认知无线电中合作频谱感知的性能分析
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摘要
随着无线通信的迅速发展,频谱资源的稀缺成为提供新的通信服务的瓶颈。认知无线电的出现与发展是无线通信的一个重大转折,它提供了一种新的方式来共享频谱资源。认知无线电解决了在许多频段中的频谱低利用率的问题。频谱感知技术能够尽可能的增加利用频谱的机会,因此成为认知无线电的关键技术之一。
本文的主要内容是研究认知无线电中的频谱感知技术,主要研究以平均功率为统计量的基于中继合作方案的增益点和2-bit软化硬合并方案的性能。
1.我们研究了以平均功率为统计量的基于中继合作的频谱感知方案,认知无线电用户U1采用认知无线电用户U2作为其中继,从而获得性能改善。在这个方案下怎样为U1找到一个合适的中继U2是非常重要的,而且发现要使U1在合作方案受益,U2的归一化功率必须大于一个定值(增益点)。结果表明,当两个认知无线电用户的发送功率相等时,非功率限制和功率限制方案的增益点相同。若两个认知无线电用户的发送功率不相等时,我们改变非功率限制方案下的比例因子后使得两种方案的增益点相同。
2.在合作频谱感知中,2-bit软化硬合并方案可以获得检测性能与复杂性的折中。本文研究了考虑了报告信道衰落对2-bit软化硬合并方案的影响,通过仿真分析得出2-bit软化硬合并方案性能受到非完美报告信道的影响,且性能下降与报告信道中的信噪比有关。并且得到了在非完美报告信道下,2比特合并方案比1比特合并方案优势更为明显的结论
With the rapid development of wireless communication, the scarcity of spectrum resources becomes the bottleneck to providing new communication services. A major shift in wireless communications is now emerging with the development of cognitive radios, which attempt to share spectrum in a fundamentally new way. Cognitive radios address the problem of poor spectrum utilization exhibited in many frequency bands. Spectrum sensing technique through primary user detection can obtain as many available transmission opportunities as possible, which thus is identified as a key enabling functionality of cognitive radios.
The goals of this dissertation are study the cooperative spectrum sensing and propose methods for obtaining the good performance of cooperative spectrum sensing.
1. The sensing performance of a cognitive user U1 by allowing another cognitive user U2 to act as its relay is studied. We take the average power rather than the instantaneous power as the decision statistic. Then we pay much attention to studying how to find a proper relay U2 for U1 so that the detection capability of U1 can be improved. Results show that, the normalized received power of U2 should be larger than a certain value which is called gain point if U1 can benefit from the cooperation. We find that, by varying the scaling factors of the unconstrained scheme, the gain point of the constrained scheme equals that of the unconstrained scheme when the transmission powers of U1 and U2 are equal. Next, by varying the scaling factors of the unconstrained scheme, the gain point of the constrained scheme equals that of the unconstrained scheme when the transmission powers of U1 and U2 are unequal.
2. In cooperative spectrum sensing, softened hard combination scheme with two-bit overhead for each cognitive radio (CR) user can achieves a good tradeoff between detection performance and complexity. In this paper, we study the performance of two-bit hard combination scheme under imperfect reporting channel. Also the comparison of performances between two-bit hard combination scheme and one-bit hard combination scheme in imperfect reporting channel is exhibited. Numerical results will show that the performance is affected by the SNR of reporting channel and much better than convention hard combination scheme.
本文的主要内容是研究认知无线电中的频谱感知技术,主要研究以平均功率为统计量的基于中继合作方案的增益点和2-bit软化硬合并方案的性能。
1.我们研究了以平均功率为统计量的基于中继合作的频谱感知方案,认知无线电用户U1采用认知无线电用户U2作为其中继,从而获得性能改善。在这个方案下怎样为U1找到一个合适的中继U2是非常重要的,而且发现要使U1在合作方案受益,U2的归一化功率必须大于一个定值(增益点)。结果表明,当两个认知无线电用户的发送功率相等时,非功率限制和功率限制方案的增益点相同。若两个认知无线电用户的发送功率不相等时,我们改变非功率限制方案下的比例因子后使得两种方案的增益点相同。
2.在合作频谱感知中,2-bit软化硬合并方案可以获得检测性能与复杂性的折中。本文研究了考虑了报告信道衰落对2-bit软化硬合并方案的影响,通过仿真分析得出2-bit软化硬合并方案性能受到非完美报告信道的影响,且性能下降与报告信道中的信噪比有关。并且得到了在非完美报告信道下,2比特合并方案比1比特合并方案优势更为明显的结论
With the rapid development of wireless communication, the scarcity of spectrum resources becomes the bottleneck to providing new communication services. A major shift in wireless communications is now emerging with the development of cognitive radios, which attempt to share spectrum in a fundamentally new way. Cognitive radios address the problem of poor spectrum utilization exhibited in many frequency bands. Spectrum sensing technique through primary user detection can obtain as many available transmission opportunities as possible, which thus is identified as a key enabling functionality of cognitive radios.
