方向调制在物理层安全通信和通信测向综合系统中的应用研究
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摘要
随着现代无线通信技术的高速发展，无线通信信息在传输过程中的安全性问题和通信测向功能性综合问题越发得到人们的关注，尤其是将无线通信技术应用于军事通信领域时。本论文围绕方向调制技术展开全文，着重研究了方向调制信号在两个方面的应用：（a）基于相控阵的方向调制信号、多波束方向调制信号和基于切换阵列的方向调制扩频信号在物理层安全通信中的应用；（b）多波束方向调制信号和多普勒方向调制信号在通信测向综合系统中的应用。
对本文的研究工作总结如下：
1）提出了一种基于多目标函数遗传算法的方向调制信号。采用多目标优化函数综合相移器的相移值，实现期望方位发射信号星座图与基带数字调制信号相同，而在其它方位发射信号星座点产生最大程度的畸变。相比于传统的基于相控阵的方向调制信号，本文方法发射的方向调制信号具有更窄的信息波束宽度，是一种更好的基于相控阵的物理层安全通信信号。
2）提出一种基于角型反射器天线的双波束方向调制信号，发射信号在期望方位接收信号星座图与传统的数字基带调制信号相同，而在其他方位接收信号的星座图中的星座点产生畸变，利用双波束之间的干涉实现方向调制。并且双波束方向调制技术可以与扩频技术兼容，基带调制采用伪随机序列调制通信信息，天线端利用双波束实现方向调制，这样发射的信号同时被扩频序列和空间方位信息调制，为通信信息的无线传输提供了一种更加安全的方法。
3）设计了一种基于和差多波束卡塞格伦天线的多波束方向调制人工噪声辅助物理层安全通信系统。和波束指向期望接收机用于传输数字通信信息，方位差波束和俯仰差波束发射人工噪声调制信号用于防止窃听接收机窃听通信信息，由于和差波束之间的空间正交性人工噪声调制信号只影响窃听信道而不影响期望信道的正常通信。
4）提出了一种基于切换天线阵列的方向调制扩频信号，采用扩频序列控制天线的切换发射方案，天线高速切换产生的谐波分量在频域上扩展发射信号的频谱，发射信号不仅与使用的扩频序列有关而且与接收机所在的空间方位信息有关，这样即使窃听接收机具有发射信号使用的扩频序列的先验知识也无法解调接收信号。这样发射的方向调制扩频信号结合了方向调制信号和扩频信号的优点同时具有低截获概率、低侦测概率和抗干扰能力。
5）提出了一种基于八元天线阵的同相位中心多波束方向调制OFDM信号应用于通信测向综合系统。将多波束方向调制技术与OFDM技术结合，不同的方向图函数调制不同的子载波信号星座图，采用粗精测结合的比幅算法提高多波束方向调制信号的测向误差均方差。接收机只需要单天线接收机就能从接收信号星座图中同时解调出数字通信信息和空间方位信息。为了拉大发射阵列中阵元之间的最小间距提出了一种基于九元稀疏阵列的多波束方向调制信号，利用发射波束相位中心之间的相位差结合中国余数定理解模糊度粗测接收机的空间方位信息，再利用大阵元间距产生的波束通过比幅算法精测接收机所在的空间方位信息。
6）提出了一种基于直线切换阵的多普勒方向调制通信测向综合信号，利用射频开关控制发射天线做高速的虚拟直线运动，天线虚拟运动产生的多普勒频移信息调制到发射信号的星座图中。接收机中设计了一种与传统扩频信号解调方式类似的差分相关解调算法，这样接收机可以从接收信号星座图中同时估计出收发信机之间的相对方位信息和数字通信信息。为了解决接收机运动产生的多普勒频移影响测向误差均方差问题，提出了一种双波束多普勒方向调制信号，切换圆阵发射多普勒调制信号，切换圆阵中心天线发射参考信号，采用和差编码的方式对切换天线和中心天线联合编码便于接收机区分多普勒方向调制信号和参考信号。
With the development of wireless communication technique, two issues have aroused people’sattention, one is the information security of wireless communication, the other is the integrationsystem with wireless communication and direction-finding, especially in military and homelandsecurity application. The directional modulation technique is researched in this doctoral dissertation,which is divided into two directions,(a) directional modulation signal using a phased array,multi-beam directional modulation signal and directional modulation spread-spectrum signal for thephysical layer security communication;(b) multi-beam directional modulation signal andDoppler-frequency directional modulation signal for the integration system with communication anddirection-finding.
