒸汽处理为3min或20min;烘制处理120℃时间为30min;炒制处理130℃时间为3min、4min或5min。综合四种处理方式,微波处理升温迅速而且均匀,操作简便易控,能最大限度的保留杜仲叶中的抗氧化物质和杜仲叶的绿色。
(2)采用单因素和正交试验的方法,以DPPH·清除率和杜仲浸膏粉为指标,对影响杜仲叶抗氧化活性物质的主要因素进行了分析,确定了超声提取杜仲叶抗氧化活性物质的最佳提取条件为:溶剂为60%的乙醇,料液比1:15,提取温度60℃,提取时间30min。
(3)对不同栽培模式、不同生长季节杜仲叶和杜仲皮中绿原酸、杜仲醇和京尼平苷酸的含量进行测定,其含量变化规律如下:
两种栽培模式的叶片中绿原酸的生长积累动态规律是一致的,即4-6月份随着叶片的生长而增加,6月份达到全年的最高峰,叶林叶中绿原酸含量为2.77%,乔林叶中绿原酸含量为2.12%;7-10月份含量逐渐下降,到了11月落叶季节含量又稍有回升。叶林模式杜仲皮中绿原酸含量在8月为第一个高峰期,10月为第二个高峰期,且为全年最高,6月最低。乔林模式杜仲枝皮中绿原酸含量在6月、8月和10月较高,而7月和9月最低。对不同的栽培模式及药用部位而言,两种栽培模式叶片中的绿原酸含量约为皮部的10倍。
两种栽培模式的叶片中杜仲醇的生长积累动态规律是一致的,5-9月逐渐升高,9月达到最高峰,然后下降,直至11月份落叶,且两种栽培模式下的杜仲醇含量相差不多。两种栽培模式的皮部杜仲醇的生长积累动态规律也是一致的,在年生长周期中杜仲醇有两个生长高峰期,第一个高峰期在5月份,处于生长旺盛期,另一个高峰期在8月,树木处于第二个生长高峰,次生代谢物比较多,9月过后含量迅速下降。对不同的栽培模式及药用部位而言,两种栽培模式的叶片中杜仲醇含量约为皮部的5倍。
两种栽培模式的叶片中京尼平苷酸的生长积累动态规律稍有不同,叶林叶中京尼平苷酸含量于7月达到最高峰,乔林叶6月份达到最高峰,然后呈下降趋势。两种栽培模式的杜仲皮中京尼平苷酸生长积累动态规律有一定差异,乔林皮中京尼平苷酸含量逐月增加,一直到11月份叶落达到最高峰。而叶林皮中京尼平苷酸含量在5至6月升高之后随之下降,8月跌入最低谷,之后又迅速上升,11月达到最高峰,为同时期杜仲叶中京尼平苷酸含量的6倍。
In this paper, the effects of different processing methods on the contents of main chemical constituents and antioxidation of Eucommia Ulmoides Oliv leaves were studied. The optimum conditions extracting antioxidants from E. ulmoides leaves by supersonic wave were determined. As well as the contents of main chemical constituents in E. ulmoides leaves and E. ulmoides cortex from different models in different seasons were studied in order to provide scientific basis for the further processing of E. ulmoides. The results were as follows:
1. After harvest, fresh leaves of E. ulmoides were prepared by five pretreatment methods: drying in the shade (the control group), heated in microwave oven, steam treatment, heated in oven, baking treatment. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of E. ulmoides leaves extracts by DPPH·assay. The results were as follows: the content of totle flavones was highly positive correlated with the DPPH radical scavenging activity and the coefficients was 0.9474; in addition, a moderate correlation was found between the contents of total phenolic compounds with the correlation coefficient of 0.6094. Various processing methods had different effects on the contents of totle flavones and total phenolic in the E. ulmoides leaves. Compared the maximum of each processing method with the control group, the content of totle flavones had the varying degree increase, the content of total phenolic and DPPH radical scavenging activity were increased compared to the control group besides baking treatment. Compared different processing methods separately, the best trestment conditions for microwave was high fire 2.5min to 5min, steam treatment was 3min or 20min, heated in oven for 30min at 120℃, baking treatment for 3min, 4min or 5min at 130℃. Considering the four kinds of treatment, microwave treatment heating quickly and evenly, the operation simple and easy to control, and it was found to be the best one for its maintenance of green color and the antioxidants in the E. ulmoides leaves.
2. The main factors influenced the extract rate of eucommiol were anaysized. As for DPPH? scavenging rate and the extraction rate of extractum index, the main factors influenced the extract rate of antioxidant actives from the E. ulmoides leaves were anaysized. The best extract conditions were: ethanol concentration 60%, solid to liquid ratio 1:15, temperature 60℃and extracting time 30min.
3. The contents of chlorogenic acid, eucommoil and geniposide in E. ulmoides leaves and Eucommia cortex from different models in different seasons analyzed. The results showed as followed: The accumulation dynamic principle of chlorogenic acid in E. ulmoides leaves beween the tree models were the same. From April to June the content of chlorogenic acid was increased with the growth of leaves, maximum value appeared in June, the content of chlorogenic acid in leaf modle leaves was 2.77%, the content of chlorogenic acid in tree modle leaves was 2.12%. From July to October the content decreased gradually, and increased slowly in November. The content of chlorogenic acid in leaf modle cortex reached its first maximum in August, and then reached its second maximum in October, which was the highest of the whole year. The content of chlorogenic acid in tree modle cortex reached its first maximum in June, which was the highest of the whole year. The other two peak values were in August and October, and two minimum values appeared in July and September. Considering to different models and different parts, the content of chlorogenic acid in leaves was 10 times as more as in cortex of two models.
The accumulation dynamic principle of eucommoil in E. ulmoides leaves beween the tree models were the same. From May to September the content of eucommoi increased gradually, the peak value appeared in September, then decreased until leaves fell in November, and the content of eucommoi in the two modles about the same. The accumulation dynamic principle of eucommoil in E. ulmoides cortex beween the tree models were the same. The content of eucommoi appeared two peak values in the whole growing season, the first peak appeared in May which is the vigorous growing stage of trees. The second peak was in August which is the second growth peak of trees with more secondary metabolites, then declined rapidly. Considering to different models and different parts, the content of eucommoil in leaves was 5 times as more as in cortex of two models.