The goals of this dissertation are study the cooperative spectrum sensing and propose methods for obtaining the good performance of cooperative spectrum sensing.
1. The sensing performance of a cognitive user U1 by allowing another cognitive user U2 to act as its relay is studied. We take the average power rather than the instantaneous power as the decision statistic. Then we pay much attention to studying how to find a proper relay U2 for U1 so that the detection capability of U1 can be improved. Results show that, the normalized received power of U2 should be larger than a certain value which is called gain point if U1 can benefit from the cooperation. We find that, by varying the scaling factors of the unconstrained scheme, the gain point of the constrained scheme equals that of the unconstrained scheme when the transmission powers of U1 and U2 are equal. Next, by varying the scaling factors of the unconstrained scheme, the gain point of the constrained scheme equals that of the unconstrained scheme when the transmission powers of U1 and U2 are unequal.
2. In cooperative spectrum sensing, softened hard combination scheme with two-bit overhead for each cognitive radio (CR) user can achieves a good tradeoff between detection performance and complexity. In this paper, we study the performance of two-bit hard combination scheme under imperfect reporting channel. Also the comparison of performances between two-bit hard combination scheme and one-bit hard combination scheme in imperfect reporting channel is exhibited. Numerical results will show that the performance is affected by the SNR of reporting channel and much better than convention hard combination scheme.
引文
[1] NTIA, http://www.ntia.doc.gov.osmhome/Allochrt.html
[2] FCC,“Spectrum Policy Task Force Report”, ET Docket Nov.02, 2002
[3] J. Mitola, Q.Gerald, J.R.Maguire.“Cognitive Radio: Making Software Radios more personal”, IEEE Personal Communication, August 1999: 13-18
[4] J. Mitola,“Software Radio: Technology and Prognosis”, Proceedings of the IEEE National Telesystems Conference (NY: IEEE Press) May 1992
[5] J. Mitola,“Cognitive Radio: an integrated agent architecture for software defined radio, Dissertation for Doctor of Technology”, Rayal Inst Technol (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden, 2000
[6] FCC,“Facilitating Opportunities for Flexible, Efficient and Re-liable Spectrum Use Employing Cognitive Radio Technologie”s, ET Docket No.03-322,2003
[7] IEEE USA,“Improving Spectrum Usage through Cognitive Radio Technology”, Nov 13,2003
[8] J.Neel, J.Reed, A. MacKenzie,“Cognitive Radio Network Performance Analysis, in Cognitive Radio Technology, B.Fette, ed., Elsevier 2006
[9]谢显中,感知无线电技术及其应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2008年
[10]S.Haykin,“Cognitive radio:brain-empowered wireless communications,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,vol.23,pp.201–220,Feb.2005.
[11] A.Ghasemi and E.S.Sousa,“Optimization of spectrum sensing for opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks”, in:Proc.1st IEEE Workshop on Cognitive Radio Networks, Las Vegas, January 2007
[12] D.Cabric, S.M.Mishra, and R.W.Brodersen,“Implementation issues in spectrum sensing for cognitive radio”,in:Proc.38th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers 2004, November 2004, pp.772-776
[13] H.Urkowitz,“Energy detection of unknown deterministic signals”, Proceedings of IEEE, 1967, vol:55,pp.523–531.
[14] A. Sahai, N. Hoven, and R. Tandra,“Some fundamental limits on cognitive radio”, in Proc. Allerton Conf. on Commun., Control, and Computing 2004, Oct. 2004.
[15] M. Oner and F. Jondral,“Cyclostationarity based air interface recognition for software radio systems,”in Proc. IEEE Radio and Wireless Conf., Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Sept. 2004.
[16] Menguc Oner, Friedrich Jondral,,“Cyclostationarity-based methods for the extraction of the channel allocation information in a spectrum pooling system,”in Proc. IEEE Radio and Wireless Conf., Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Sept. 2004.
[17] D. Cabric and R. W. Brodersen,“Physical layer design issues unique to cognitive radio systems,”in Proc. IEEE Int. Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Commun., vol. 2, Berlin, Germany, Sept. 2005.