The main work of this doctoral dissertation is summarized as follows:
1) A directional modulation signal using a phased array based on multi-objective genetic algorithmis proposed. According to the relationship between Euclidean space of constellation points and biterror rate performance, the values of the phase shifter are generated by means of optimizingmulti-objective genetic algorithm to synthesize a directional modulation signal. This signaltransmit different signal constellation at different directions. At the desired direction, the transmitsignal’s constellation is the same as the traditional baseband modulation signal while the transmitsignal constellation is scrambled at other directions. Compared with the traditional directionalmodulation signal, the directional modulation signal proposed in this doctoral dissertation hasmore narrow information beam-width. Simulation results show that the proposed technique offera more physical layer secure transmission signal for wireless communication.
2) A dual-beam directional modulation signal using a corner reflector antenna is proposed. Theconstellation points of the receive signal maintain their positions as traditional basebandmodulation signal at the desired direction, but scramble in the phase at the undesired directions.This dual-beam directional modulation technique is compatible with the spread-spectrumtechnique because the transmit signal is modulated by the spreading sequence at the baseband andmodulated by two beams’ radiation pattern at the antenna level. In this way, the transmit signal ismodulation by the spreading sequence and the directional information of the receiver to offer asecure transmission method for wireless communication.
3) A physical layer secure communication system aided by artificial noise using a sum-difference multi-beam Cassegrain antenna is designed. The main idea is that the sum beam transmitcommunication signal, simultaneously, two difference beams transmit artificial noise to guaranteesecure transmission of the sum beam. The eavesdropper’s channel is degraded by artificial noisebut the desired receiver’s channel does not affect because of the spatially orthogonal between thesum beam and two difference beams. In this way, the desired receiver can demodulate thecommunication signal while the eavesdroppers learn almost nothing about the information fromits observations.
4) A directional modulation spread-spectrum signal is proposed using a switched antenna array. Themain idea is that a switching scheme of the switched antenna array is designed according to aspreading sequence. The harmonic components generated by the antenna switching spread thespectrum of the transmit signal. The transmit signal is associated with the spreading sequence andthe directional of the desired receiver. In this way, the desired receiver with a single antennademodulates the receive signal as the traditional spread-spectrum signal, while eavesdroppers cannot extract any useful information from the receive signal even if eavesdroppers know thespreading sequence of the directional modulation spread-spectrum signal. This transmit signalcombines the advantage of directional modulation signal and spread-spectrum signal with thecharacteristic of low-probability-of-interception, low-probability-of-detection and anti-jamming.
5) A multi-beam directional modulation signal using an antenna array with eight elements isproposed for integration system with communication and direction-finding. The multi-beamdirectional modulation technique combines with the OFDM technique by which differentradiation patterns are modulated into different constellation of subcarriers. Therefore, the receiverwith a single antenna demodulates the communication information and the directionalinformation from the receive signal constellation, simultaneously. To increase the minimum spaceof element, a multi-beam without same phase directional modulation OFDM signal using a sparseantenna array with nine elements is proposed. The phase difference and the Chinese remaindertheorem are used to estimate the directional information of the receiver coarsely. Then, theradiation patterns generated by two-element sub-arrays with greater half wavelength space areused to estimate the directional information of the receiver accurately.
6) A single beam Doppler frequency directional modulation signal using a switched antenna array isproposed for the integration system with communication and direction-finding. The virtualmotion transmit antenna is simulated by a linear switched antenna array which are controlled bythe high-speed RF switches. Therefore, the Doppler frequency shift information generated by the virtual motion of the transmit antenna is modulated into the transmit signal constellation. In thisway, the receiver can demodulate the directional information and communication informationform the receive signal constellation, simultaneously by a differential correlation demodulationalgorithm. However, the direction-finding performance is affected by the Doppler frequency shiftinformation generated by the receive motion. To solve this problem, a dual-beam Dopplerfrequency directional modulation signal using a uniform switched circular array is proposed forthe integration system with communication and direction-finding. The Doppler frequencydirectional modulation signal is transmitted by the uniform switched circular array simultaneouslythe reference signal is transmitted by a center antenna of the uniform switched circular array. Todistinguish the Doppler frequency directional modulation signal from the reference signal for thereceiver, a sum-difference coding scheme is designed as the traditional space-time coding.