The accumulation dynamic principle of geniposide in E. ulmoides leaves beween the tree models were slightly different. The content of geniposide in leaf modle leaves showed its maximum values in July, and the peak value in tree modle leaves appeared in June, then decreased. The accumulation dynamic principle of geniposide in E. ulmoides cortex beween the tree models were different. The content of geniposide in leaf modle cortex increased month by month, until November reached the peak value. The content of geniposide in tree modle cortex increade from May to June, followed by a downward trend and minimum in August, and increased gradually then, the peak value appeared in November, and it was about 6 times in E. ulmoides leaves in the same period.
引文
陈士朝. 1993.杜仲橡胶的开发和应用.橡胶工业, 40(11): 690~692
陈望爱,张泰铭,梁逸曾,易志彪,余雁. 2008.利用GC-MS和HPLC-DAD技术分析比较杜仲和杜仲叶的化学成分.中国药学杂志, 43(11): 816~819
陈树俊,苏静,刘诚,张海英,衡玉玮,刘亚斌. 2009.老陈醋生产过程中总多酚、总黄酮含量及清除DPPH自由基能力的分析.食品科学, 30(17): 158~162
成军,赵玉英,崔玉新,程铁明. 2000.杜仲叶黄酮类化合物的研究.中国中药杂志, 25(5): 284~285
董大鹏. 2006.杜仲叶中抗氧化活性成分的分离和提取[硕士学位论文].贵州:贵州大学
董娟娥,马柏林,刘丽,马玲,张博勇.超声提取杜仲叶中有效成分工艺研究.西北林学院学报, 2003, 16(3): 66~68.
董娟娥,马希汉. 2007.反相高效液相色谱法同时分离测定杜仲雄花及其产品中的京尼平甙酸和绿原酸.色谱, 25(2): 217~220
杜红岩主编. 1996.杜仲优质高产栽培.北京:中国林业出版社: 16~18
冯风,梁志荣. 1996.我国历史上对杜仲的认识和利用.西北林学院学报, 11(2): 84~89
傅燕玲,吴晓琴. 2009.杨梅枝多酚的抗氧化活性研究.中国粮油学报, 24(11): 78~82
高永贵,汪淑雄. 2000.脂溶性茶多酚抗油脂氧化及其增效剂的研究.中国粮油学报, 15(3): 54~57
韩建国. 2007.杜仲叶化学成分的差异性研究[硕士学位论文].杨凌:西北农林科技大学
黄池宝,罗宗铭. 2001.食品抗氧化剂的种类及其作用机理.广东工业大学学报, 18(3): 77~80
贾征,黄文,薛安. 2008.杜仲叶黄酮的超声提取及其抗氧化性研究.安徽农业科学, 36(4): 1286~1288.
李东,王翰龙,陈家明. 1986.杜仲的化学成分.植物学报, 28(5): 528~532
李家实,阎玉凝. 1986.杜仲皮和叶化学成分初步研究.中国中药杂志, 11(8): 41~42
李立权,牛爱华,冀献民. 1996.国外杜仲开发利用现状.特产研究, (1): 43~44
李文林,黄凤洪. 2003.天然抗氧化剂研究现状.粮食与油脂, (10): 10~13
梁立兴.杜仲引种调查及育苗技术.山东林业科技.1983,1
刘德良,鲁国平. 1994.氧自由基与其抗氧化剂研究进展.哈尔滨医药, 14(3): 55~56
刘方,武子斌,牛淑敏,何锦姝,邢来君. 2001.中药材抗氧化及自由基清除活性的研究.中国药学杂志, 36(7): 442~445
刘静. 2007.杜仲叶提取物的体外抗氧化作用.陕西教育学院学报, 23(2): 65~67
刘莉华,宛晓春,李大祥. 2002.黄酮类化合物抗氧化活性构效关系的研究进展(综述).安徽农业大学学报, 29(3): 265~270
刘宁,仇农学,田玉霞. 2008.超声辅助提取紫苏叶黄酮及其清除自由基作用的研究.西北林学院学报, 23 (1): 158~161
刘世会,赵德刚,宋宝安. 2007.杜仲皮蛋白对植物病原菌的抑制作用.云药, 46(12): 848~850
刘世会,赵德刚. 2008.杜仲皮蛋白对霉菌的抑制作用.食品科学, 29(3): 149~151
刘小烛,胡忠,李英,杨俊波,李炳钧. 1994.杜仲皮中抗真菌蛋白的分离和特性研究.云南植物学报, 16(4): 385~391
(明)李时珍撰. 1977.本草纲目.第一册:校点本.北京:人民卫生出版社: 1986~1977
赖娟华,徐丽瑛,饶华, 2004.李玉云.杜仲叶化学成分和药理作用研究进展.实用中西医结合临床, 4(2): 67~78
孟德胜,汪仕良. 2001.槲皮素的抗癌作用.中草药, 32(2): 186~188
牛春山主编.陕西树木志.北京:中国林业出版社.1940:728
彭江南. 1995.茜草科耳草属三种中草药化学成分研究[硕士学位论文].北京:中国医科院药研所
彭金年,孙启时,苏印泉,董娟娥. 2006.杜仲醇提取工艺研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 34(1): 35~37.
