城市公园木本植物群落类型及树种相关性研究
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摘要
城市森林在改善城市环境、提高人居质量方面的作用日益明显和重要。本文以生态学、景观美学和植被生态学为指导,通过调查合肥、杭州、上海、南京四个不同城市的城市森林群落,分析城市森林群落的群落结构、种间联结关系以及景观美学,从多个方面综合研究,探索长江中下游城市公园植物群落的优秀配置模式,为本地区城市森林的建设与经营提供一些有益建议。本文主要研究结果如下:
1公园木本植物群落结构分析
本文调查了长江下游地区合肥、杭州、上海和南京四个城市,共计127个样方、观测1225株树木,记录树高、胸径、冠幅、枝下高、生长位置及健康状况。通过对城市森林群落结构分析得出,长江中下游地区组成城市公园木本植物群落的主要树种有,雪松、枫杨、悬铃木、香樟、广玉兰、桂花、紫叶李、银杏、女贞等。
根据城市森林群落垂直结构和树种组成分,可划分为6种类型:复层型针阔混交模式、复层型阔叶树种混交模式、复层型针叶树种混交模式、单层型针阔混交模式、单层型阔叶林模式、单层型针叶林模式。其中主要群落类型是复层型针阔混交模式、复层型阔叶树种混交模式、单层型针阔混交模式、单层型阔叶林模式这四种模式。
2城市公园木本植物群落种间联结关系分析
本文分别选取合肥、杭州、上海和南京四个城市样方中出现的重要值排在前25位的树种为种间联结关系的研究对象,利用种间联结AC值对城市森林群落树种种间联结关系进行测定。在调查的4个城市中,城市森林群落显著的正联结种对40个,较显著的正联结种对60个,较弱的正联结种对161个。按照种间联结关系,以基本独立联结性作为划分种组的界限,进一步可以得到15个生态联结种组,它们分别是:⑴雪松-广玉兰-三角枫-朴树-鸡爪槭;⑵雪松-喜树-棕榈-椤木石楠;⑶广玉兰-棕榈-垂柳-香樟;⑷三角枫-朴树-杏树-国槐;⑸雪松-香樟-广玉兰-紫叶李;⑹香樟-广玉兰-桂花-红枫-青枫-紫叶李;⑺水杉-垂柳-香樟-桂花-紫叶李;⑻银杏-朴树-山杜英-合欢-红枫;⑼悬铃木-香樟-桂花-羽毛枫;⑽雪松-香樟-紫叶李-桂花;⑾广玉兰-杜仲-红枫-青枫-日本晚樱;⑿五角枫-栾树-桂花-鸡爪槭;⒀雪松-广玉兰-紫叶李-日本晚樱;⒁香樟-棕榈-女贞-桂花-鸡爪槭;⒂枫杨-广玉兰-紫叶李-香樟-银杏。
3城市公园木本植物群落美学评价
应用数码相机拍摄上述调查的四个城市127个样方城市森林群落,分别不同群落各选一张最能反映群落景观效果的照片,共获127张景观照片用作评价,按城市分为四组进行美学评价。采用SBE景观评价值评定法,分别对合肥、杭州、上海和南京四个城市的城市森林群落进行美学评价,分析总结得出长江中下游城市森林群落美学特点:复层群落的美学评价高于单层群落;针阔混交群落的美学评价高于单纯的阔叶或针叶群落;园林建筑、小品、水体以及意境的搭配,可以使森林群落相映成辉,提高群落的美学评价的得分值;同时表明评判者对群落内彩叶树种、富有层次的结构、以及树形树叶的和谐与对比也格外偏爱。
(4)长江中下游城市公园木本植物群落典型模式构建
基于上述的研究结果,结合不同树种的生态习性,考虑树种的对光照、土壤、温度、水分的要求,运用对本地区的基调树种和优秀群落结构模式的研究兼顾群落内树种联结关系,配合美学评价中的对层次错落、色彩变化的要求。归纳出四种适合长江中下游地区生长的城市森林群落配置模式,为本地区城市森林建设提供帮助。
Urban forest has played an increasingly important role on improvement of city environment and enhancement of living quality. On the basis of the principles and methods of landscape aesthetics and vegetation ecology, community structure, plant inter-specific association and landscape aesthetics for major urban forest communities selected in the Hefei, Hangzhou, Shanghai and Nanjing city was analyzed in the paper. Based on comprehensive analysis, Author summarized and suggested several planting design models being suitable for construction using of urban forest community in cities in Middle and Lower, and gives some constructive advices to the establishment and management of urban forest community.