对本文的研究工作总结如下：
1）提出了一种基于多目标函数遗传算法的方向调制信号。采用多目标优化函数综合相移器的相移值，实现期望方位发射信号星座图与基带数字调制信号相同，而在其它方位发射信号星座点产生最大程度的畸变。相比于传统的基于相控阵的方向调制信号，本文方法发射的方向调制信号具有更窄的信息波束宽度，是一种更好的基于相控阵的物理层安全通信信号。
2）提出一种基于角型反射器天线的双波束方向调制信号，发射信号在期望方位接收信号星座图与传统的数字基带调制信号相同，而在其他方位接收信号的星座图中的星座点产生畸变，利用双波束之间的干涉实现方向调制。并且双波束方向调制技术可以与扩频技术兼容，基带调制采用伪随机序列调制通信信息，天线端利用双波束实现方向调制，这样发射的信号同时被扩频序列和空间方位信息调制，为通信信息的无线传输提供了一种更加安全的方法。
3）设计了一种基于和差多波束卡塞格伦天线的多波束方向调制人工噪声辅助物理层安全通信系统。和波束指向期望接收机用于传输数字通信信息，方位差波束和俯仰差波束发射人工噪声调制信号用于防止窃听接收机窃听通信信息，由于和差波束之间的空间正交性人工噪声调制信号只影响窃听信道而不影响期望信道的正常通信。
4）提出了一种基于切换天线阵列的方向调制扩频信号，采用扩频序列控制天线的切换发射方案，天线高速切换产生的谐波分量在频域上扩展发射信号的频谱，发射信号不仅与使用的扩频序列有关而且与接收机所在的空间方位信息有关，这样即使窃听接收机具有发射信号使用的扩频序列的先验知识也无法解调接收信号。这样发射的方向调制扩频信号结合了方向调制信号和扩频信号的优点同时具有低截获概率、低侦测概率和抗干扰能力。
5）提出了一种基于八元天线阵的同相位中心多波束方向调制OFDM信号应用于通信测向综合系统。将多波束方向调制技术与OFDM技术结合，不同的方向图函数调制不同的子载波信号星座图，采用粗精测结合的比幅算法提高多波束方向调制信号的测向误差均方差。接收机只需要单天线接收机就能从接收信号星座图中同时解调出数字通信信息和空间方位信息。为了拉大发射阵列中阵元之间的最小间距提出了一种基于九元稀疏阵列的多波束方向调制信号，利用发射波束相位中心之间的相位差结合中国余数定理解模糊度粗测接收机的空间方位信息，再利用大阵元间距产生的波束通过比幅算法精测接收机所在的空间方位信息。
6）提出了一种基于直线切换阵的多普勒方向调制通信测向综合信号，利用射频开关控制发射天线做高速的虚拟直线运动，天线虚拟运动产生的多普勒频移信息调制到发射信号的星座图中。接收机中设计了一种与传统扩频信号解调方式类似的差分相关解调算法，这样接收机可以从接收信号星座图中同时估计出收发信机之间的相对方位信息和数字通信信息。为了解决接收机运动产生的多普勒频移影响测向误差均方差问题，提出了一种双波束多普勒方向调制信号，切换圆阵发射多普勒调制信号，切换圆阵中心天线发射参考信号，采用和差编码的方式对切换天线和中心天线联合编码便于接收机区分多普勒方向调制信号和参考信号。
With the development of wireless communication technique, two issues have aroused people’sattention, one is the information security of wireless communication, the other is the integrationsystem with wireless communication and direction-finding, especially in military and homelandsecurity application. The directional modulation technique is researched in this doctoral dissertation,which is divided into two directions,(a) directional modulation signal using a phased array,multi-beam directional modulation signal and directional modulation spread-spectrum signal for thephysical layer security communication;(b) multi-beam directional modulation signal andDoppler-frequency directional modulation signal for the integration system with communication anddirection-finding.