乞永艳,骆尚骅,刘富海,许正鼎,郑友军.蜂胶抗氧化作用研究.中国粮油学报, 2001, 16(4): 18~21
茹建永,乔孝伟. 2008. HPLC法测定不同采收期杜仲叶中绿原酸的含量.中草分析与鉴定, 19(27): 2112~2113
阮征,胡筱波,赖富饶,朱新荣,吴谋成,吴晖,胡勇克,温红霞. 2007.油菜花粉中黄酮类物质提取工艺的优化研究.食品科学, 28(7): 133~137
(唐)苏敬等译,尚志钧辑校. 2005.新修本草(辑复本第2版全1册).合肥:安徽科学技术出版社: 82~83
(宋)唐慎微撰, (宋)寇宗奭衍义. 2004.重修政和经史证类备用本草.北京:北京图书馆出版社: 40~41
(梁)陶弘景集. 1986.名医别录.北京:人民卫生出版社: 258~259
田丹,陈劲春,杨新波,黄正明. 2010. Folin-酚法测定水芹总酚酸含量.医药导报, 29(增刊): 137~138
田迪英,杨荣华. 2003.果树抗氧化活性的研究.食品发酵与工业, 29(4): 40~57
王彩兰,孙瑞霞,吕文英. 1997.杜仲叶中无机元素动态含量测定.微量元素与健康研究, 14(4): 33~34
王峰,王京媛,蔡庆,吕敏,刘敏,杨连春,柳青,汤勇. 1999a.咖啡酸、阿魏酸对醋酸去氧皮质酮-盐高血压大鼠内皮素-1作用的研究.空军总医院学报, 15(1): 1~5
王峰,刘敏,杨连春,吕敏,刘敏,杨连春,柳青,汤勇. 1999b.咖啡酸、阿魏酸对高血压大鼠的降压作用.解放军药学学报, 15(5): 1~4
王峰,王京媛,李菲,刘敏,杨连春,程言亮,吕敏,季小慎. 1998.咖啡酸、阿魏酸和CA-1201拮抗ET-1生物效应的研究.空军总医院学报, 14(2): 63~66
王俊丽,陈丕铃,朱宝成. 1994.杜仲氨基酸成份的研究.河北大学学报(自然科学版), 14(2): 80~82
王军宪,郝秀华,雷海民,尤晓娟,李教社. 1996.杜仲叶化学成分研究.西北药学杂志, 11(增刊): 13～15
王宁,魏红. 1995.杜仲叶中一种新的萜烯类化合物—地芰普内酯.中草药, (8): 446
王太霞,赵红燕,柴志艳,祁文彩,丁位华,晁金泉. 2009.杜仲叶生长发育过程中结构和绿原酸含量的变化.时珍国医国药, 20(3): 635~636
王艳芳,王新华,朱宇同. 2003.槲皮素药理作用研究进展.天然产物研究与开发, 15(2): 171~173
汪玉松,邹思湘,张玉静. 2006.现代动物生物化学(第三版).北京:高等教育出版社: 41
尉芹,马希汉,张康健. 1995.杜仲化学成分研究.西北林学院学报, 10(4): 88~93
尉芹,马希汉. 1998.杜仲叶和元宝枫叶提取物抗氧化性能的研究.食品科学, 19(8): 3~5
魏芹,韩建国,董娟娥,马希汉. 2008.不同炮制方式对中药杜仲叶品质的影响.中国中药杂志, 33(1): 85~87
翁新楚,任国谱,董新伟. 1994.醌类抗氧化剂.中国油脂, (3): 17~20
吴洪新,单昌辉,阿拉木斯,夏明. 2009.尖叶胡枝子黄酮抗氧化活性的究.西北林学院学报, 24(5):118~120
吴卫华,康桢,欧阳冬生. 2006.绿原酸的药理学研究进展.天然产物研究与开发, 18: 691~694
肖东,顾振伦. 1995.槲皮素对血小板激活时胞浆游离钙的影响.苏州医学院学报, 5(1): 40~42
(清)徐大椿著. 1956.神农本草经百种录.北京:人民卫生出版社: 36~37
辛晓明,冯蕾,王浩等,王晓丹,朱玉云. 2007.杜仲的化学成分及药理活性研究进展.医学综述, 13(19): 1507~1509
徐向荣,王文华,李华斌. 1999.比色法测定Fenton反应产生的羟自由基及其应.生物化学与生物物理研究进展, 26(1): 67~69
徐良雄,曾佑炜,龙刚,彭永宏. 2005.不同花卉抗氧化能力及其多酚、黄酮含量的比较.中国野生植物资源, 24(1): 51~54
严瑞芳,薛兆弘. 1991.高弹性杜仲橡胶及其硫化弹性机理.弹性体, 1(3): 12~15
严敏,李崎,顾国贤. 2006.一个评价啤酒老化程度的新指标——DPPH清除率.食品科技, 3: 91~93
杨世海,尹春梅,徐明福.杜仲研究概况.特产研究.1995,4:38～42
于瑞涛,梅丽娟,陶燕铎,邵赟. 2007.大孔树脂NKA～9分离纯化杜仲叶中的绿原酸.分析试验室, 26(增刊): 5~6
袁亚男,陈承瑜,杨滨,小谷明,楠文代. 2009. 31种黄酮、酚酸类化合物和10种中药清除DPPH能力考察.中国中药杂志, 34(13): 1695~1699
《中华人民共和国药典》2010年版(一部)药材及饮片拟收载品种中医标准修订内容.
赵晖. 2000.杜仲叶药理作用研究(Ⅱ)—抗疲劳及愈伤作用.国外医学中医中药分册, 22(4): 211~215
臧友维. 1989.杜仲化学成分研究进展.中草药. 20(4): 42~44
张红诚,董捷,李慧,李春阳. 2007.六种蜂花粉多酚和黄酮类物质含量测定及抗氧化性的研究.食品科学, 28(9): 500~504
张红雨. 1999.黄酮类抗氧化剂结构-活性关系的理论解释.中国科学(B辑), 29(1): 91~96
张康健编. 1990.杜仲.北京:中国林业出版社: 1~118
张康健,董娟娥,马柏林,高锦明,韩文学. 2002.杜仲次生代谢物部位差异性的研究.林业科学, 38(6): 12~16
张康健,马希汉,马梅,王蓝,张檀. 1999.杜仲叶次生代谢物生长积累动态的研究.林业科学, 35(2): 15~19
张丽平,童华荣. 2004.样品抗氧化能力测定方法研究进展.粮食与油脂, (6): 20~23
赵雪英,顾振伦,苏燎原. 1996.槲皮素对培养内皮细胞释放内皮素影响的研究.苏州医学院学报, 16(2): 238~240
周正礼,李峰,李文静. 2010.杜仲糖类成分的相色谱-质谱联用分析.时珍国医国药, 21(6): 1362~1363
周林珠,杨祥良,周井炎,徐辉碧. 2002.多糖抗氧化作用研究进展.中国生化药物杂志, 23(4): 210~212
周华珠,陈翠华,孙云,祝瑾,张洪泉. 1998.杜仲叶提取物对衰老小鼠抗氧化功能的影响.徐州医学院学报, 18(6): 463~404
翟梅枝,郭景丽,王磊,何文君. 2010.栾树花黄酮类化合物的提取工艺研究.西北林学院学报, 25(2): 136~139
赵云云,田汝岺,刘捷平. 1996.杜仲雌雄树皮和叶片中氨基酸及其含量的研究.氨基酸和生物资源,18(2): 5~9
周荣汉主编. 1993.中药资源学.北京:中国医药科技出版社: 241
周政贤著. 1993.中国杜仲.贵阳:贵州科学技术出版社: 13～18
Aruoma O I, Murcia A, Butler J, Halliwell B. 1993. Evaluation of the antioxidant and prooxidant actions of gallic acid and its derivatives. J Agric Food Chem, 41: 1880~1885
Benzie I F F, Strain J J. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma as a measure of“antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem, 239: 70~76
Bianco A, Bonini C C, Iavarone C, Trogolo C. 1982. Structure elucidation of eucommioside (2″-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl eucommiol) from Eucommia ulmoides. Phytochemistry, 21(1): 201~203
Bianco A, Iavarone C, Trogolo C. 1974. Structure of eucommiol, a new cyclopentenoid-tetrol from Eucommia ulmoides. Tetrahedron, 30: 4117
Bors W, Michel. 2002. Chemistry of the antioxidant effect of polyphenols. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 957: 57~69
Bianco A, Amandodoriano B. 1978. IridoidsⅩⅩⅩ. Ulmoside (aucubigenin-1-β-isomalcosde), a new iridoid from Eucommia ulmoides, Gazz Chim Ita, 108: 17
Cao G, Sofic E and Prior R L. 1996. An tioxidant capacity of tea and common vegetables. J Agric Food Chem, 44: 3426~3431
Deyama T, Ikawa T, Kitagawa S, Nishibe S. 1987. The constiuents of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. V: Isolation of dihydroxydehydrodiconiferyl alcohol isomers and phenolic compounds. Chem Pharm Bull, 35(5): 1785
