三维地震裂缝介质正反演研究
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摘要
随着经济的发展和生活水平的不断提高,人们对油气资源的需求不断攀升,这给油气资源的勘探和开发带来了机遇与挑战。原有的或相对容易勘探的油气藏几乎已经开发殆尽。这又对油气藏的勘探与开发提出了更高的要求。
裂缝作为地壳中的一种普遍现象,广泛地存在于各类岩层之中。到目前为止,已经在砂岩、泥岩和碳酸盐岩,甚至是火成岩的裂缝性储集层中获得大量的工业气流。据统计,低渗透油气藏(包括各类裂缝性油气藏)储量为我国油气探明储量的三分之一左右,全国可动用油气储量的四分之三为低渗透的致密的裂缝性油气藏。在油气田的勘探开发领域里,裂缝性储集层的地位越来越重要。
裂缝的形成受多种因素控制,其物理属性复杂,横向、纵向变化大,表现出很强的各向异性。裂缝多为后期生成,不像其它油气藏具有相应的沉积环境特征,所以裂缝性油气藏比常规油气藏更难于勘探。以往使用测井数据来进行裂缝检测,其检测结果大多数只能在井点周围很小的范围内有效。由于裂缝的复杂性,井间裂缝方向和密度的预测难于依靠井中结果的外推。当探区内缺乏测井数据,甚至根本没有井时,就必须寻找其它方法。所幸的是,裂隙的存在导致裂缝介质的物理性质随着测线方位的不同而发生变化,这在地震勘探中称为方位各向异性。同时,由于地层上覆载荷的压实作用,水平或低角度裂缝近乎消失,对裂缝性油气藏贡献大的是易于保存的高角度和近于垂直的裂缝,而正是这类裂缝对地震波产生了各向异性的传播特征,并且人们能够相对容易地获得这些信息。这一性质使得我们可以依靠叠前地震资料检测裂缝。
地震横波对裂缝具有很强的敏感性。当地震横波的偏振方向与裂缝的走向不平行或垂直时,横波就会发生分裂现象,产生与裂缝走向平行的快横波和与裂缝走向垂直的慢横波。通过观测和测量横波分裂情况,就可以反演裂缝介质的参数。但横波采集和处理的费用极高,对油田的投资风险大,因此并不是常规应用的技术。
目前已经发展起来的裂缝性油气藏勘探技术有:横波、P-S转换波、多分量地震、多方位VSP、纵波AVAZ等勘探技术。其中最有效的方法应属横波分裂技术,但横波采集和处理的费用极高,对油田的投资风险大,因此并不是常规应用的技术。多分量地震、多方位VSP、P-S转换波技术有着不错的效果,但要么勘探成本高,要么是非常规地震采集项目,在国内现阶段难于广泛应用。所以,运用纵波AVAZ勘探是现阶段既经济、又实用的勘探方法。
裂缝介质的研究方法大体可分为两类:一是裂缝介质的波场模拟,包括物理模拟和数值模拟(波动方程模拟和射线追踪模拟);二是在各向异性理论基础和物理模型观测基础上形成的各种检测裂缝方法技术的研究。
裂缝介质是指具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性介质,简称HTI介质或EDA介质。裂缝介质是描述裂缝性储层的最简单的方位各向异性模型,代表了平行垂直裂缝。
当地震波通过裂缝介质时,其反射系数、速度和走时都会随测线方位角和入射角发生变化。通过对裂缝介质的全方位角勘探,运用地震波的动力学和运动学特征分析,就可以反演出裂缝介质发育的主方向,以及其他参数。由于资料处理简单、费用低廉,方位纵波分析法是现阶段裂缝性储层的主要分析方法。
在裂缝介质的分析过程中,发现裂缝介质中的动校正速度随测线方位角的变化而变化,且呈椭圆关系。当测线平行裂缝走向时,动校正速度最大;当测线垂直裂缝走向时,动校正速度最小。运用与在固定炮检距情况下利用振幅信息求取裂缝走向相似的方法,利用裂缝介质中的方位动校正速度来拟合裂缝的走向。
本文在采用两项的Vavrycuk近似公式对裂缝介质参数进行反演时,将裂缝的走向参数和裂缝介质的其他参数反演相分离。首先运用裂缝介质中的动校正速度反演裂缝的走向,然后运用Vavrycuk近似公式反演裂缝介质的其他参数。在反演的具体算法上,采用解超定线性方程组的SVD法。在小偏移距的情况下,运用两项的Vavrycuk近似公式是合理的。
在进行裂缝介质的参数反演过程中,需要采集的资料是宽方位角的,用于反演的CMP道集是高信噪比的、高保真的、高分辨率的振幅信息,其动校正速度是经过精细处理所得到的数据。Vavrycuk的近似公式是在弱各向异性介质,而且是具有相同裂缝对称轴方向的基础上建立起来的,所以在利用该公式进行裂缝介质的反演时,也只能适合大套裂缝的情况。
With the economic development and the continuous improvement of living standards, the demand for the oil-gas resources is rising continuously, which has brought opportunities and challenges to the oil and gas resources exploration and development. The original or easy oil-gas resources have been almost completely, which is higher demand to the oil-gas exploration and development.
