区域水资源分配网络优化集成技术与应用
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摘要
随着人口的增长和社会经济的发展,社会对水资源的需求不断增加,导致水资源日趋匮乏,同时工业生产排放的大量废水使水环境受到严重污染,这些问题越来越严重地制约着经济、社会的可持续发展,成为发展的瓶颈。因此,工业企业乃至区域范围内的节水减排成为不可回避的问题之一。按照循环经济理念,发展水循环经济,促进水资源利用的良性循环,是贯彻和落实科学发展观、构建和谐社会的本质要求,对实现经济、社会、环境的可持续发展,具有十分重要的现实意义。本论文基于水循环经济的思想,利用数学规划法,开展了水资源分配网络优化集成技术与方法研究。
论文首先从我国水资源利用现状出发,通过调查我国水资源供需关系及水资源利用中存在的问题,识别了我国工业水资源高效利用的技术瓶颈,阐述了工业领域节水减排的意义和必要性。在全面查阅了水资源优化配置、高效利用及水污染控制等相关技术的基础上,重点综述了水资源分配网络优化集成技术和应用进展,在此基础上,论文从工业过程内部、工业过程之间及区域范围三个层次,通过研究水资源分配网络优化集成模型及其应用研究,建立相应的水资源高效利用、废水最小化技术方法。其主要研究内容包括：
1.工业过程内部水资源分配网络优化集成模型的建立与应用。
论文针对我国工业生产过程水资源缺乏梯级利用、废水排放量大、水资源重复利用效率低等问题,采用数学规划方法,研究建立了废水直接回用、再生循环、再生回用三种不同水资源分配网络超结构。以此为基础,论文以企业年度总费用(主要包括新鲜水费用、废水处理/再生费用、管道建造及运行费用、水泵运行费用等)最小为目标函数,引入了管网改造的投资回报率为拓扑约束,研究建立了工业过程内部水资源分配网络优化集成的混合整数非线性(MINLP)数学模型,实现了企业层面上水资源的优化配置,有效地解决了新鲜水需求量和废水排放量大、水资源重复利用率低等问题。通过实例验证,表明在允许废水自身回用并不限制回用连接数的条件下,模型能取得与夹点法一致的结果；在相同管道连接数约束下,结果优于文献的结果。在此基础上,利用建立的直接回用模型对某造纸厂废纸造纸车间水资源分配网络进行优化,结果表明,优化集成后的水资源分配网络新鲜水消耗量和废水排放量分别减少25%和27%,节水减排效果明显。
2.工业过程之间水资源分配网络优化集成模型的建立与应用。
论文针对我国工业企业之间水资源交换利用模式少、运行费用高、稳定性差等问题,以进一步节水减排为目标,研究建立了工业过程间水资源分配网络直接(一个水网络中用水单元的出水,通过网络间管道连接,直接作为另一个水网络中用水单元的进水)和间接(一个水网络中用水单元的出水,首先排放到中间水池或再生装置,然后再从中间水池或再生装置作为另一个水网络中用水单元的进水)优化集成的超结构。在此基础上,以参与优化集成的全部工厂的年度总费用为目标函数,分别研究建立了工业过程间水资源分配网络直接和间接优化集成的MINLP模型,实现了企业间废水的交换利用和水资源的联合配置。通过实例验证,表明当允许自身回用,且管道连接数约束一样时,模型能取得与文献一致的结果。在此基础上,利用直接优化集成模型对某工业集团的氧化铝厂和热电厂之间水资源分配网络进行优化,结果表明,与两个工厂只在内部优化集成相比,新鲜水消耗进一步减少13.2%,而且废水不外排。
3.区域产业间水资源分配网络多目标优化集成模型的建立与应用。
对于区域来说,必须发展循环经济,实现可持续发展。区域内水资源分配网络在优化改造及运行过程中,管道生产运输、管网改造、管网运行能耗等会产生一定的环境影响,这种影响在区域范围内是不容忽视的。因此,区域层面各产业间水资源分配网络优化集成问题,除了以年度总费用最小为优化目标外,还应该考虑环境影响因素。
针对区域范围内的多种新鲜水源(包括地下水、河水、湖水、水库蓄水、外调水等)、污水处理厂达标出水在各产业间缺乏合理配置的问题,采用数学规划方法,研究建立了区域各产业间水资源分配网络优化集成超结构;根据超结构,采用多目标优化方法,建立了区域产业间水资源分配网络优化集成模型。模型的目标函数一是环境影响最小,二是年度总费用最小,通过模型多目标优化,对两个目标函数进行权衡。引入生命周期评价方法,对区域内水资源分配网络建造、运行、废弃的整个生命周期进行全过程的环境影响评价,并推导了管网建造阶段和废弃阶段环境影响量化线性加回归方程的回归系数。通过实例验证,表明模型能够对两个目标函数进行权衡,优化后的水资源分配网络能够保证年度总费用和环境影响同时最小,优化出经济、环保,符合可持续发展理念的水资源分配网络。在此基础上,利用建立的模型对某开发区所在区域水资源分配网络进行优化,结果表明,区域范围内水资源分配网络新鲜水消耗和废水排放比优化前分别减少22%和75.8%。
4.区域水资源分配网络优化集成应用研究。
针对目前学术界侧重水资源分配网络优化集成理论研究,应用研究相对偏少的问题,本论文利用研究建立的工业过程内部、工业过程之间和区域产业之间水资源分配网络优化集成模型,尝试在一个包括6个主要工厂的工业集团所在区域进行水资源分配网络优化技术应用研究。利用本论文研究建立的工业过程内部直接回用模型,首先对6个工厂进行各工厂内部水资源分配网络优化集成,结果表明,优化后6个工厂总的新鲜水消耗减少5.94%,总的废水排放减少18.64%。其次利用本论文研究建立的工业过程之间间接集成模型在6个工厂间进行水资源分配网络优化集成,构造企业间水资源耦合交换网络。与企业内部集成结果相比,新鲜水消耗减少9%,废水排放减少70%。最后,利用本论文研究建立的区域范围内各产业间水资源优化集成多目标优化模型,在该集团所在区域进行区域范围内水资源分配网络优化集成研究,充分考虑区域内多种水源,并且考虑污水处理厂出水进行回用。结果表明,污水处理厂出水回用到市政用水,从而进一步减少新鲜水消耗和废水排放量,新鲜水消耗和废水排放量分别减少2.5%和41.3%。
