西北太平洋北赤道流分叉处37ka BP以来的高分辨率古海洋记录
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摘要
西北太平洋黑潮源区东接北赤道流、南邻西太平洋暖池,是连接低纬暖池—北赤道流和北半球中纬度黑潮主轴—续流区的纽带。该区域的古海洋环境变化研究,不仅能为从机制上探讨黑潮主轴和续流区古海洋环境演化提供依据,还能验证低纬暖池和北赤道流对北半球中纬度地区古海洋环境的影响。本研究选取了位于西北太平洋黑潮源区北赤道流分叉处的MD06-3054孔(14°30.2816’N,124°19.2400’E;水深:2021 m),其高分辨率的古海洋记录不仅能为研究薄弱的黑潮源区的古环境演化提供直接证据,还是低纬地区高分辨率古海洋记录的有力补充。
在浮游有孔虫混合种Globigerinoides ruber(G. ruber)和Globigerinoides sacculifer(G. sacculifer)进行AMS14C测试,浮游有孔虫G. ruber和Pulleniatina obliquiloculata(P. obliquiloculata)壳体氧碳同位素进行测试,浮游有孔虫G. ruber壳体Mg/Ca比值进行测试,浮游和底栖有孔虫群落组成进行镜下鉴定统计,以及沉积物中总有机碳及其同位素进行测试的基础上,对MD06-3054孔记录的表层海水温度,表层海水盐度,温跃层深度,有机质输入,以及浮游和底栖有孔虫群落结构等的变化进行了恢复和重建。
结果表明,该孔36.7ka BP以来的高分辨率记录中不仅发现了源自南半球高纬的末次冰消期δ13C宽幅低值事件,还存在可以与北半球高纬的Heinrich事件,Younger Dryas(YD)事件,8.2ka事件以及全新世的Bond事件相当的高频变化。这些事件与黑潮流域的古海洋记录之间有着很好的一致性,说明了低纬黑潮源区的古海洋环境演化对古黑潮以及冲绳海槽等黑潮流域的古海洋环境有着重要的影响。
另外,该孔36.7ka BP以来的有机碳含量及其同位素变化都表现出对海平面冰期—冰后期变化的明显响应。末次冰期低海平面时,沉积物中有机碳含量高,以碳同位素值低的C3植物产生的有机质输入为主;冰后期高海平面时,沉积物中有机碳整体含量较低,以碳同位素值较高的海洋藻类植物产生的有机质输入为主。该孔全新世输入的陆源有机质类型还反映出邻近的菲律宾大陆7.3—10.8ka BP期间可能相对干旱,植被类型以C4植物为主;而在1.0—2.3ka BP和3.2—7.1ka BP期间可能相对较湿润,植被类型以C3植物为主。
该孔中的浮游有孔虫群落以G. ruber,Globigerinita glutinata(G. glutinata),G. sacculifer等为代表的典型热带和亚热带组合为特征。各属种的变化反映出影响该孔浮游有孔虫群落结构变化的因素很多,同时也说明北赤道流分叉处36.7ka BP以来的海洋环境复杂多变。该孔中底栖有孔虫堆积速率和U+B含量的变化还显示,过高的有机质输入会抑制底栖有孔虫的生长和繁盛。
The Kuroshio Source Region (KSR) connects the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP)—the North Equatorial Current (NEC) and the Kuroshio Main Course (KMC)—the Kuroshio Extension (KE). It is on the north edge of the WPWP, and the NEC flows into this area from the east. The paleoenvironment changes in the KSR not only provide hints to the mechanism of paleoenvironment in the KMC—KE area, but also offer evidences for the impacts of the tropical on the northern middle latitudes. The core MD06-3054 (14°30.2816’N, 124°19.2400’E; water depth: 2021 m) is selected to investigate the evolution of paleoenvironment in the KSR, located on the bifurcation of NEC in the northwestern Pacific. Its high-resolution records give valuable information in the KSR and important supplement for the low latitudes.