Deyama T, Nishibe S, Kitagawa S, Ogihara Y, Takeda T, Ohmoto T, Nikado T, Sankawa U. 1988. Inhibition of adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate phosphodiesterase by lignan glucosides of Eucommia bark. Chem Pharm Bull, 36(1): 435~439
Deyama T, Nishibe S, Nakazawa Y. 2001. Constituents and pharmacological effects of Eucommia and Siberian ginseng. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 22(12): 1057~1070
Deyama T. 1983. The constituents of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.Ⅰ. Isolation of (+)—Medioresinol di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. Chem Pharm Bull, 31(9): 2993~2997
Deyama T, Ikawa T, Kitagawa S. 1985. The Constituents of Eucommia ulmoisdes Oliv.Ⅱ. Isolation and structure of three new lignan glycosides. Chem Pharm Bull, 33(9): 3651~3657
Deyama T, Ikawa T, Kitagawa S, Nishibe S. 1986a. The Constituents of Eucommia ulmoisdes Oliv.Ⅲ. Isolation and structure of a new lignan glycoside. Chem Pharm Bull, 34(2): 523~527
Deyama T, Ikawa T, Kitagawa S, Nishibe S. 1986b. The constituents of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. IV: Isolation of a new sesquilignan glycoside and iridoids. Chem Pharm Bull, 34(12): 4933~4938
Deyama T, Ikawa T, Kitagawa S, Nishibe S. 1987a . The constituents of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. V:Isolation of dihydroxydehyrodiconiferyl alcohol isomers and phenolic compounds. Chem Pharm Bull, 35(5):1785~1789
Deyama T, Ikawa T, Kitagawa S, Nishibe S. 1987b. The Constituents of Eucommia ulmoisdes Oliv.Ⅹ. Isolation of a new seaquilignan and neolignan glycoside.Chem Pharm Bull, 35(5): 1803~1807
Fujita Y. 1988. Isomerization ofα-pinene oxide with chronfic acid absorbed on silica gel or aluminia. Yukagaku Zaishi, 108(2): 129~130
Frankel E N, German J B, Teissedre P L. 1995. Principal phenolic phytochemicals in selected California Wines and their antioxidant activity in inhibiting oxidation of human low density lipoproteins. J Agric Food Chem, 43: 890~894
Gewali M B, Hattori M, Namba T. 1988. Constituents of the stems of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 42(3): 247~248
Gonda R, Tomoda M, Shimizu N, Kanari M. 1990. An acidic polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides. Chen Parm Bull, 38(7): 1966~1969
Hattori M, Che Q M, Gewali M B, Nomura Y, Tezuka Y, Kikuchi T, Namba T. 1988. Studies on Du-Zhong leaves(Ⅲ). Constituents of the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides(1). Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 42(1): 76~80
Huang R H, Xiang Y, Liu X Z, Zhang Y, Hu Z, Wang D C. 2002. Two novel antifungal peptides distinct with a five-disulfide motif from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. FEBS Letters, 1-3(521): 87~90
Hirohisa Y, Etsuko F, Nobuaki K, Toshiharu T. 1998. Studies on the Iridoid Related Constituents in the Leaves of Eucommia ulmoides. Bulletin of the Public Health Laboratory of Chiba Prefecture. 22: 5~9
Kang J J, Wang H W, Liu T Y, Chen Y C, Ueng T H. 1997. Modulation of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases, glutathione and glutathione S-transferase in rat liver by geniposide from gardenia jasminoides. Food Chem. Toxicol. 35(10-11): 957~961
Larson R A, Marley K A. 1984. Quenching of singlet of oxygen by alkaloids and related nitrogen heterocycles. Photochemistry, 23(10): 235
Laranjinha Jo?o A N, Almeida L M, Madeira Vitor M C. 1992. Lipid peroxidation and its inhibition in low density lipoproteins: Quenching of cis-parinaric acid fluorescence. Arch Biochem Biophys, 297(1): 147~154
Li Y., Sato T., Metori K., Koike K., Che Q M., Takahashi S. 1998. The promoting effects of geniposidic acid and aucubin in Eucommia ulmoides oliver leaves on collagen synthesis. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21(12): 1306~1310
Morel I, Lescoat G, Cillard P, Cillard J. 1994. Role of flavonoids and iron chelation in antixiadant action. Methods Enzymol, 234: 437~443
