典型草原主要植物及群落青贮特性
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摘要
为了解典型草原主要植物及其群落青贮特性，于2012年7月下旬至8月上旬在兴安盟、通辽市、赤峰市和锡林郭勒盟等4个盟市57个样点采集牧草，进行青贮调制，主要研究青贮饲料乳酸菌种属、牧草营养成分、青贮饲料品质等，结果如下：
1．典型草原天然牧草青贮饲料中乳酸菌数量在103cfu/g~108cfu/g之间，差异较大。共分离出乳酸菌443株，其中杆菌146株、球菌297株；乳酸菌株经测序比对，鉴定出8个属，涵盖35个种。乳酸菌属以肠球菌属（130株，占总株数29.35%）、乳杆菌属（107株，24.15%）、片球菌属（109株，24.61%）、明串珠球菌属（54株，12.19%）为主，共计400株，占总菌株数90.29%；乳酸菌种以粪肠球菌（77株，17.38%）、戊糖片球菌（67株，15.12%）、植物乳杆菌（53株，11.96%）、肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种（50株，11.29%）为主，共计200株菌，占总数的45.15%；分离出EGV1株，未有中文命名。
2．典型草原植物群落粗蛋白含量7.11%~16.61%，平均11.74%；缓冲能值74.79mE/kg~376.91mE/kg之间，平均203.52mE/kg。羊草粗蛋白含量8.48%~17.13%，平均12.72%；缓冲能值126.48mE/kg~304.03mE/kg，平均226.54mE/kg。针茅粗蛋白含量7.37%~12.92%，平均9.04%；中性洗涤纤维含量69.88%~75.53%，平均72.89%。单种牧草各营养成分含量变异系数依次为可溶性碳水化合物>缓冲能值>粗蛋白>干物质>纤维组分。
3．典型草原植物群落青贮饲料pH值4.32~7.45，平均5.56；乳酸含量0%~4.18%，平均0.59%；氨态氮占总氮量0.59%~32.48%，平均5.93%；青贮饲料调制成功率为82.46%。羊草青贮饲料pH值4.52~7.73之间，平均5.91；乳酸含量0%~2.58%之间，平均0.51%；氨态氮占总氮量0.72%~26.73%之间，平均3.63%；青贮饲料调制成功率为92.59%。针茅青贮饲料pH值4.72~6.74，平均6.02；乳酸含量0.02%~0.82%，平均0.27%；氨态氮占总氮量0.57%~3.85%，平均1.98%；青贮饲料调制成功率为100%。调节天然牧草干物质含量（>30%）可提高青贮饲料调制成功率。
4．青贮发酵可显著提高禾本科牧草粗蛋白含量（P＜0.05），对植物群落和豆科牧草粗蛋白含量没有显著影响（P＞0.05）；显著降低植物群落和禾本科牧草的中性洗涤纤维含量和半纤维素含量（P＜0.05），通过降低植物群落和禾本科牧草半纤维素减少中性洗涤纤维含量。
5．典型草原天然牧草生长地的纬度与植物群落和禾本科牧草可溶性碳水化合物含量呈显著性负相关（P＜0.05），海拔高度与植物群落可溶性碳水化合物含量呈显著性正相关（P＜0.05）。青贮原料和青贮饲料发酵品质之间以鲜重为基础进行相关性分析的效果优于以干物质为基础进行的分析；纬度与青贮饲料的发酵品质负相关，海拔高度与发酵品质正相关；植物群落和禾本科牧草原料草可溶性碳水化合物的含量与青贮饲料的pH值呈正相关，与乳酸含量和氨态氮占总氮量呈负相关。
The forage and the silages were collected from57sites in4cities (Xingan, Tongliao, Chifeng,Xilinguole) in order to learn the silage characteristics of main plant and community on Typical Steppe.The species of lactic acid bacteria, the nutrition composition of forage and the fermentation quality ofsilages were studied. The results are as follows:
1. The counts of lactic acid bacteria in silages were larger differences (103cfu/g~108cfu/g).462strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the silages, in which210strains were coccus,252strains were bacillus. Those strains were identified as8genuses and35species. The main genuses wereEnterococcus (130strains,29.35%), Lactobacillus (107strains,24.15%), Pediococcus (109strains,24.61%). The main species were E. faecalis (77strains,17.38%), P. pentosaceus (67strains,15.12%), L.plantarum (53strains,11.96%) and L.mesenteroides subsp. Mesenteroides (50strains,11.29%).
