地形演变模型与湿地健康评价方法及其在黄河口的应用
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摘要
本文根据河口地区水沙的特点,建立了一个新的二维耦合数学模型,用来预测河口地区的水沙输移及地形演变过程。数学模型包含水动力模块、泥沙输移模块、床面演变模块和床沙级配变化模块,4个模块相互传递数据,耦合求解。水动力模块基于浅水方程组,综合考虑了柯氏力、床面切应力以表面风应力的影响,引入干湿判断法处理动边界,应用交替方向隐格式(ADI)离散方程进行数值求解。泥沙输移模块首先将泥沙按照粒径分组,在计算前根据粒径确定泥沙的性质,利用悬浮指标判断泥沙的输移状态,综合考虑粘性沙与非粘性沙输移、悬移质运动和推移质运动,对于不同性质的泥沙应用相应的控制方程求解。模型考虑了泥沙浓度对泥沙粒子的沉降速度的影响以及粘性沙絮凝和床面固结效应,控制方程的对流项应用三阶QUICKEST方法离散求解。床面演变模块基于质量守恒方程,对每组泥沙分别求解,并将总的地形变化实时地传递给水动力模块,更新底部边界。床沙级配变化模块应用多层床沙方法,对于淤积和冲刷按照不同的公式处理。
采用了一个潮流驱动下模型方格子内冲刷的模型实验对数学模型进行了验证,模拟结果不仅和实测数据作了对比,还跟不分组模型的结果做了对比,对比结果显示了本模型对不均匀泥沙输移和地形演变模拟的适用性和优越性。
模型被应用在黄河口,模型上游选在利津站,下游选在渤海湾内,结合实测的水文、地形和潮位观测资料,对1992年到1995年黄河口的地形演变做了数值模拟。计算得到了模拟区域的流速、水位变化过程及泥沙输移规律,揭示了黄河口地形演变的规律,模拟结果与实测结果符合良好。结果显示,计算区域内黄河口属于淤积状态,河道内抬升1.0 m左右,三角洲推进约8.1 km,新造陆30.2 km2。
为了全面的了解河口湿地的健康状况,本文针对黄河口建立了一个全新的湿地健康评价体系,通过实地考察和多方面收集数据,结合数学模型的计算结果,对黄河口湿地1992年至2008年的健康状况作了评价,结合黄河实施的重大工程对黄河口湿地健康变化情况做了分析。同时创建了一个经济评价模型,对同一时期内东营市经济状况进行了评价,结果表明近几年经济发展和湿地健康变化并不协调。应用主成分分析法确定了影响湿地健康的5个主要指标,针对这5个主要指标对黄河口湿地保护提出了措施和建议。
Details are given in present paper of development of a sediment transport and morphological model to predict the bed evolution processes in tidal flows. There are four modules in the present coupled model which are hydrodynamic module, sediment transport module, bed evolution module and multi-layer bed module. The hydrodynamic module is based on shallow water equations and takes Coriolis force, wind induced stress and bed shear stress into consideration, wetting and drying processes are introduced to deal with moving boundary and Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) technique is used to solve the hydrodynamic equations numerically. The sediment transport module has the capability of simulating the transport of graded sediments under non-equilibrium conditions. Cohesive sediment and non-cohesive sediment, suspended load and bed load are taken into consideration in present model. The fall velocity of suspended sediment is modified in present model due to the high sediment concentration. QUICKEST method is introduced to deal with the advective item. A 3-layer approach is adopted to simulate the variations of sediment gradations of bed materials.
The model is tested against laboratory data obtained from a model harbour experiment, in which tide induced currents have caused gradual bed evolution around the harbour entrance. Details are given of the numerical model predicted water level,velocity distributions,bed level changes and their comparisons with the laboratory measurements. A comparison is also made between predictions made by the graded sediments model and those by a single size model.
The model is used to simulate the bed evolution in the Yellow River Delta from 1992 to 1995. Field data are used to calibrate the parameters. The model is used to predict water and sediment transport in river channel and the mouth. The results show how the morphology developed in the Yellow River Estuary and agree well with the field data.
A new index system is established in present paper to assess the health of Yellow River Delta wetland with the method of Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment. The results show that the variation tendency during 1992 to 2008. Besides, economy assessments of Dongying were conducted each year in the same period, indicating that economic and health of wetland didn’t develop coordinately. Five main influence factors were found by principal components analysis method, based on the five main influence factors, measures and suggestions of protecting the Yellow River Delta wetland are proposed for wetland managers.
采用了一个潮流驱动下模型方格子内冲刷的模型实验对数学模型进行了验证,模拟结果不仅和实测数据作了对比,还跟不分组模型的结果做了对比,对比结果显示了本模型对不均匀泥沙输移和地形演变模拟的适用性和优越性。
模型被应用在黄河口,模型上游选在利津站,下游选在渤海湾内,结合实测的水文、地形和潮位观测资料,对1992年到1995年黄河口的地形演变做了数值模拟。计算得到了模拟区域的流速、水位变化过程及泥沙输移规律,揭示了黄河口地形演变的规律,模拟结果与实测结果符合良好。结果显示,计算区域内黄河口属于淤积状态,河道内抬升1.0 m左右,三角洲推进约8.1 km,新造陆30.2 km2。
为了全面的了解河口湿地的健康状况,本文针对黄河口建立了一个全新的湿地健康评价体系,通过实地考察和多方面收集数据,结合数学模型的计算结果,对黄河口湿地1992年至2008年的健康状况作了评价,结合黄河实施的重大工程对黄河口湿地健康变化情况做了分析。同时创建了一个经济评价模型,对同一时期内东营市经济状况进行了评价,结果表明近几年经济发展和湿地健康变化并不协调。应用主成分分析法确定了影响湿地健康的5个主要指标,针对这5个主要指标对黄河口湿地保护提出了措施和建议。
Details are given in present paper of development of a sediment transport and morphological model to predict the bed evolution processes in tidal flows. There are four modules in the present coupled model which are hydrodynamic module, sediment transport module, bed evolution module and multi-layer bed module. The hydrodynamic module is based on shallow water equations and takes Coriolis force, wind induced stress and bed shear stress into consideration, wetting and drying processes are introduced to deal with moving boundary and Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) technique is used to solve the hydrodynamic equations numerically. The sediment transport module has the capability of simulating the transport of graded sediments under non-equilibrium conditions. Cohesive sediment and non-cohesive sediment, suspended load and bed load are taken into consideration in present model. The fall velocity of suspended sediment is modified in present model due to the high sediment concentration. QUICKEST method is introduced to deal with the advective item. A 3-layer approach is adopted to simulate the variations of sediment gradations of bed materials.
The model is tested against laboratory data obtained from a model harbour experiment, in which tide induced currents have caused gradual bed evolution around the harbour entrance. Details are given of the numerical model predicted water level,velocity distributions,bed level changes and their comparisons with the laboratory measurements. A comparison is also made between predictions made by the graded sediments model and those by a single size model.
The model is used to simulate the bed evolution in the Yellow River Delta from 1992 to 1995. Field data are used to calibrate the parameters. The model is used to predict water and sediment transport in river channel and the mouth. The results show how the morphology developed in the Yellow River Estuary and agree well with the field data.
A new index system is established in present paper to assess the health of Yellow River Delta wetland with the method of Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment. The results show that the variation tendency during 1992 to 2008. Besides, economy assessments of Dongying were conducted each year in the same period, indicating that economic and health of wetland didn’t develop coordinately. Five main influence factors were found by principal components analysis method, based on the five main influence factors, measures and suggestions of protecting the Yellow River Delta wetland are proposed for wetland managers.
引文
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