[18] A. Fehske, J. Gaeddert, and J. Reed,“A new approach to signal classification using spectral correlation and neural networks,”in Proc. IEEE Int. Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Nov. 2005.
[19] M. Ghozzi, F. Marx, M. Dohler, and J. Palicot,“Cyclostationarity based test for detection of vacant frequency bands,”in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Commun. (Crowncom), Mykonos Island, Greece, June 2006.
[20] N. Han, S. H. Shon, J. H. Chung, and J. M. Kim,“Spectral correlation based signal detection method for spectrum sensing in IEEE 802.22 WRAN systems,”in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Advanced Communication Technology, vol. 3, Feb. 2006.
[21] J. Lund′en, V. Koivunen, A. Huttunen, and H. V. Poor,“Spectrum sensing in cognitive radios based on multiple cyclic frequencies,”in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Commun. (Crowncom), Orlando, Florida, USA, July/Aug. 2007.
[22] K. Kim, I. A. Akbar, K. K. Bae, J.-S. Um, C. M. Spooner, and J. H. Reed,“Cyclostationary approaches to signal detection and classification in cognitive radio,”in Proc. IEEE Int. Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Dublin, Ireland, Apr. 2007.
[23] N.Han,S.Shon,J.H.Chung,and J.M.Kim,“Spectral correlation based signal detection method for spectrum sensing in ieee 802.22 wran systems,”Advanced Communication Technology,2006.ICACT 2006.The 8th International Conference, vol.3,pp.6 pp.–,Feb.2006.
[24] H.-S.Chen,W.Gao,and D.Daut,“Spectrum sensing using cyclostationary properties and application to ieee 802.22 wran,”IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference,2007.pp.3133–3138, Nov.2007.
[25] B.Wild, K.Ramchandren,“Detecting Primary Receiver for Cognitive Radio Application”, in Proc. IEEE DYSPAN 2005, Nov. 2005,pp.212-215
[26] Z.Chair and P.Varshney,“Optimal data fusion in multiple sensor detection systems,”IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol.AES-22,pp.98–101,Jan.1986.
[27] I.F.Akyildiz, W.-Y.Lee, M.C.Vuran, and S.Mohanty,“Next generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey”, Computer Networks, 2006, vol.50, pp.2127-2159.
[28] I.Hoballah and P.Varshney,“Distributed bayesian signal detection,”IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.35,pp.995–1000,Sep 1989.
[29] J.Unnikrishnan and V.Veeravalli,“Cooperative sensing for primary detection in cognitive radio,”IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, vol.2, pp.18–27,Feb.2008.
[30] S. Mishra, A. Sahai, and R. Brodersen,“Cooperative sensing among cognitive radios,”in Proc. ICC, Jun. 2006.
[31] Liang. Ying-Chang, Peh, Edward,“Optimization for Cooperative Sensing in Cognitive RadioNetwork”, Wieless Communications and Networking Conference 2007,IEEE, pp.27-32
[32] E.Vistotsky, s.kuffner, R.Peterson,“On Collaboration Detection of TV Transmissions in Support of Dynamic Spectrum Sharing”,in: Pro. IEEEE Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks(DySPAN),Baltimore, M, Nov.2005
[33] J. N. Laneman and D. N. C. Tse,“Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behaviour,”IEEE Trans. Inform Theory, vol. 50, pp. 3062–3080, Dec. 2004.
[34] G. Ganesan, Y.G. Li,“Agility improvement through cooperative diversity in cognitive radio networks,”in: Proc.GLOBECOM, November 2005, pp. 2505–2509.
[35] G. Ganesan, Y.G. Li,“Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks,”in: Proc. IEEE DySPAN 2005,November 2005, pp. 137–143.
[36] G. Ganesan and Y. G. Li,“Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio: Part I: two user networks,”IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 6, pp2204–2213, June. 2007
[37] Yunxue Liu, Dongfeng Yuan, Mingyan Jiang,Cooperative Spectrum Sensing for Dynamic Spectrum Access. 2009 International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing (CMC 2009),Kunming, China, January 2009. (ISTP, EI)
[38] Yunxue Liu, Dongfeng Yuan, Mingyan Jiang,Yanbo Ma, Jiali Xu,“Novel study on Cooperative Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio”, in the 4th IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications,Networking, and Mobile computing, Oct. 2008.