Crack in the crust is the universal phenomenon, and is widely found in various rocks. So far, it has found a large number of industrial gases in the sandstone, the shale, the carbonate, and the igneous. According to statistics, low-permeability reservoir (including all kinds of crack reservoir) for oil-gas proven reserves is about one third of the state's oil-gas reserves, and about three-quarters of low permeability of dense fractured reservoir. In the oil-gas exploration and development field, fractured reserves position will become increasing important.
The formation of crack is controlled by many factors, which its physical attributes is complex, horizontal and vertical change is strong, shows a strong anisotropy. The crack generation is in the latter, unlike other reservoirs with the corresponding deposition environmental characteristics. So the fractured reservoir is more difficult than other oil-gas reservoirs in exploration. In the past, using log date to detect the crack, the majority results are effective only in very small well. Because of the complexity of the crack, predicting the direction of crack between wells and density is hard by logging date. When the exploring field is lack of logging date, even when there is no well, it must find other ways. Fortunately, the existence of crack causes the physical nature of the fractured media change with the line, which is called azimuthally anisotropy in seismic exploration. At the same time, because of the overlying load compaction, the horizontal and low-level angles of cracks have almost disappeared, and the high angle and near vertical cracks is easier to be preserved. Because of this reason, it is easy to getting the information by pre-stack seismic data.
The S-wave is highly sensitive to crack. When the S-wave polarization direction is not parallel or vertical to crack direction, S-wave will split and occur the fast S-wave which is parallel to crack direction, the slow S-wave which is vertical to crack direction. By observing and measuring the spitting, we can invert fractured media parameter. However, because of the high cost of S-wave acquisition and processing and being risk, it is not conventional application technology.
At present, fractured reservoir exploration technology is S-wave, P-S converted wave, multi-component seismic, multi-azimuthally VSP, P-wave AVAZ, and so on. One of the most effective ways should be S-wave, but the S-wave acquiring and processing are the high cost and risk. So it is not conventional technology. Multi-component seismic, multi-azimuthally VSP, P-S converted wave is fine ways, but they are the high cost of exploration, or are non-conventional projects in this stage. Therefore the use of P-wave AVAZ exploration at this stage is economic and practical methods for exploration.
The research methods of fractured media can be roughly divided into two categories: the fractured media field simulation, including physical modeling and simulation (wave equation simulation and ray-tracing simulation), the other is the theoretical basis and anisotropy physical model based on observation on the formation of cracks in the various detection methods and techniques of research.
The fractured media is the transverse isotropy with a horizontal axis of symmetry (HTI media or EDA media). It is the simplest azimuthally anisotropy model used to describe fractured reservoirs that contain parallel vertical cracks.
When seismic wave go though the fractured media, its reflection coefficient, velocity and traveltime should change with the azimuth and angle. Though the wide azimuth exploration of the fractured media, using the seismic dynamics and kinematics character, we can invert the crack direction and the other parameters. Because of the low cost and the simple processing, the azimuth P-wave analysis is the main method of fractured reservoirs at present.
In the analysis of the fractured media, the normal moveout velocity in fractured media would change with azimuth and angle, and into elliptical relationship. When the line is parallel the crack direction, the NMO velocity is maximal. When the line is vertical the crack direction, the NMO velocity is minimal. As acquiring the crack direction by the amplitude in the fixed-offset, using the NMO velocity in fractured media to acquire the crack direction.
In this paper, when using the two Vavrycuk approximate formula to invert the parameters of fractured media, the direction and the other parameters of fractured media is separate. Firstly using the NMO velocity to the inversion of crack direction, then using the Vavrycuk formula to the inversion of other parameters. In the specific algorithm of inversion, using the super-linear equations of the SVD. The approximate formula is appropriate in small offset.
In the inversion of parameter in the fractured media, wide azimuth data is required, and the CMP gathers for inversion should be of high S/N, fidelity and resolution in amplitude, and the NMO velocity is fine-turning analysis data. Vavrycuk approximate formula is based on the weak anisotropy media and the same axis of symmetry crack, so the formula is only suitable big cracks in the inversion.