The main research results are as follows:
(1) Woody plant community structure of urban park
The 4 cities located in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Hefei, Hangzhou, Shanghai and Nanjing were selected as study area. Totally 127 sample quadrates with 1225 individual trees were investigated. Tree height, diameter at breast height, crown width, the height under branch, distribution position, and health situation for trees in quadrates was recorded in field, and community characteristic was analyzed as well. The results indicated that the major component tree species of urban forest community in these cities studied are: Cedrus deodara,Pterocarya stenoptera, Platanus acerifolia, Cinnamonum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Osmathus fragrans, Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpure, Ginkgo biloba, Ligustrum lucidum etc.
Based on vertical structure and species composition of urban forest community, the community is divided into six categories: multilayer conifer and broadleaved mixed planting model, multilayer broadleaved mixed planting model, multilayer conifer mixed planting model, monolayer conifer and broadleaved mixed planting model, monolayer broadleaved mixed planting model, and monolayer conifer mixed planting model. The major 4 planting models were multilayer conifer and broadleaved mixed planting model, multilayer broadleaved mixed planting model, monolayer conifer and broadleaved mixed planting model and multilayer broadleaved mixed planting model.
(2) Interrelation analysis of the major component species in urban forest community
Each group of 25 tree species ranking at first to 25th in order of species important value was selected from 4 cities studied respectively for interrelation analysis, and association correlation (AC) was calculated, then according to the results a semi-matrix was drawn for each couple species
The result shows that totally 262 species could be identified as positive association, which 40 species pairs are at notable level, 60 species pairs are at relatively significant, and 161 species pairs are at weaker level . Based on species association and basic independent connection, 15 ecological connection groups can be classified:
⑴Cedrus deodara-Magnolia grandiflora-Acer buergerianum-Celtis tetrandra-Acer palmatum;⑵Cedrus deodara - Camptotheca acuminata -Trachycarpus fortunei-Photinia davidsoniae;⑶Magnolia grandiflora- Trachycarpus fortunei- Salix babylonica -Cinnamonum camphora;⑷Acer buergerianum- Celtis tetrandra- Prunus armeniaca- Sophora japonica;⑸Cedrus deodara - Cinnamonum camphora-Magnolia grandiflora- Prunus cerasifer f. atropurpure;⑹Cinnamonum camphora- Magnolia grandiflora- Osmathus frograns- Acer palmatum -Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpure;⑺Metasequoia glyptostrboides-Salix babylonica-Cinnamonum camphora- Osmathus frograns-Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpure;⑻Ginkgo biloba -Celtis tetrandra- Elaeocarpus sylvestris-Albizzia julibrissin-Acer palmatum;⑼Platatnus acerifolia -Cinnamonum camphora-Osmathus frograns-Acer palmatum cv. Dissectum;⑽Cedrus deodara- Cinnamonum camphora-Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpure -Osmathus frograns;⑾Magnolia grandiflora-Eucommia ulmoides-Acer palmatum cv. Atropurpureum-Acer palmatum - Prunus yedoensis;⑿Acer mono -Koelreuteria paniculata-Osmathus frograns - Acer palmatum;⒀Cedrus deodara - Magnolia grandiflora - Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpure - Prunus yedoensis;⒁Cinnamonum camphora -Trachycarpus fortunei-Ligustrum lucidum-Osmathus frograns-Acer palmatum;⒂Pterocarya stenoptera-Magnolia grandiflora-Prunus cerasifera-Cinnamonum camphora-Ginkgo biloba.
(3)The beauty assessment of woody plant community of urban park
Author used digital camera to take pictures of all above 127 invested sample plots, totally 127 photos were selected from for landscape beauty assessment using. The beauty assessment was done using SBE model in 4 cities respectively. The results indicated that multilayer planting model scored higher than single layer type; conifer and broadleaved mixed planting model scored higher than single layer conifer or broadleaved planting model. And ornaments landscape building and water body adding to planting model can enhance beauty score. Also people prefer trees with colorful leaf and harmonious crown shape, multilayer community.