Water is one of the most important natural resources. Population growth coupled with economic development has put increased pressure on water resource around the world. Industries consume plenty of fresh water and discharge large amount of wastewater. These urgent problems become more and more serious restricting social development as well as economic construction. According to the theory of circular economy, it is crucial for industries to develop circular economy and promote sound cycle of water resource utility. The strategy, which is essential requirement for carrying out scientific outlook on development and constructing harmonious socialist society, has very important practical significance to promote sustainable development of society, economy and environment. Base on the theory of water circular economy, the thesis carry out research on the techniques and methods to minimize fresh water consumption and wastewater generation.
The thesis introduces the present status of the water resource utilization in China. Through supply and demand investigation of water resources in China, the thesis analyzes the problems existing in water utilization, points out the value of the research on techniques and methods to minimize freshwater consume and wastewater discharge. After summarizing the roadmap for development of water resource allocation network, the development of research in water targeting and network design techniques using pinch analysis and mathematical programming are chiefly reviewed. Using mathematical programming method, the thesis carries out the research on techniques for optimization and synthesis of in-plant, inter-plant and region-wide water resource allocation networks. The main contents of this thesis are as follows:
1. Study on the mathematical model for the synthesis of in-plant water allocation network.
Minimization of freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge should first be achieved within individual plants. In order to solve the problems of water resource utilization in Chinese plants such as low reuse rate, lack of cascade use, serious water wasting, the thesis proposes superstructures that incorporate all feasible design alternatives for wastewater reuse, regeneration reuse and regeneration recycle. The superstructures are formulated into mixed inter non-linear programming models. The objective of the model is to minimize the total annual cost, which is crucial to the plant. The total annual cost of a water system consists of fresh water cost, effluent treatment cost, network construction and operating cost, energy cost, etc. The return on investment of networks construction is integrated into the model as topological constraints, making the model more in line with actual production. The models have the ability to optimize in-plant water resource allocation networks, solving the problems mentioned before. Case study 3-1 is used to proof the capacity of the models. The results are identical to the solutions of literatures. The case study 3-2 illustrates the application of the model to design the water resource allocation network in a Chinese pulp and paper mill. The results show that fresh water consumption is reduced by 25% and wastewater discharge is reduced by 27%.