裂缝作为地壳中的一种普遍现象,广泛地存在于各类岩层之中。到目前为止,已经在砂岩、泥岩和碳酸盐岩,甚至是火成岩的裂缝性储集层中获得大量的工业气流。据统计,低渗透油气藏(包括各类裂缝性油气藏)储量为我国油气探明储量的三分之一左右,全国可动用油气储量的四分之三为低渗透的致密的裂缝性油气藏。在油气田的勘探开发领域里,裂缝性储集层的地位越来越重要。
裂缝的形成受多种因素控制,其物理属性复杂,横向、纵向变化大,表现出很强的各向异性。裂缝多为后期生成,不像其它油气藏具有相应的沉积环境特征,所以裂缝性油气藏比常规油气藏更难于勘探。以往使用测井数据来进行裂缝检测,其检测结果大多数只能在井点周围很小的范围内有效。由于裂缝的复杂性,井间裂缝方向和密度的预测难于依靠井中结果的外推。当探区内缺乏测井数据,甚至根本没有井时,就必须寻找其它方法。所幸的是,裂隙的存在导致裂缝介质的物理性质随着测线方位的不同而发生变化,这在地震勘探中称为方位各向异性。同时,由于地层上覆载荷的压实作用,水平或低角度裂缝近乎消失,对裂缝性油气藏贡献大的是易于保存的高角度和近于垂直的裂缝,而正是这类裂缝对地震波产生了各向异性的传播特征,并且人们能够相对容易地获得这些信息。这一性质使得我们可以依靠叠前地震资料检测裂缝。
地震横波对裂缝具有很强的敏感性。当地震横波的偏振方向与裂缝的走向不平行或垂直时,横波就会发生分裂现象,产生与裂缝走向平行的快横波和与裂缝走向垂直的慢横波。通过观测和测量横波分裂情况,就可以反演裂缝介质的参数。但横波采集和处理的费用极高,对油田的投资风险大,因此并不是常规应用的技术。
目前已经发展起来的裂缝性油气藏勘探技术有:横波、P-S转换波、多分量地震、多方位VSP、纵波AVAZ等勘探技术。其中最有效的方法应属横波分裂技术,但横波采集和处理的费用极高,对油田的投资风险大,因此并不是常规应用的技术。多分量地震、多方位VSP、P-S转换波技术有着不错的效果,但要么勘探成本高,要么是非常规地震采集项目,在国内现阶段难于广泛应用。所以,运用纵波AVAZ勘探是现阶段既经济、又实用的勘探方法。
裂缝介质的研究方法大体可分为两类:一是裂缝介质的波场模拟,包括物理模拟和数值模拟(波动方程模拟和射线追踪模拟);二是在各向异性理论基础和物理模型观测基础上形成的各种检测裂缝方法技术的研究。
裂缝介质是指具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性介质,简称HTI介质或EDA介质。裂缝介质是描述裂缝性储层的最简单的方位各向异性模型,代表了平行垂直裂缝。
当地震波通过裂缝介质时,其反射系数、速度和走时都会随测线方位角和入射角发生变化。通过对裂缝介质的全方位角勘探,运用地震波的动力学和运动学特征分析,就可以反演出裂缝介质发育的主方向,以及其他参数。由于资料处理简单、费用低廉,方位纵波分析法是现阶段裂缝性储层的主要分析方法。
在裂缝介质的分析过程中,发现裂缝介质中的动校正速度随测线方位角的变化而变化,且呈椭圆关系。当测线平行裂缝走向时,动校正速度最大;当测线垂直裂缝走向时,动校正速度最小。运用与在固定炮检距情况下利用振幅信息求取裂缝走向相似的方法,利用裂缝介质中的方位动校正速度来拟合裂缝的走向。
本文在采用两项的Vavrycuk近似公式对裂缝介质参数进行反演时,将裂缝的走向参数和裂缝介质的其他参数反演相分离。首先运用裂缝介质中的动校正速度反演裂缝的走向,然后运用Vavrycuk近似公式反演裂缝介质的其他参数。在反演的具体算法上,采用解超定线性方程组的SVD法。在小偏移距的情况下,运用两项的Vavrycuk近似公式是合理的。
在进行裂缝介质的参数反演过程中,需要采集的资料是宽方位角的,用于反演的CMP道集是高信噪比的、高保真的、高分辨率的振幅信息,其动校正速度是经过精细处理所得到的数据。Vavrycuk的近似公式是在弱各向异性介质,而且是具有相同裂缝对称轴方向的基础上建立起来的,所以在利用该公式进行裂缝介质的反演时,也只能适合大套裂缝的情况。
With the economic development and the continuous improvement of living standards, the demand for the oil-gas resources is rising continuously, which has brought opportunities and challenges to the oil and gas resources exploration and development. The original or easy oil-gas resources have been almost completely, which is higher demand to the oil-gas exploration and development.