2. The CP contents of community forage were between7.11%and16.61%, the average was11.74%;the BC between74.79mE/kg and376.91mE/kg, the average203.52mE/kg. The CP contents ofLeymus chinensis were between8.48%and17.13%, the average was12.72%; the BC between126.48mE/kg and304.03mE/kg, the average226.542mE/kg. The CP contents of Stipa were between7.37%and12.92%, the average was9.04%; the NDF between69.88%and75.53%，the average72.89%.The CV sequence of nutrition compositions in single forage were WSC> BC> CP> DM> fibercomponent.
3. The pH of the community silages were between4.32and7.45, the average was5.56; the LAbetween0%and4.18%, the average0.59%; the AN/TN between0.59%and32.48%, the average5.93%;the success rate of ensiling was82.46%. The pH of the Leymus chinensis silages were between4.52and7.73, the average was5.91; the LA between0%and2.58%, the average0.51%; the AN/TN between0.72%and26.73%, the average3.63%; the success rate was92.59%. The pH of the Stipa silages werebetween4.72and6.74, the average was6.02; the LA between0.02%and0.82%, the average0.27%; theAN/TN between0.57%and3.85%, the average1.98%; the success rate was100%. The success rate ofensiling could be improved by adjusting DM contents (>30%) of forage.
4. The fermentation of ensiling could increase the CP contents of Gramineae forage (P＜0.05), andhad no effects on the CP contents of community and Leguminosae forage (P＞0.05). The fermentationcould decrease the NDF and HC contents of community forage and Leguminosae forage (P＜0.05),which indicated that the NDF contents were decreased by reducing the HC contents
5. The attitude of sites had negative correlation with the WSC contents of community and Gramineaeforage (P＜0.05), the elevation of sites had positive correlation with the WSC contents of communityforage (P＜0.05). The correlation analysis results based on the fresh weight were better than the drymatter. The attitude of sites had negative correlation with fermentation quality of silages; the elevationof sites had positive correlation with fermentation quality of silages. The WSC contents of communityforage and Gramineae forage had positive correlation with pH, and negative correlation with lactic acid contents and AN/TN of silages.
1．典型草原天然牧草青贮饲料中乳酸菌数量在103cfu/g~108cfu/g之间，差异较大。共分离出乳酸菌443株，其中杆菌146株、球菌297株；乳酸菌株经测序比对，鉴定出8个属，涵盖35个种。乳酸菌属以肠球菌属（130株，占总株数29.35%）、乳杆菌属（107株，24.15%）、片球菌属（109株，24.61%）、明串珠球菌属（54株，12.19%）为主，共计400株，占总菌株数90.29%；乳酸菌种以粪肠球菌（77株，17.38%）、戊糖片球菌（67株，15.12%）、植物乳杆菌（53株，11.96%）、肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种（50株，11.29%）为主，共计200株菌，占总数的45.15%；分离出EGV1株，未有中文命名。
2．典型草原植物群落粗蛋白含量7.11%~16.61%，平均11.74%；缓冲能值74.79mE/kg~376.91mE/kg之间，平均203.52mE/kg。羊草粗蛋白含量8.48%~17.13%，平均12.72%；缓冲能值126.48mE/kg~304.03mE/kg，平均226.54mE/kg。针茅粗蛋白含量7.37%~12.92%，平均9.04%；中性洗涤纤维含量69.88%~75.53%，平均72.89%。单种牧草各营养成分含量变异系数依次为可溶性碳水化合物>缓冲能值>粗蛋白>干物质>纤维组分。
3．典型草原植物群落青贮饲料pH值4.32~7.45，平均5.56；乳酸含量0%~4.18%，平均0.59%；氨态氮占总氮量0.59%~32.48%，平均5.93%；青贮饲料调制成功率为82.46%。羊草青贮饲料pH值4.52~7.73之间，平均5.91；乳酸含量0%~2.58%之间，平均0.51%；氨态氮占总氮量0.72%~26.73%之间，平均3.63%；青贮饲料调制成功率为92.59%。针茅青贮饲料pH值4.72~6.74，平均6.02；乳酸含量0.02%~0.82%，平均0.27%；氨态氮占总氮量0.57%~3.85%，平均1.98%；青贮饲料调制成功率为100%。调节天然牧草干物质含量（>30%）可提高青贮饲料调制成功率。
4．青贮发酵可显著提高禾本科牧草粗蛋白含量（P＜0.05），对植物群落和豆科牧草粗蛋白含量没有显著影响（P＞0.05）；显著降低植物群落和禾本科牧草的中性洗涤纤维含量和半纤维素含量（P＜0.05），通过降低植物群落和禾本科牧草半纤维素减少中性洗涤纤维含量。