2. Study on inter-plant water resource allocation network optimization.
Once the maximum potential for water resource conservation within independent company has bee reached, further improvements are only possible through symbiotic programs among companies. In order to optimize the inter-plant water allocation network, the thesis proposes direct and indirect superstructures for inter-plant water resource allocation networks optimization. In the direct integration scheme, water from different networks is integrated directly via cross-plant pipeline(s). In the indirect integration scheme, water from different networks is integrated indirectly via centralized water mains or regeneration units, which serve to collect and redistribute water to the individual plants. For the two inter-plant integration schemes, the superstructures are formulated into mixed integer nonlinear program (MINLP), which objective is to minimize the total annual cost. The results of case study 4-1 are identical to the solutions of literatures on the same limitation of interconnections. The case study 4-2 illustrates the application of the model to design inter-plant water resource allocation network between an alumina plant and a steam power plant, which belong to an alumina production company. Compared to the base case that the two plants are designed separately without exploiting inter-plant integration opportunities, the result for inter-plant water system integration corresponds to a 13.2% reduction in freshwater consumption and there is no wastewater discharge.
3. Study on the multi-objective optimization of region-wide water resource allocation network.
For a region, it is important to take into account the environmental performance of water resource allocation network construction and operation in order to be in line with circular economy and sustainable development. Traditional process design and optimization often pay much attention to the economic profits, such as fixed capital investment, operation cost, and pay back period. The environmental impacts of process design have been given a lower priority. However, in all life cycle stages of water allocation network, environmental impacts, which incurred during construction, operating stages, can't be ignored. Therefore, it is essential to take into account tradeoffs among the environmental impacts and annual costs, i.e., environmental and economic perspectives should be incorporated into the process design and optimization of regional water allocation network simultaneously.
In order to optimize the regional water resource allocation network, multi-objective optimization method has been studied to minimize a total annualized cost and environmental impacts. The concept of life cycle assessment (LCA) is integrated into the objective function of the model to evaluate the environmental effect scores of potential environmental impacts incurred during the life cycle. A generalized superstructure model is used to develop the mathematical optimization model for an environmentally friendly water allocation network. The mathematical model treats environmental impacts as one objective together with annualized cost as another objective. The trade-off between the two objectives can make water allocation network minimize freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge while achieving simultaneous minimization of environmental impacts incurred during the network life cycle and annualized cost. Case study 5-1 demonstrates the effect of the multi-objective model on the configuration and environmental performance of the water allocation network and validates the mathematical optimization model. Case study 5-2 illustrates the application of the model to design inter-plant water resource allocation network in a development zone. The result corresponds to freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge reduction by 22% and 75.8%, respectively.
4. Study on application of water allocation network optimization techniques and methods in an industrial park area.
Compared to the studies on the theory of water allocation network optimization which are current research focuses, few case studies for inter-plant water system integration using mathematical programming have been reported. In the thesis, a case study for water allocation network optimization of an industrial park area, which consists of six plants, is undertaken with an aim to reduce freshwater flowrates and consequently the wastewater flowrate. A detailed survey of current water and wastewater streams and other options for water minimization such as contaminants, temperature was carried out. The problem is identified as a multi-contaminant, reuse and recycle problem. Firstly, the water allocation networks of the six plants are optimized using the model developed in Chapter 3 one by one without taking account of inter-plant water integration opportunities. The results show that the reductions of combined freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge are of the tune of 5.94% and 18.64%, respectively. Secondly, inter-plant water allocation network integration among the six plants is carried out for further water conservation. Two central mains for cooling water and condensed water storage are placed among the six plants when inter-plant integration is considered. Compared with the in-plant water network optimization design, the result for inter-plant integration corresponds to a further 9% reduction in overall fresh water requirement and 70% in combined wastewater discharge. Lastly, region-wide water resources allocation network is integrated and optimized using the multi-objective optimization model proposed in the thesis. Water resources, water demand systems (including drinking use, industrial use, agricultural use, etc.) and wastewater treatment plant are integrated into a system, taking into account recycling of treated wastewater, to improve the sustainability of regional water system. The results show that optimization of the water allocation network of the region where the company located has the further potential to decrease freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge, reducing the total volume of freshwater used by 2.5% and wastewater discharged by 41.3%.