Crack in the crust is the universal phenomenon, and is widely found in various rocks. So far, it has found a large number of industrial gases in the sandstone, the shale, the carbonate, and the igneous. According to statistics, low-permeability reservoir (including all kinds of crack reservoir) for oil-gas proven reserves is about one third of the state's oil-gas reserves, and about three-quarters of low permeability of dense fractured reservoir. In the oil-gas exploration and development field, fractured reserves position will become increasing important.
The formation of crack is controlled by many factors, which its physical attributes is complex, horizontal and vertical change is strong, shows a strong anisotropy. The crack generation is in the latter, unlike other reservoirs with the corresponding deposition environmental characteristics. So the fractured reservoir is more difficult than other oil-gas reservoirs in exploration. In the past, using log date to detect the crack, the majority results are effective only in very small well. Because of the complexity of the crack, predicting the direction of crack between wells and density is hard by logging date. When the exploring field is lack of logging date, even when there is no well, it must find other ways. Fortunately, the existence of crack causes the physical nature of the fractured media change with the line, which is called azimuthally anisotropy in seismic exploration. At the same time, because of the overlying load compaction, the horizontal and low-level angles of cracks have almost disappeared, and the high angle and near vertical cracks is easier to be preserved. Because of this reason, it is easy to getting the information by pre-stack seismic data.
The S-wave is highly sensitive to crack. When the S-wave polarization direction is not parallel or vertical to crack direction, S-wave will split and occur the fast S-wave which is parallel to crack direction, the slow S-wave which is vertical to crack direction. By observing and measuring the spitting, we can invert fractured media parameter. However, because of the high cost of S-wave acquisition and processing and being risk, it is not conventional application technology.
At present, fractured reservoir exploration technology is S-wave, P-S converted wave, multi-component seismic, multi-azimuthally VSP, P-wave AVAZ, and so on. One of the most effective ways should be S-wave, but the S-wave acquiring and processing are the high cost and risk. So it is not conventional technology. Multi-component seismic, multi-azimuthally VSP, P-S converted wave is fine ways, but they are the high cost of exploration, or are non-conventional projects in this stage. Therefore the use of P-wave AVAZ exploration at this stage is economic and practical methods for exploration.
The research methods of fractured media can be roughly divided into two categories: the fractured media field simulation, including physical modeling and simulation (wave equation simulation and ray-tracing simulation), the other is the theoretical basis and anisotropy physical model based on observation on the formation of cracks in the various detection methods and techniques of research.
The fractured media is the transverse isotropy with a horizontal axis of symmetry (HTI media or EDA media). It is the simplest azimuthally anisotropy model used to describe fractured reservoirs that contain parallel vertical cracks.
When seismic wave go though the fractured media, its reflection coefficient, velocity and traveltime should change with the azimuth and angle. Though the wide azimuth exploration of the fractured media, using the seismic dynamics and kinematics character, we can invert the crack direction and the other parameters. Because of the low cost and the simple processing, the azimuth P-wave analysis is the main method of fractured reservoirs at present.
In the analysis of the fractured media, the normal moveout velocity in fractured media would change with azimuth and angle, and into elliptical relationship. When the line is parallel the crack direction, the NMO velocity is maximal. When the line is vertical the crack direction, the NMO velocity is minimal. As acquiring the crack direction by the amplitude in the fixed-offset, using the NMO velocity in fractured media to acquire the crack direction.
In this paper, when using the two Vavrycuk approximate formula to invert the parameters of fractured media, the direction and the other parameters of fractured media is separate. Firstly using the NMO velocity to the inversion of crack direction, then using the Vavrycuk formula to the inversion of other parameters. In the specific algorithm of inversion, using the super-linear equations of the SVD. The approximate formula is appropriate in small offset.
In the inversion of parameter in the fractured media, wide azimuth data is required, and the CMP gathers for inversion should be of high S/N, fidelity and resolution in amplitude, and the NMO velocity is fine-turning analysis data. Vavrycuk approximate formula is based on the weak anisotropy media and the same axis of symmetry crack, so the formula is only suitable big cracks in the inversion.
引文
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