Milic B L, Djilas S M, Canadanovic-Brunet J M. 1998. Antioxidative activity of phenolic compounds on the metal-ion breakdown of lipid peroxidation system. Food Chemistry, 61(4): 443~447 Miller N J, Rice-Evans C, Davies M J, Gopinathan V, Milner A. 1993. A novel method for mearing antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clinical Science, 84: 407~412
Nishizawa M., Izuhara R., Kaneko K., Koshihara Y., Fujimoto Y. 1988. 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors isolated from Gardeniae Fructus. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 36(1): 87~95
Pennacchio M, Syah Y M, Ghisalberti E L, Alexander E. 1996. Cardioactive compounds from Eremophia species. J Ethnop harmacol, 53(1): 21~27
Pryor W A, Cornielli J A, Devall L J, Tait B, Trivedi B K, Witiak D T, Wu M. 1993. A rapid screening test to determine the antioxidant potencies of natural and synthetic antioxidants. J Org Chem, 58(13): 3521~3532
Schubert S Y, Lansky E P, Neeman I. 1999. Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 66(1): 11~17
Shi B, He X Q, Haslam E. 1994. Gelatin-polyphenol interaction. J Am Leather Chem Assoc, 89: 96~102 Sestili P, Guidarelli A, Dacha M, Cantoni O. 1998. Quercetin prevents DNA single strand breakage and cytotoxicity caused by tert-butylhydroperoxide: free radical scavenging versus iron chelating mechanism. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 25 (2): 196~200
Sanchez-Moreno C, Larrauri J A, Saura-Calixto F. 1998. A procedure to rneasure the antiradical effciency of polyphenols. J Sci Food Agric, 76: 270~276
Takamura C, Hirata T, Ueda T, Ono M, Miyashita H, Ikeda T, Nohara T. 2007.Iridoids from the green leaves of Eucommia ulmoides. J Nat. Frod., 70(8): 1312~1316
Taubert D, Berkels R, Klaus W, Renate R. 2002. Nitric oxide formation and corresponding relaxtion of porcine coronary arteries induced by plant phenols: essential structural features. J Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 40(5): 701~713
Tomoda M, Gonda R, Shimizu N, Kanari M. 1990. A reticuloendothelial system-activation glycan from the barks of Eucommia ulmoides. Phytochemistry, 29(10): 3091~3094
Ueda S, Iwahashi Y, Tokuda H. 1991. Production of anti-tumor-promoting iridoid glucosides in genipa americana and its cell cultures. J. Nat. Prod. 54(6): 1677~1680
Vincenzo Fogliano, Veronica Verde, Giacomino Randazzo. 1999. Method for measuring antioxidant activity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant capacity of wines. J Agric Food Chem, 47: 1035~1040
Watanabe M. 1998. Catechins as antioxidants from buckwheat groats. J Agric Food Chem, 46: 839~845 YEN G C, HSIEH C L. 2000. Antioxidant actions of Du-zhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) toward oxidative damage in biomolecules. Life Sciences, 66: 1387~1400
YEN G C, HSIEH C L. 2002. Inhibitory effects of Du-zhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) against low～density lipoprotein oxidative modification. Food Chem, 77: 449~456
Yahara S, Kato K, Nakazawa Y, Toda Y, Nohara T. 1990. New iridoid trimers and tetramers from seeds of Eucommia ulmoide. Chem Pharm Bull, 38(1): 267~269
Zhou K Q, Yu L L. 2004. Antioxidant properties of bran extracts from tregowheat grown at different locations. J Agric Food Chem, 52: 1112~1117
Zhang Q, Su Y Q, Yang F X, Peng J N, Li X H, Sun R C. 2007. Antioxidative activity of water extracts from leaf, male flower, raw cortex and fruit of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Forest Products Journal, 57(12): 74~78
陈望爱,张泰铭,梁逸曾,易志彪,余雁. 2008.利用GC-MS和HPLC-DAD技术分析比较杜仲和杜仲叶的化学成分.中国药学杂志, 43(11): 816~819
陈树俊,苏静,刘诚,张海英,衡玉玮,刘亚斌. 2009.老陈醋生产过程中总多酚、总黄酮含量及清除DPPH自由基能力的分析.食品科学, 30(17): 158~162
成军,赵玉英,崔玉新,程铁明. 2000.杜仲叶黄酮类化合物的研究.中国中药杂志, 25(5): 284~285
董大鹏. 2006.杜仲叶中抗氧化活性成分的分离和提取[硕士学位论文].贵州:贵州大学
董娟娥,马柏林,刘丽,马玲,张博勇.超声提取杜仲叶中有效成分工艺研究.西北林学院学报, 2003, 16(3): 66~68.
董娟娥,马希汉. 2007.反相高效液相色谱法同时分离测定杜仲雄花及其产品中的京尼平甙酸和绿原酸.色谱, 25(2): 217~220
杜红岩主编. 1996.杜仲优质高产栽培.北京:中国林业出版社: 16~18
冯风,梁志荣. 1996.我国历史上对杜仲的认识和利用.西北林学院学报, 11(2): 84~89
傅燕玲,吴晓琴. 2009.杨梅枝多酚的抗氧化活性研究.中国粮油学报, 24(11): 78~82
高永贵,汪淑雄. 2000.脂溶性茶多酚抗油脂氧化及其增效剂的研究.中国粮油学报, 15(3): 54~57
韩建国. 2007.杜仲叶化学成分的差异性研究[硕士学位论文].杨凌:西北农林科技大学
黄池宝,罗宗铭. 2001.食品抗氧化剂的种类及其作用机理.广东工业大学学报, 18(3): 77~80
贾征,黄文,薛安. 2008.杜仲叶黄酮的超声提取及其抗氧化性研究.安徽农业科学, 36(4): 1286~1288.