(4) The construction of typical planting design model in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River
Using the above conclusions, combining the ecological habits of different tree species, considering the demand of light, soil, temperature and water of trees, applying the study results of the summarized major community described above, such as inter-specific association, requirement of colorful leaves, vertical structure of community and beauty assessment for different planting models,Four planting design models for urban forest community establishment which is suitable to the cities in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River are suggested . It provided a rational basis for management and construction of urban forest community.
1公园木本植物群落结构分析
本文调查了长江下游地区合肥、杭州、上海和南京四个城市,共计127个样方、观测1225株树木,记录树高、胸径、冠幅、枝下高、生长位置及健康状况。通过对城市森林群落结构分析得出,长江中下游地区组成城市公园木本植物群落的主要树种有,雪松、枫杨、悬铃木、香樟、广玉兰、桂花、紫叶李、银杏、女贞等。
根据城市森林群落垂直结构和树种组成分,可划分为6种类型:复层型针阔混交模式、复层型阔叶树种混交模式、复层型针叶树种混交模式、单层型针阔混交模式、单层型阔叶林模式、单层型针叶林模式。其中主要群落类型是复层型针阔混交模式、复层型阔叶树种混交模式、单层型针阔混交模式、单层型阔叶林模式这四种模式。
2城市公园木本植物群落种间联结关系分析
本文分别选取合肥、杭州、上海和南京四个城市样方中出现的重要值排在前25位的树种为种间联结关系的研究对象,利用种间联结AC值对城市森林群落树种种间联结关系进行测定。在调查的4个城市中,城市森林群落显著的正联结种对40个,较显著的正联结种对60个,较弱的正联结种对161个。按照种间联结关系,以基本独立联结性作为划分种组的界限,进一步可以得到15个生态联结种组,它们分别是:⑴雪松-广玉兰-三角枫-朴树-鸡爪槭;⑵雪松-喜树-棕榈-椤木石楠;⑶广玉兰-棕榈-垂柳-香樟;⑷三角枫-朴树-杏树-国槐;⑸雪松-香樟-广玉兰-紫叶李;⑹香樟-广玉兰-桂花-红枫-青枫-紫叶李;⑺水杉-垂柳-香樟-桂花-紫叶李;⑻银杏-朴树-山杜英-合欢-红枫;⑼悬铃木-香樟-桂花-羽毛枫;⑽雪松-香樟-紫叶李-桂花;⑾广玉兰-杜仲-红枫-青枫-日本晚樱;⑿五角枫-栾树-桂花-鸡爪槭;⒀雪松-广玉兰-紫叶李-日本晚樱;⒁香樟-棕榈-女贞-桂花-鸡爪槭;⒂枫杨-广玉兰-紫叶李-香樟-银杏。
3城市公园木本植物群落美学评价
应用数码相机拍摄上述调查的四个城市127个样方城市森林群落,分别不同群落各选一张最能反映群落景观效果的照片,共获127张景观照片用作评价,按城市分为四组进行美学评价。采用SBE景观评价值评定法,分别对合肥、杭州、上海和南京四个城市的城市森林群落进行美学评价,分析总结得出长江中下游城市森林群落美学特点:复层群落的美学评价高于单层群落;针阔混交群落的美学评价高于单纯的阔叶或针叶群落;园林建筑、小品、水体以及意境的搭配,可以使森林群落相映成辉,提高群落的美学评价的得分值;同时表明评判者对群落内彩叶树种、富有层次的结构、以及树形树叶的和谐与对比也格外偏爱。
(4)长江中下游城市公园木本植物群落典型模式构建
基于上述的研究结果,结合不同树种的生态习性,考虑树种的对光照、土壤、温度、水分的要求,运用对本地区的基调树种和优秀群落结构模式的研究兼顾群落内树种联结关系,配合美学评价中的对层次错落、色彩变化的要求。归纳出四种适合长江中下游地区生长的城市森林群落配置模式,为本地区城市森林建设提供帮助。
Urban forest has played an increasingly important role on improvement of city environment and enhancement of living quality. On the basis of the principles and methods of landscape aesthetics and vegetation ecology, community structure, plant inter-specific association and landscape aesthetics for major urban forest communities selected in the Hefei, Hangzhou, Shanghai and Nanjing city was analyzed in the paper. Based on comprehensive analysis, Author summarized and suggested several planting design models being suitable for construction using of urban forest community in cities in Middle and Lower, and gives some constructive advices to the establishment and management of urban forest community.