[39]Yunxue Liu, Dongfeng Yuan,“Performance Analysis of Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Rayleigh Channel”, in the 4th IEEE International Conference on Communications, and Networking in China, Chinacom 2009, Agust 2009.
[40]数学手册编写组,数学手册,高等教育出版社,2005.
[41] A.Ghasemi and E.S.Sousa,“Collaborative Spectrum Sensing for Opportunistic Access in Fading Environments”, in DySPAN 2005, Baltimore, USA, Nov.8-11, 2005, pp.131-136
[42] J. Ma and Y. (G.) Li,“Soft combination and detection for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks,”IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.,vol. 7, no. 11, November 2008, pp. 4502-4507.
[43] J. Ma and Y. (G.) Li,“Soft combination and detection for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks,”in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf., Nov. 2007, pp. 3139-3143.
[44] C. Sun, W. Zhang, and K. B. Letaief. "Cluster-based cooperative spectrum sensing for cognitive radio systems", International Conference on Communications 2007, Glasgow, Scotland, Jun. 2007, pp.2511-2515.
[2] FCC,“Spectrum Policy Task Force Report”, ET Docket Nov.02, 2002
[3] J. Mitola, Q.Gerald, J.R.Maguire.“Cognitive Radio: Making Software Radios more personal”, IEEE Personal Communication, August 1999: 13-18
[4] J. Mitola,“Software Radio: Technology and Prognosis”, Proceedings of the IEEE National Telesystems Conference (NY: IEEE Press) May 1992
[5] J. Mitola,“Cognitive Radio: an integrated agent architecture for software defined radio, Dissertation for Doctor of Technology”, Rayal Inst Technol (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden, 2000
[6] FCC,“Facilitating Opportunities for Flexible, Efficient and Re-liable Spectrum Use Employing Cognitive Radio Technologie”s, ET Docket No.03-322,2003
[7] IEEE USA,“Improving Spectrum Usage through Cognitive Radio Technology”, Nov 13,2003
[8] J.Neel, J.Reed, A. MacKenzie,“Cognitive Radio Network Performance Analysis, in Cognitive Radio Technology, B.Fette, ed., Elsevier 2006
[9]谢显中,感知无线电技术及其应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2008年
[10]S.Haykin,“Cognitive radio:brain-empowered wireless communications,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,vol.23,pp.201–220,Feb.2005.
[11] A.Ghasemi and E.S.Sousa,“Optimization of spectrum sensing for opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks”, in:Proc.1st IEEE Workshop on Cognitive Radio Networks, Las Vegas, January 2007
[12] D.Cabric, S.M.Mishra, and R.W.Brodersen,“Implementation issues in spectrum sensing for cognitive radio”,in:Proc.38th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers 2004, November 2004, pp.772-776
[13] H.Urkowitz,“Energy detection of unknown deterministic signals”, Proceedings of IEEE, 1967, vol:55,pp.523–531.
[14] A. Sahai, N. Hoven, and R. Tandra,“Some fundamental limits on cognitive radio”, in Proc. Allerton Conf. on Commun., Control, and Computing 2004, Oct. 2004.
[15] M. Oner and F. Jondral,“Cyclostationarity based air interface recognition for software radio systems,”in Proc. IEEE Radio and Wireless Conf., Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Sept. 2004.
[16] Menguc Oner, Friedrich Jondral,,“Cyclostationarity-based methods for the extraction of the channel allocation information in a spectrum pooling system,”in Proc. IEEE Radio and Wireless Conf., Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Sept. 2004.
[17] D. Cabric and R. W. Brodersen,“Physical layer design issues unique to cognitive radio systems,”in Proc. IEEE Int. Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Commun., vol. 2, Berlin, Germany, Sept. 2005.
[18] A. Fehske, J. Gaeddert, and J. Reed,“A new approach to signal classification using spectral correlation and neural networks,”in Proc. IEEE Int. Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Nov. 2005.
[19] M. Ghozzi, F. Marx, M. Dohler, and J. Palicot,“Cyclostationarity based test for detection of vacant frequency bands,”in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Commun. (Crowncom), Mykonos Island, Greece, June 2006.
[20] N. Han, S. H. Shon, J. H. Chung, and J. M. Kim,“Spectral correlation based signal detection method for spectrum sensing in IEEE 802.22 WRAN systems,”in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Advanced Communication Technology, vol. 3, Feb. 2006.
[21] J. Lund′en, V. Koivunen, A. Huttunen, and H. V. Poor,“Spectrum sensing in cognitive radios based on multiple cyclic frequencies,”in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Commun. (Crowncom), Orlando, Florida, USA, July/Aug. 2007.