论文首先从我国水资源利用现状出发,通过调查我国水资源供需关系及水资源利用中存在的问题,识别了我国工业水资源高效利用的技术瓶颈,阐述了工业领域节水减排的意义和必要性。在全面查阅了水资源优化配置、高效利用及水污染控制等相关技术的基础上,重点综述了水资源分配网络优化集成技术和应用进展,在此基础上,论文从工业过程内部、工业过程之间及区域范围三个层次,通过研究水资源分配网络优化集成模型及其应用研究,建立相应的水资源高效利用、废水最小化技术方法。其主要研究内容包括：
1.工业过程内部水资源分配网络优化集成模型的建立与应用。
论文针对我国工业生产过程水资源缺乏梯级利用、废水排放量大、水资源重复利用效率低等问题,采用数学规划方法,研究建立了废水直接回用、再生循环、再生回用三种不同水资源分配网络超结构。以此为基础,论文以企业年度总费用(主要包括新鲜水费用、废水处理/再生费用、管道建造及运行费用、水泵运行费用等)最小为目标函数,引入了管网改造的投资回报率为拓扑约束,研究建立了工业过程内部水资源分配网络优化集成的混合整数非线性(MINLP)数学模型,实现了企业层面上水资源的优化配置,有效地解决了新鲜水需求量和废水排放量大、水资源重复利用率低等问题。通过实例验证,表明在允许废水自身回用并不限制回用连接数的条件下,模型能取得与夹点法一致的结果；在相同管道连接数约束下,结果优于文献的结果。在此基础上,利用建立的直接回用模型对某造纸厂废纸造纸车间水资源分配网络进行优化,结果表明,优化集成后的水资源分配网络新鲜水消耗量和废水排放量分别减少25%和27%,节水减排效果明显。
2.工业过程之间水资源分配网络优化集成模型的建立与应用。
论文针对我国工业企业之间水资源交换利用模式少、运行费用高、稳定性差等问题,以进一步节水减排为目标,研究建立了工业过程间水资源分配网络直接(一个水网络中用水单元的出水,通过网络间管道连接,直接作为另一个水网络中用水单元的进水)和间接(一个水网络中用水单元的出水,首先排放到中间水池或再生装置,然后再从中间水池或再生装置作为另一个水网络中用水单元的进水)优化集成的超结构。在此基础上,以参与优化集成的全部工厂的年度总费用为目标函数,分别研究建立了工业过程间水资源分配网络直接和间接优化集成的MINLP模型,实现了企业间废水的交换利用和水资源的联合配置。通过实例验证,表明当允许自身回用,且管道连接数约束一样时,模型能取得与文献一致的结果。在此基础上,利用直接优化集成模型对某工业集团的氧化铝厂和热电厂之间水资源分配网络进行优化,结果表明,与两个工厂只在内部优化集成相比,新鲜水消耗进一步减少13.2%,而且废水不外排。
3.区域产业间水资源分配网络多目标优化集成模型的建立与应用。
对于区域来说,必须发展循环经济,实现可持续发展。区域内水资源分配网络在优化改造及运行过程中,管道生产运输、管网改造、管网运行能耗等会产生一定的环境影响,这种影响在区域范围内是不容忽视的。因此,区域层面各产业间水资源分配网络优化集成问题,除了以年度总费用最小为优化目标外,还应该考虑环境影响因素。
针对区域范围内的多种新鲜水源(包括地下水、河水、湖水、水库蓄水、外调水等)、污水处理厂达标出水在各产业间缺乏合理配置的问题,采用数学规划方法,研究建立了区域各产业间水资源分配网络优化集成超结构;根据超结构,采用多目标优化方法,建立了区域产业间水资源分配网络优化集成模型。模型的目标函数一是环境影响最小,二是年度总费用最小,通过模型多目标优化,对两个目标函数进行权衡。引入生命周期评价方法,对区域内水资源分配网络建造、运行、废弃的整个生命周期进行全过程的环境影响评价,并推导了管网建造阶段和废弃阶段环境影响量化线性加回归方程的回归系数。通过实例验证,表明模型能够对两个目标函数进行权衡,优化后的水资源分配网络能够保证年度总费用和环境影响同时最小,优化出经济、环保,符合可持续发展理念的水资源分配网络。在此基础上,利用建立的模型对某开发区所在区域水资源分配网络进行优化,结果表明,区域范围内水资源分配网络新鲜水消耗和废水排放比优化前分别减少22%和75.8%。
4.区域水资源分配网络优化集成应用研究。
针对目前学术界侧重水资源分配网络优化集成理论研究,应用研究相对偏少的问题,本论文利用研究建立的工业过程内部、工业过程之间和区域产业之间水资源分配网络优化集成模型,尝试在一个包括6个主要工厂的工业集团所在区域进行水资源分配网络优化技术应用研究。利用本论文研究建立的工业过程内部直接回用模型,首先对6个工厂进行各工厂内部水资源分配网络优化集成,结果表明,优化后6个工厂总的新鲜水消耗减少5.94%,总的废水排放减少18.64%。其次利用本论文研究建立的工业过程之间间接集成模型在6个工厂间进行水资源分配网络优化集成,构造企业间水资源耦合交换网络。与企业内部集成结果相比,新鲜水消耗减少9%,废水排放减少70%。最后,利用本论文研究建立的区域范围内各产业间水资源优化集成多目标优化模型,在该集团所在区域进行区域范围内水资源分配网络优化集成研究,充分考虑区域内多种水源,并且考虑污水处理厂出水进行回用。结果表明,污水处理厂出水回用到市政用水,从而进一步减少新鲜水消耗和废水排放量,新鲜水消耗和废水排放量分别减少2.5%和41.3%。
Water is one of the most important natural resources. Population growth coupled with economic development has put increased pressure on water resource around the world. Industries consume plenty of fresh water and discharge large amount of wastewater. These urgent problems become more and more serious restricting social development as well as economic construction. According to the theory of circular economy, it is crucial for industries to develop circular economy and promote sound cycle of water resource utility. The