李东,王翰龙,陈家明. 1986.杜仲的化学成分.植物学报, 28(5): 528~532
李家实,阎玉凝. 1986.杜仲皮和叶化学成分初步研究.中国中药杂志, 11(8): 41~42
李立权,牛爱华,冀献民. 1996.国外杜仲开发利用现状.特产研究, (1): 43~44
李文林,黄凤洪. 2003.天然抗氧化剂研究现状.粮食与油脂, (10): 10~13
梁立兴.杜仲引种调查及育苗技术.山东林业科技.1983,1
刘德良,鲁国平. 1994.氧自由基与其抗氧化剂研究进展.哈尔滨医药, 14(3): 55~56
刘方,武子斌,牛淑敏,何锦姝,邢来君. 2001.中药材抗氧化及自由基清除活性的研究.中国药学杂志, 36(7): 442~445
刘静. 2007.杜仲叶提取物的体外抗氧化作用.陕西教育学院学报, 23(2): 65~67
刘莉华,宛晓春,李大祥. 2002.黄酮类化合物抗氧化活性构效关系的研究进展(综述).安徽农业大学学报, 29(3): 265~270
刘宁,仇农学,田玉霞. 2008.超声辅助提取紫苏叶黄酮及其清除自由基作用的研究.西北林学院学报, 23 (1): 158~161
刘世会,赵德刚,宋宝安. 2007.杜仲皮蛋白对植物病原菌的抑制作用.云药, 46(12): 848~850
刘世会,赵德刚. 2008.杜仲皮蛋白对霉菌的抑制作用.食品科学, 29(3): 149~151
刘小烛,胡忠,李英,杨俊波,李炳钧. 1994.杜仲皮中抗真菌蛋白的分离和特性研究.云南植物学报, 16(4): 385~391
(明)李时珍撰. 1977.本草纲目.第一册:校点本.北京:人民卫生出版社: 1986~1977
赖娟华,徐丽瑛,饶华, 2004.李玉云.杜仲叶化学成分和药理作用研究进展.实用中西医结合临床, 4(2): 67~78
孟德胜,汪仕良. 2001.槲皮素的抗癌作用.中草药, 32(2): 186~188
牛春山主编.陕西树木志.北京:中国林业出版社.1940:728
彭江南. 1995.茜草科耳草属三种中草药化学成分研究[硕士学位论文].北京:中国医科院药研所
彭金年,孙启时,苏印泉,董娟娥. 2006.杜仲醇提取工艺研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 34(1): 35~37.
乞永艳,骆尚骅,刘富海,许正鼎,郑友军.蜂胶抗氧化作用研究.中国粮油学报, 2001, 16(4): 18~21
茹建永,乔孝伟. 2008. HPLC法测定不同采收期杜仲叶中绿原酸的含量.中草分析与鉴定, 19(27): 2112~2113
阮征,胡筱波,赖富饶,朱新荣,吴谋成,吴晖,胡勇克,温红霞. 2007.油菜花粉中黄酮类物质提取工艺的优化研究.食品科学, 28(7): 133~137
(唐)苏敬等译,尚志钧辑校. 2005.新修本草(辑复本第2版全1册).合肥:安徽科学技术出版社: 82~83
(宋)唐慎微撰, (宋)寇宗奭衍义. 2004.重修政和经史证类备用本草.北京:北京图书馆出版社: 40~41
(梁)陶弘景集. 1986.名医别录.北京:人民卫生出版社: 258~259
田丹,陈劲春,杨新波,黄正明. 2010. Folin-酚法测定水芹总酚酸含量.医药导报, 29(增刊): 137~138
田迪英,杨荣华. 2003.果树抗氧化活性的研究.食品发酵与工业, 29(4): 40~57
王彩兰,孙瑞霞,吕文英. 1997.杜仲叶中无机元素动态含量测定.微量元素与健康研究, 14(4): 33~34
王峰,王京媛,蔡庆,吕敏,刘敏,杨连春,柳青,汤勇. 1999a.咖啡酸、阿魏酸对醋酸去氧皮质酮-盐高血压大鼠内皮素-1作用的研究.空军总医院学报, 15(1): 1~5
王峰,刘敏,杨连春,吕敏,刘敏,杨连春,柳青,汤勇. 1999b.咖啡酸、阿魏酸对高血压大鼠的降压作用.解放军药学学报, 15(5): 1~4
王峰,王京媛,李菲,刘敏,杨连春,程言亮,吕敏,季小慎. 1998.咖啡酸、阿魏酸和CA-1201拮抗ET-1生物效应的研究.空军总医院学报, 14(2): 63~66
王俊丽,陈丕铃,朱宝成. 1994.杜仲氨基酸成份的研究.河北大学学报(自然科学版), 14(2): 80~82
王军宪,郝秀华,雷海民,尤晓娟,李教社. 1996.杜仲叶化学成分研究.西北药学杂志, 11(增刊): 13～15
王宁,魏红. 1995.杜仲叶中一种新的萜烯类化合物—地芰普内酯.中草药, (8): 446
王太霞,赵红燕,柴志艳,祁文彩,丁位华,晁金泉. 2009.杜仲叶生长发育过程中结构和绿原酸含量的变化.时珍国医国药, 20(3): 635~636
王艳芳,王新华,朱宇同. 2003.槲皮素药理作用研究进展.天然产物研究与开发, 15(2): 171~173
汪玉松,邹思湘,张玉静. 2006.现代动物生物化学(第三版).北京:高等教育出版社: 41
尉芹,马希汉,张康健. 1995.杜仲化学成分研究.西北林学院学报, 10(4): 88~93
尉芹,马希汉. 1998.杜仲叶和元宝枫叶提取物抗氧化性能的研究.食品科学, 19(8): 3~5
魏芹,韩建国,董娟娥,马希汉. 2008.不同炮制方式对中药杜仲叶品质的影响.中国中药杂志, 33(1): 85~87
翁新楚,任国谱,董新伟. 1994.醌类抗氧化剂.中国油脂, (3): 17~20
吴洪新,单昌辉,阿拉木斯,夏明. 2009.尖叶胡枝子黄酮抗氧化活性的究.西北林学院学报, 24(5):118~120
吴卫华,康桢,欧阳冬生. 2006.绿原酸的药理学研究进展.天然产物研究与开发, 18: 691~694
肖东,顾振伦. 1995.槲皮素对血小板激活时胞浆游离钙的影响.苏州医学院学报, 5(1): 40~42
(清)徐大椿著. 1956.神农本草经百种录.北京:人民卫生出版社: 36~37
辛晓明,冯蕾,王浩等,王晓丹,朱玉云. 2007.杜仲的化学成分及药理活性研究进展.医学综述, 13(19): 1507~1509
徐向荣,王文华,李华斌. 1999.比色法测定Fenton反应产生的羟自由基及其应.生物化学与生物物理研究进展, 26(1): 67~69
徐良雄,曾佑炜,龙刚,彭永宏. 2005.不同花卉抗氧化能力及其多酚、黄酮含量的比较.中国野生植物资源, 24(1): 51~54
严瑞芳,薛兆弘. 1991.高弹性杜仲橡胶及其硫化弹性机理.弹性体, 1(3): 12~15
严敏,李崎,顾国贤. 2006.一个评价啤酒老化程度的新指标——DPPH清除率.食品科技, 3: 91~93
杨世海,尹春梅,徐明福.杜仲研究概况.特产研究.1995,4:38～42
于瑞涛,梅丽娟,陶燕铎,邵赟. 2007.大孔树脂NKA～9分离纯化杜仲叶中的绿原酸.分析试验室, 26(增刊): 5~6
袁亚男,陈承瑜,杨滨,小谷明,楠文代. 2009. 31种黄酮、酚酸类化合物和10种中药清除DPPH能力考察.中国中药杂志, 34(13): 1695~1699
《中华人民共和国药典》2010年版(一部)药材及饮片拟收载品种中医标准修订内容.