The main research results are as follows:
(1) Woody plant community structure of urban park
The 4 cities located in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Hefei, Hangzhou, Shanghai and Nanjing were selected as study area. Totally 127 sample quadrates with 1225 individual trees were investigated. Tree height, diameter at breast height, crown width, the height under branch, distribution position, and health situation for trees in quadrates was recorded in field, and community characteristic was analyzed as well. The results indicated that the major component tree species of urban forest community in these cities studied are: Cedrus deodara,Pterocarya stenoptera, Platanus acerifolia, Cinnamonum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Osmathus fragrans, Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpure, Ginkgo biloba, Ligustrum lucidum etc.
Based on vertical structure and species composition of urban forest community, the community is divided into six categories: multilayer conifer and broadleaved mixed planting model, multilayer broadleaved mixed planting model, multilayer conifer mixed planting model, monolayer conifer and broadleaved mixed planting model, monolayer broadleaved mixed planting model, and monolayer conifer mixed planting model. The major 4 planting models were multilayer conifer and broadleaved mixed planting model, multilayer broadleaved mixed planting model, monolayer conifer and broadleaved mixed planting model and multilayer broadleaved mixed planting model.
(2) Interrelation analysis of the major component species in urban forest community
Each group of 25 tree species ranking at first to 25th in order of species important value was selected from 4 cities studied respectively for interrelation analysis, and association correlation (AC) was calculated, then according to the results a semi-matrix was drawn for each couple species
The result shows that totally 262 species could be identified as positive association, which 40 species pairs are at notable level, 60 species pairs are at relatively significant, and 161 species pairs are at weaker level . Based on species association and basic independent connection, 15 ecological connection groups can be classified:
⑴Cedrus deodara-Magnolia grandiflora-Acer buergerianum-Celtis tetrandra-Acer palmatum;⑵Cedrus deodara - Camptotheca acuminata -Trachycarpus fortunei-Photinia davidsoniae;⑶Magnolia grandiflora- Trachycarpus fortunei- Salix babylonica -Cinnamonum camphora;⑷Acer buergerianum- Celtis tetrandra- Prunus armeniaca- Sophora japonica;⑸Cedrus deodara - Cinnamonum camphora-Magnolia grandiflora- Prunus cerasifer f. atropurpure;⑹Cinnamonum camphora- Magnolia grandiflora- Osmathus frograns- Acer palmatum -Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpure;⑺Metasequoia glyptostrboides-Salix babylonica-Cinnamonum camphora- Osmathus frograns-Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpure;⑻Ginkgo biloba -Celtis tetrandra- Elaeocarpus sylvestris-Albizzia julibrissin-Acer palmatum;⑼Platatnus acerifolia -Cinnamonum camphora-Osmathus frograns-Acer palmatum cv. Dissectum;⑽Cedrus deodara- Cinnamonum camphora-Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpure -Osmathus frograns;⑾Magnolia grandiflora-Eucommia ulmoides-Acer palmatum cv. Atropurpureum-Acer palmatum - Prunus yedoensis;⑿Acer mono -Koelreuteria paniculata-Osmathus frograns - Acer palmatum;⒀Cedrus deodara - Magnolia grandiflora - Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpure - Prunus yedoensis;⒁Cinnamonum camphora -Trachycarpus fortunei-Ligustrum lucidum-Osmathus frograns-Acer palmatum;⒂Pterocarya stenoptera-Magnolia grandiflora-Prunus cerasifera-Cinnamonum camphora-Ginkgo biloba.
(3)The beauty assessment of woody plant community of urban park
Author used digital camera to take pictures of all above 127 invested sample plots, totally 127 photos were selected from for landscape beauty assessment using. The beauty assessment was done using SBE model in 4 cities respectively. The results indicated that multilayer planting model scored higher than single layer type; conifer and broadleaved mixed planting model scored higher than single layer conifer or broadleaved planting model. And ornaments landscape building and water body adding to planting model can enhance beauty score. Also people prefer trees with colorful leaf and harmonious crown shape, multilayer community.
(4) The construction of typical planting design model in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River
Using the above conclusions, combining the ecological habits of different tree species, considering the demand of light, soil, temperature and water of trees, applying the study results of the summarized major community described above, such as inter-specific association, requirement of colorful leaves, vertical structure of community and beauty assessment for different planting models,Four planting design models for urban forest community establishment which is suitable to the cities in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River are suggested . It provided a rational basis for management and construction of urban forest community.
引文
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