The main work of this doctoral dissertation is summarized as follows:
1) A directional modulation signal using a phased array based on multi-objective genetic algorithmis proposed. According to the relationship between Euclidean space of constellation points and biterror rate performance, the values of the phase shifter are generated by means of optimizingmulti-objective genetic algorithm to synthesize a directional modulation signal. This signaltransmit different signal constellation at different directions. At the desired direction, the transmitsignal’s constellation is the same as the traditional baseband modulation signal while the transmitsignal constellation is scrambled at other directions. Compared with the traditional directionalmodulation signal, the directional modulation signal proposed in this doctoral dissertation hasmore narrow information beam-width. Simulation results show that the proposed technique offera more physical layer secure transmission signal for wireless communication.
2) A dual-beam directional modulation signal using a corner reflector antenna is proposed. Theconstellation points of the receive signal maintain their positions as traditional basebandmodulation signal at the desired direction, but scramble in the phase at the undesired directions.This dual-beam directional modulation technique is compatible with the spread-spectrumtechnique because the transmit signal is modulated by the spreading sequence at the baseband andmodulated by two beams’ radiation pattern at the antenna level. In this way, the transmit signal ismodulation by the spreading sequence and the directional information of the receiver to offer asecure transmission method for wireless communication.
3) A physical layer secure communication system aided by artificial noise using a sum-difference multi-beam Cassegrain antenna is designed. The main idea is that the sum beam transmitcommunication signal, simultaneously, two difference beams transmit artificial noise to guaranteesecure transmission of the sum beam. The eavesdropper’s channel is degraded by artificial noisebut the desired receiver’s channel does not affect because of the spatially orthogonal between thesum beam and two difference beams. In this way, the desired receiver can demodulate thecommunication signal while the eavesdroppers learn almost nothing about the information fromits observations.
4) A directional modulation spread-spectrum signal is proposed using a switched antenna array. Themain idea is that a switching scheme of the switched antenna array is designed according to aspreading sequence. The harmonic components generated by the antenna switching spread thespectrum of the transmit signal. The transmit signal is associated with the spreading sequence andthe directional of the desired receiver. In this way, the desired receiver with a single antennademodulates the receive signal as the traditional spread-spectrum signal, while eavesdroppers cannot extract any useful information from the receive signal even if eavesdroppers know thespreading sequence of the directional modulation spread-spectrum signal. This transmit signalcombines the advantage of directional modulation signal and spread-spectrum signal with thecharacteristic of low-probability-of-interception, low-probability-of-detection and anti-jamming.
5) A multi-beam directional modulation signal using an antenna array with eight elements isproposed for integration system with communication and direction-finding. The multi-beamdirectional modulation technique combines with the OFDM technique by which differentradiation patterns are modulated into different constellation of subcarriers. Therefore, the receiverwith a single antenna demodulates the communication information and the directionalinformation from the receive signal constellation, simultaneously. To increase the minimum spaceof element, a multi-beam without same phase directional modulation OFDM signal using a sparseantenna array with nine elements is proposed. The phase difference and the Chinese remaindertheorem are used to estimate the directional information of the receiver coarsely. Then, theradiation patterns generated by two-element sub-arrays with greater half wavelength space areused to estimate the directional information of the receiver accurately.
6) A single beam Doppler frequency directional modulation signal using a switched antenna array isproposed for the integration system with communication and direction-finding. The virtualmotion transmit antenna is simulated by a linear switched antenna array which are controlled bythe high-speed RF switches. Therefore, the Doppler frequency shift information generated by the virtual motion of the transmit antenna is modulated into the transmit signal constellation. In thisway, the receiver can demodulate the directional information and communication informationform the receive signal constellation, simultaneously by a differential correlation demodulationalgorithm. However, the direction-finding performance is affected by the Doppler frequency shiftinformation generated by the receive motion. To solve this problem, a dual-beam Dopplerfrequency directional modulation signal using a uniform switched circular array is proposed forthe integration system with communication and direction-finding. The Doppler frequencydirectional modulation signal is transmitted by the uniform switched circular array simultaneouslythe reference signal is transmitted by a center antenna of the uniform switched circular array. Todistinguish the Doppler frequency directional modulation signal from the reference signal for thereceiver, a sum-difference coding scheme is designed as the traditional space-time coding.
引文
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