strategy, which is essential requirement for carrying out scientific outlook on development and constructing harmonious socialist society, has very important practical significance to promote sustainable development of society, economy and environment. Base on the theory of water circular economy, the thesis carry out research on the techniques and methods to minimize fresh water consumption and wastewater generation.
The thesis introduces the present status of the water resource utilization in China. Through supply and demand investigation of water resources in China, the thesis analyzes the problems existing in water utilization, points out the value of the research on techniques and methods to minimize freshwater consume and wastewater discharge. After summarizing the roadmap for development of water resource allocation network, the development of research in water targeting and network design techniques using pinch analysis and mathematical programming are chiefly reviewed. Using mathematical programming method, the thesis carries out the research on techniques for optimization and synthesis of in-plant, inter-plant and region-wide water resource allocation networks. The main contents of this thesis are as follows:
1. Study on the mathematical model for the synthesis of in-plant water allocation network.
Minimization of freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge should first be achieved within individual plants. In order to solve the problems of water resource utilization in Chinese plants such as low reuse rate, lack of cascade use, serious water wasting, the thesis proposes superstructures that incorporate all feasible design alternatives for wastewater reuse, regeneration reuse and regeneration recycle. The superstructures are formulated into mixed inter non-linear programming models. The objective of the model is to minimize the total annual cost, which is crucial to the plant. The total annual cost of a water system consists of fresh water cost, effluent treatment cost, network construction and operating cost, energy cost, etc. The return on investment of networks construction is integrated into the model as topological constraints, making the model more in line with actual production. The models have the ability to optimize in-plant water resource allocation networks, solving the problems mentioned before. Case study 3-1 is used to proof the capacity of the models. The results are identical to the solutions of literatures. The case study 3-2 illustrates the application of the model to design the water resource allocation network in a Chinese pulp and paper mill. The results show that fresh water consumption is reduced by 25% and wastewater discharge is reduced by 27%.