赵晖. 2000.杜仲叶药理作用研究(Ⅱ)—抗疲劳及愈伤作用.国外医学中医中药分册, 22(4): 211~215
臧友维. 1989.杜仲化学成分研究进展.中草药. 20(4): 42~44
张红诚,董捷,李慧,李春阳. 2007.六种蜂花粉多酚和黄酮类物质含量测定及抗氧化性的研究.食品科学, 28(9): 500~504
张红雨. 1999.黄酮类抗氧化剂结构-活性关系的理论解释.中国科学(B辑), 29(1): 91~96
张康健编. 1990.杜仲.北京:中国林业出版社: 1~118
张康健,董娟娥,马柏林,高锦明,韩文学. 2002.杜仲次生代谢物部位差异性的研究.林业科学, 38(6): 12~16
张康健,马希汉,马梅,王蓝,张檀. 1999.杜仲叶次生代谢物生长积累动态的研究.林业科学, 35(2): 15~19
张丽平,童华荣. 2004.样品抗氧化能力测定方法研究进展.粮食与油脂, (6): 20~23
赵雪英,顾振伦,苏燎原. 1996.槲皮素对培养内皮细胞释放内皮素影响的研究.苏州医学院学报, 16(2): 238~240
周正礼,李峰,李文静. 2010.杜仲糖类成分的相色谱-质谱联用分析.时珍国医国药, 21(6): 1362~1363
周林珠,杨祥良,周井炎,徐辉碧. 2002.多糖抗氧化作用研究进展.中国生化药物杂志, 23(4): 210~212
周华珠,陈翠华,孙云,祝瑾,张洪泉. 1998.杜仲叶提取物对衰老小鼠抗氧化功能的影响.徐州医学院学报, 18(6): 463~404
翟梅枝,郭景丽,王磊,何文君. 2010.栾树花黄酮类化合物的提取工艺研究.西北林学院学报, 25(2): 136~139
赵云云,田汝岺,刘捷平. 1996.杜仲雌雄树皮和叶片中氨基酸及其含量的研究.氨基酸和生物资源,18(2): 5~9
周荣汉主编. 1993.中药资源学.北京:中国医药科技出版社: 241
周政贤著. 1993.中国杜仲.贵阳:贵州科学技术出版社: 13～18
Aruoma O I, Murcia A, Butler J, Halliwell B. 1993. Evaluation of the antioxidant and prooxidant actions of gallic acid and its derivatives. J Agric Food Chem, 41: 1880~1885
Benzie I F F, Strain J J. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma as a measure of“antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem, 239: 70~76
Bianco A, Bonini C C, Iavarone C, Trogolo C. 1982. Structure elucidation of eucommioside (2″-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl eucommiol) from Eucommia ulmoides. Phytochemistry, 21(1): 201~203
Bianco A, Iavarone C, Trogolo C. 1974. Structure of eucommiol, a new cyclopentenoid-tetrol from Eucommia ulmoides. Tetrahedron, 30: 4117
Bors W, Michel. 2002. Chemistry of the antioxidant effect of polyphenols. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 957: 57~69
Bianco A, Amandodoriano B. 1978. IridoidsⅩⅩⅩ. Ulmoside (aucubigenin-1-β-isomalcosde), a new iridoid from Eucommia ulmoides, Gazz Chim Ita, 108: 17
Cao G, Sofic E and Prior R L. 1996. An tioxidant capacity of tea and common vegetables. J Agric Food Chem, 44: 3426~3431
Deyama T, Ikawa T, Kitagawa S, Nishibe S. 1987. The constiuents of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. V: Isolation of dihydroxydehydrodiconiferyl alcohol isomers and phenolic compounds. Chem Pharm Bull, 35(5): 1785
Deyama T, Nishibe S, Kitagawa S, Ogihara Y, Takeda T, Ohmoto T, Nikado T, Sankawa U. 1988. Inhibition of adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate phosphodiesterase by lignan glucosides of Eucommia bark. Chem Pharm Bull, 36(1): 435~439
Deyama T, Nishibe S, Nakazawa Y. 2001. Constituents and pharmacological effects of Eucommia and Siberian ginseng. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 22(12): 1057~1070
Deyama T. 1983. The constituents of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.Ⅰ. Isolation of (+)—Medioresinol di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. Chem Pharm Bull, 31(9): 2993~2997
Deyama T, Ikawa T, Kitagawa S. 1985. The Constituents of Eucommia ulmoisdes Oliv.Ⅱ. Isolation and structure of three new lignan glycosides. Chem Pharm Bull, 33(9): 3651~3657
Deyama T, Ikawa T, Kitagawa S, Nishibe S. 1986a. The Constituents of Eucommia ulmoisdes Oliv.Ⅲ. Isolation and structure of a new lignan glycoside. Chem Pharm Bull, 34(2): 523~527
Deyama T, Ikawa T, Kitagawa S, Nishibe S. 1986b. The constituents of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. IV: Isolation of a new sesquilignan glycoside and iridoids. Chem Pharm Bull, 34(12): 4933~4938
Deyama T, Ikawa T, Kitagawa S, Nishibe S. 1987a . The constituents of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. V:Isolation of dihydroxydehyrodiconiferyl alcohol isomers and phenolic compounds. Chem Pharm Bull, 35(5):1785~1789
Deyama T, Ikawa T, Kitagawa S, Nishibe S. 1987b. The Constituents of Eucommia ulmoisdes Oliv.Ⅹ. Isolation of a new seaquilignan and neolignan glycoside.Chem Pharm Bull, 35(5): 1803~1807
Fujita Y. 1988. Isomerization ofα-pinene oxide with chronfic acid absorbed on silica gel or aluminia. Yukagaku Zaishi, 108(2): 129~130
Frankel E N, German J B, Teissedre P L. 1995. Principal phenolic phytochemicals in selected California Wines and their antioxidant activity in inhibiting oxidation of human low density lipoproteins. J Agric Food Chem, 43: 890~894
Gewali M B, Hattori M, Namba T. 1988. Constituents of the stems of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 42(3): 247~248
Gonda R, Tomoda M, Shimizu N, Kanari M. 1990. An acidic polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides. Chen Parm Bull, 38(7): 1966~1969
Hattori M, Che Q M, Gewali M B, Nomura Y, Tezuka Y, Kikuchi T, Namba T. 1988. Studies on Du-Zhong leaves(Ⅲ). Constituents of the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides(1). Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 42(1): 76~80