[22] K. Kim, I. A. Akbar, K. K. Bae, J.-S. Um, C. M. Spooner, and J. H. Reed,“Cyclostationary approaches to signal detection and classification in cognitive radio,”in Proc. IEEE Int. Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Dublin, Ireland, Apr. 2007.
[23] N.Han,S.Shon,J.H.Chung,and J.M.Kim,“Spectral correlation based signal detection method for spectrum sensing in ieee 802.22 wran systems,”Advanced Communication Technology,2006.ICACT 2006.The 8th International Conference, vol.3,pp.6 pp.–,Feb.2006.
[24] H.-S.Chen,W.Gao,and D.Daut,“Spectrum sensing using cyclostationary properties and application to ieee 802.22 wran,”IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference,2007.pp.3133–3138, Nov.2007.
[25] B.Wild, K.Ramchandren,“Detecting Primary Receiver for Cognitive Radio Application”, in Proc. IEEE DYSPAN 2005, Nov. 2005,pp.212-215
[26] Z.Chair and P.Varshney,“Optimal data fusion in multiple sensor detection systems,”IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol.AES-22,pp.98–101,Jan.1986.
[27] I.F.Akyildiz, W.-Y.Lee, M.C.Vuran, and S.Mohanty,“Next generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey”, Computer Networks, 2006, vol.50, pp.2127-2159.
[28] I.Hoballah and P.Varshney,“Distributed bayesian signal detection,”IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.35,pp.995–1000,Sep 1989.
[29] J.Unnikrishnan and V.Veeravalli,“Cooperative sensing for primary detection in cognitive radio,”IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, vol.2, pp.18–27,Feb.2008.
[30] S. Mishra, A. Sahai, and R. Brodersen,“Cooperative sensing among cognitive radios,”in Proc. ICC, Jun. 2006.
[31] Liang. Ying-Chang, Peh, Edward,“Optimization for Cooperative Sensing in Cognitive RadioNetwork”, Wieless Communications and Networking Conference 2007,IEEE, pp.27-32
[32] E.Vistotsky, s.kuffner, R.Peterson,“On Collaboration Detection of TV Transmissions in Support of Dynamic Spectrum Sharing”,in: Pro. IEEEE Symp. New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks(DySPAN),Baltimore, M, Nov.2005
[33] J. N. Laneman and D. N. C. Tse,“Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behaviour,”IEEE Trans. Inform Theory, vol. 50, pp. 3062–3080, Dec. 2004.
[34] G. Ganesan, Y.G. Li,“Agility improvement through cooperative diversity in cognitive radio networks,”in: Proc.GLOBECOM, November 2005, pp. 2505–2509.
[35] G. Ganesan, Y.G. Li,“Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks,”in: Proc. IEEE DySPAN 2005,November 2005, pp. 137–143.
[36] G. Ganesan and Y. G. Li,“Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio: Part I: two user networks,”IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 6, pp2204–2213, June. 2007
[37] Yunxue Liu, Dongfeng Yuan, Mingyan Jiang,Cooperative Spectrum Sensing for Dynamic Spectrum Access. 2009 International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing (CMC 2009),Kunming, China, January 2009. (ISTP, EI)
[38] Yunxue Liu, Dongfeng Yuan, Mingyan Jiang,Yanbo Ma, Jiali Xu,“Novel study on Cooperative Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio”, in the 4th IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications,Networking, and Mobile computing, Oct. 2008.
[39]Yunxue Liu, Dongfeng Yuan,“Performance Analysis of Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Rayleigh Channel”, in the 4th IEEE International Conference on Communications, and Networking in China, Chinacom 2009, Agust 2009.
[40]数学手册编写组,数学手册,高等教育出版社,2005.
[41] A.Ghasemi and E.S.Sousa,“Collaborative Spectrum Sensing for Opportunistic Access in Fading Environments”, in DySPAN 2005, Baltimore, USA, Nov.8-11, 2005, pp.131-136
[42] J. Ma and Y. (G.) Li,“Soft combination and detection for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks,”IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.,vol. 7, no. 11, November 2008, pp. 4502-4507.
[43] J. Ma and Y. (G.) Li,“Soft combination and detection for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks,”in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf., Nov. 2007, pp. 3139-3143.
[44] C. Sun, W. Zhang, and K. B. Letaief. "Cluster-based cooperative spectrum sensing for cognitive radio systems", International Conference on Communications 2007, Glasgow, Scotland, Jun. 2007, pp.2511-2515.
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