2. Study on inter-plant water resource allocation network optimization.
Once the maximum potential for water resource conservation within independent company has bee reached, further improvements are only possible through symbiotic programs among companies. In order to optimize the inter-plant water allocation network, the thesis proposes direct and indirect superstructures for inter-plant water resource allocation networks optimization. In the direct integration scheme, water from different networks is integrated directly via cross-plant pipeline(s). In the indirect integration scheme, water from different networks is integrated indirectly via centralized water mains or regeneration units, which serve to collect and redistribute water to the individual plants. For the two inter-plant integration schemes, the superstructures are formulated into mixed integer nonlinear program (MINLP), which objective is to minimize the total annual cost. The results of case study 4-1 are identical to the solutions of literatures on the same limitation of interconnections. The case study 4-2 illustrates the application of the model to design inter-plant water resource allocation network between an alumina plant and a steam power plant, which belong to an alumina production company. Compared to the base case that the two plants are designed separately without exploiting inter-plant integration opportunities, the result for inter-plant water system integration corresponds to a 13.2% reduction in freshwater consumption and there is no wastewater discharge.
3. Study on the multi-objective optimization of region-wide water resource allocation network.
For a region, it is important to take into account the environmental performance of water resource allocation network construction and operation in order to be in line with circular economy and sustainable development. Traditional process design and optimization often pay much attention to the economic profits, such as fixed capital investment, operation cost, and pay back period. The environmental impacts of process design have been given a lower priority. However, in all life cycle stages of water allocation network, environmental impacts, which incurred during construction, operating stages, can't be ignored. Therefore, it is essential to take into account tradeoffs among the environmental impacts and annual costs, i.e., environmental and economic perspectives should be incorporated into the process design and optimization of regional water allocation network simultaneously.
In order to optimize the regional water resource allocation network, multi-objective optimization method has been studied to minimize a total annualized cost and environmental impacts. The concept of life cycle assessment (LCA) is integrated into the objective function of the model to evaluate the environmental effect scores of potential environmental impacts incurred during the life cycle. A generalized superstructure model is used to develop the mathematical optimization model for an environmentally friendly water allocation network. The mathematical model treats environmental impacts as one objective together with annualized cost as another objective. The trade-off between the two objectives can make water allocation network minimize freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge while achieving simultaneous minimization of environmental impacts incurred during the network life cycle and annualized cost. Case study 5-1 demonstrates the effect of the multi-objective model on the configuration and environmental performance of the water allocation network and validates the mathematical optimization model. Case study 5-2 illustrates the application of the model to design inter-plant water resource allocation network in a development zone. The result corresponds to freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge reduction by 22% and 75.8%, respectively.
4. Study on application of water allocation network optimization techniques and methods in an industrial park area.
Compared to the studies on the theory of water allocation network optimization which are current research focuses, few case studies for inter-plant water system integration using mathematical programming have been reported. In the thesis, a case study for water allocation network optimization of an industrial park area, which consists of six plants, is undertaken with an aim to reduce freshwater flowrates and consequently the wastewater flowrate. A detailed survey of current water and wastewater streams and other options for water minimization such as contaminants, temperature was carried out. The problem is identified as a multi-contaminant, reuse and recycle problem. Firstly, the water allocation networks of the six plants are optimized using the model developed in Chapter 3 one by one without taking account of inter-plant water integration opportunities. The results show that the reductions of combined freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge are of the tune of 5.94% and 18.64%, respectively. Secondly, inter-plant water allocation network integration among the six plants is carried out for further water conservation. Two central mains for cooling water and condensed water storage are placed among the six plants when inter-plant integration is considered. Compared with the in-plant water network optimization design, the result for inter-plant integration corresponds to a further 9% reduction in overall fresh water requirement and 70% in combined wastewater discharge. Lastly, region-wide water resources allocation network is integrated and optimized using the multi-objective optimization model proposed in the thesis. Water resources, water demand systems (including drinking use, industrial use, agricultural use, etc.) and wastewater treatment plant are integrated into a system, taking into account recycling of treated wastewater, to improve the sustainability of regional water system. The results show that optimization of the water allocation network of the region where the company located has the further potential to decrease freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge, reducing the total volume of freshwater used by 2.5% and wastewater discharged by 41.3%.
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