Huang R H, Xiang Y, Liu X Z, Zhang Y, Hu Z, Wang D C. 2002. Two novel antifungal peptides distinct with a five-disulfide motif from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. FEBS Letters, 1-3(521): 87~90
Hirohisa Y, Etsuko F, Nobuaki K, Toshiharu T. 1998. Studies on the Iridoid Related Constituents in the Leaves of Eucommia ulmoides. Bulletin of the Public Health Laboratory of Chiba Prefecture. 22: 5~9
Kang J J, Wang H W, Liu T Y, Chen Y C, Ueng T H. 1997. Modulation of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases, glutathione and glutathione S-transferase in rat liver by geniposide from gardenia jasminoides. Food Chem. Toxicol. 35(10-11): 957~961
Larson R A, Marley K A. 1984. Quenching of singlet of oxygen by alkaloids and related nitrogen heterocycles. Photochemistry, 23(10): 235
Laranjinha Jo?o A N, Almeida L M, Madeira Vitor M C. 1992. Lipid peroxidation and its inhibition in low density lipoproteins: Quenching of cis-parinaric acid fluorescence. Arch Biochem Biophys, 297(1): 147~154
Li Y., Sato T., Metori K., Koike K., Che Q M., Takahashi S. 1998. The promoting effects of geniposidic acid and aucubin in Eucommia ulmoides oliver leaves on collagen synthesis. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21(12): 1306~1310
Morel I, Lescoat G, Cillard P, Cillard J. 1994. Role of flavonoids and iron chelation in antixiadant action. Methods Enzymol, 234: 437~443
Milic B L, Djilas S M, Canadanovic-Brunet J M. 1998. Antioxidative activity of phenolic compounds on the metal-ion breakdown of lipid peroxidation system. Food Chemistry, 61(4): 443~447 Miller N J, Rice-Evans C, Davies M J, Gopinathan V, Milner A. 1993. A novel method for mearing antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clinical Science, 84: 407~412
Nishizawa M., Izuhara R., Kaneko K., Koshihara Y., Fujimoto Y. 1988. 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors isolated from Gardeniae Fructus. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 36(1): 87~95
Pennacchio M, Syah Y M, Ghisalberti E L, Alexander E. 1996. Cardioactive compounds from Eremophia species. J Ethnop harmacol, 53(1): 21~27
Pryor W A, Cornielli J A, Devall L J, Tait B, Trivedi B K, Witiak D T, Wu M. 1993. A rapid screening test to determine the antioxidant potencies of natural and synthetic antioxidants. J Org Chem, 58(13): 3521~3532
Schubert S Y, Lansky E P, Neeman I. 1999. Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 66(1): 11~17
Shi B, He X Q, Haslam E. 1994. Gelatin-polyphenol interaction. J Am Leather Chem Assoc, 89: 96~102 Sestili P, Guidarelli A, Dacha M, Cantoni O. 1998. Quercetin prevents DNA single strand breakage and cytotoxicity caused by tert-butylhydroperoxide: free radical scavenging versus iron chelating mechanism. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 25 (2): 196~200
Sanchez-Moreno C, Larrauri J A, Saura-Calixto F. 1998. A procedure to rneasure the antiradical effciency of polyphenols. J Sci Food Agric, 76: 270~276
Takamura C, Hirata T, Ueda T, Ono M, Miyashita H, Ikeda T, Nohara T. 2007.Iridoids from the green leaves of Eucommia ulmoides. J Nat. Frod., 70(8): 1312~1316
Taubert D, Berkels R, Klaus W, Renate R. 2002. Nitric oxide formation and corresponding relaxtion of porcine coronary arteries induced by plant phenols: essential structural features. J Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 40(5): 701~713
Tomoda M, Gonda R, Shimizu N, Kanari M. 1990. A reticuloendothelial system-activation glycan from the barks of Eucommia ulmoides. Phytochemistry, 29(10): 3091~3094
Ueda S, Iwahashi Y, Tokuda H. 1991. Production of anti-tumor-promoting iridoid glucosides in genipa americana and its cell cultures. J. Nat. Prod. 54(6): 1677~1680
Vincenzo Fogliano, Veronica Verde, Giacomino Randazzo. 1999. Method for measuring antioxidant activity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant capacity of wines. J Agric Food Chem, 47: 1035~1040
Watanabe M. 1998. Catechins as antioxidants from buckwheat groats. J Agric Food Chem, 46: 839~845 YEN G C, HSIEH C L. 2000. Antioxidant actions of Du-zhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) toward oxidative damage in biomolecules. Life Sciences, 66: 1387~1400
YEN G C, HSIEH C L. 2002. Inhibitory effects of Du-zhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) against low～density lipoprotein oxidative modification. Food Chem, 77: 449~456
Yahara S, Kato K, Nakazawa Y, Toda Y, Nohara T. 1990. New iridoid trimers and tetramers from seeds of Eucommia ulmoide. Chem Pharm Bull, 38(1): 267~269
Zhou K Q, Yu L L. 2004. Antioxidant properties of bran extracts from tregowheat grown at different locations. J Agric Food Chem, 52: 1112~1117
Zhang Q, Su Y Q, Yang F X, Peng J N, Li X H, Sun R C. 2007. Antioxidative activity of water extracts from leaf, male flower, raw cortex and fruit of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Forest Products Journal, 57(12): 74~78