5．典型草原天然牧草生长地的纬度与植物群落和禾本科牧草可溶性碳水化合物含量呈显著性负相关（P＜0.05），海拔高度与植物群落可溶性碳水化合物含量呈显著性正相关（P＜0.05）。青贮原料和青贮饲料发酵品质之间以鲜重为基础进行相关性分析的效果优于以干物质为基础进行的分析；纬度与青贮饲料的发酵品质负相关，海拔高度与发酵品质正相关；植物群落和禾本科牧草原料草可溶性碳水化合物的含量与青贮饲料的pH值呈正相关，与乳酸含量和氨态氮占总氮量呈负相关。
The forage and the silages were collected from57sites in4cities (Xingan, Tongliao, Chifeng,Xilinguole) in order to learn the silage characteristics of main plant and community on Typical Steppe.The species of lactic acid bacteria, the nutrition composition of forage and the fermentation quality ofsilages were studied. The results are as follows:
1. The counts of lactic acid bacteria in silages were larger differences (103cfu/g~108cfu/g).462strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the silages, in which210strains were coccus,252strains were bacillus. Those strains were identified as8genuses and35species. The main genuses wereEnterococcus (130strains,29.35%), Lactobacillus (107strains,24.15%), Pediococcus (109strains,24.61%). The main species were E. faecalis (77strains,17.38%), P. pentosaceus (67strains,15.12%), L.plantarum (53strains,11.96%) and L.mesenteroides subsp. Mesenteroides (50strains,11.29%).
2. The CP contents of community forage were between7.11%and16.61%, the average was11.74%;the BC between74.79mE/kg and376.91mE/kg, the average203.52mE/kg. The CP contents ofLeymus chinensis were between8.48%and17.13%, the average was12.72%; the BC between126.48mE/kg and304.03mE/kg, the average226.542mE/kg. The CP contents of Stipa were between7.37%and12.92%, the average was9.04%; the NDF between69.88%and75.53%，the average72.89%.The CV sequence of nutrition compositions in single forage were WSC> BC> CP> DM> fibercomponent.
3. The pH of the community silages were between4.32and7.45, the average was5.56; the LAbetween0%and4.18%, the average0.59%; the AN/TN between0.59%and32.48%, the average5.93%;the success rate of ensiling was82.46%. The pH of the Leymus chinensis silages were between4.52and7.73, the average was5.91; the LA between0%and2.58%, the average0.51%; the AN/TN between0.72%and26.73%, the average3.63%; the success rate was92.59%. The pH of the Stipa silages werebetween4.72and6.74, the average was6.02; the LA between0.02%and0.82%, the average0.27%; theAN/TN between0.57%and3.85%, the average1.98%; the success rate was100%. The success rate ofensiling could be improved by adjusting DM contents (>30%) of forage.
4. The fermentation of ensiling could increase the CP contents of Gramineae forage (P＜0.05), andhad no effects on the CP contents of community and Leguminosae forage (P＞0.05). The fermentationcould decrease the NDF and HC contents of community forage and Leguminosae forage (P＜0.05),which indicated that the NDF contents were decreased by reducing the HC contents
5. The attitude of sites had negative correlation with the WSC contents of community and Gramineaeforage (P＜0.05), the elevation of sites had positive correlation with the WSC contents of communityforage (P＜0.05). The correlation analysis results based on the fresh weight were better than the drymatter. The attitude of sites had negative correlation with fermentation quality of silages; the elevationof sites had positive correlation with fermentation quality of silages. The WSC contents of communityforage and Gramineae forage had positive correlation with pH, and negative correlation with lactic acid contents and AN/TN of silages.
引文
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