The variations of sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, the depth of thermocline, inputs of organic carbon, and the planktonic and benthic foraminiferal faunas are reconstructed with geochemical and micropaleontological methods in core MD06-3054. The tests of planktonic foraminifera mixed species of Globigerinoides ruber (G. ruber) and Globigerinoides sacculifer (G. sacculifer) were subjected to AMS 14C measuring, and the tests of planktonic foraminiferal species of G. ruber and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata (P. obliquiloculata) were subjected to carbon and oxygen isotope measuring, and the tests of planktonic foraminiferal species of G. ruber were subjected to Mg/Ca measuring, and the planktonic and benthic foraminifera faunas were identified under a microscope, and the total organic carbon (TOC) and its carbon isotope were also measured.
It is found that the high-resolution records from core MD06-3054 agree with the changes of the Kuroshio Current and paleoenvironment in the Kuroshio drainage area, which inferred a robust link between the KSR and the Kuroshio drainage area since 36.7ka BP. The high-frequency variations occurred in the Kuroshio drainage area were also recorded in the KSR, such as the Heinrich events, the Younger Dryas event (YD), the 8.2ka event, and the Holocene events comparable with the Bond events. What is more, the last degalacial broadδ13C minimum event was also recorded, which is originated from the southern high latitudes.
Moreover, the records of organic carbon show a response to the changes of sea level since the last glacial to the post glacial. The concentration of TOC is high and the isotope of organic carbon indicates that the main source of organic carbon is from the terrigenous C3 plants with negative values in sediment, responsing the low sea level during the last glacial; while a overall low concentration of TOC and organic carbon with much positive isotope in sediment shows that the main source of organic carbon was producted by marine algas, responsing the high sea level during the post glacial. During the Holocene, the kind of terrigenous inputs may suggest that it was droughty and there were much more C4 plants during 7.3—10.8ka BP, while it was humid and there were much more C3 plants during 1.0—2.3ka BP and 3.2—7.1ka BP, in the adjacent Philippines continent.
The planktonic foraminiferal fauna is characteristic by the tropical and sub-tropical species, representing by G. ruber,Globigerinita glutinata (G. glutinata), and G. sacculifer. The variations of the planktonic foraminifera species indicate there were many factors affecting the planktonic fauna, which also suggest a complex and changeable environment on the bifurcation of the NEC since 36.7ka BP. What is more, the variations of the benthic foraminifera accumulation rate and the abundance of U+B show a inhibiting effect of high organic matter influx on the bloom of benthic foraminifera fauna in core MD06-3054.
在浮游有孔虫混合种Globigerinoides ruber(G. ruber)和Globigerinoides sacculifer(G. sacculifer)进行AMS14C测试,浮游有孔虫G. ruber和Pulleniatina obliquiloculata(P. obliquiloculata)壳体氧碳同位素进行测试,浮游有孔虫G. ruber壳体Mg/Ca比值进行测试,浮游和底栖有孔虫群落组成进行镜下鉴定统计,以及沉积物中总有机碳及其同位素进行测试的基础上,对MD06-3054孔记录的表层海水温度,表层海水盐度,温跃层深度,有机质输入,以及浮游和底栖有孔虫群落结构等的变化进行了恢复和重建。
结果表明,该孔36.7ka BP以来的高分辨率记录中不仅发现了源自南半球高纬的末次冰消期δ13C宽幅低值事件,还存在可以与北半球高纬的Heinrich事件,Younger Dryas(YD)事件,8.2ka事件以及全新世的Bond事件相当的高频变化。这些事件与黑潮流域的古海洋记录之间有着很好的一致性,说明了低纬黑潮源区的古海洋环境演化对古黑潮以及冲绳海槽等黑潮流域的古海洋环境有着重要的影响。
另外,该孔36.7ka BP以来的有机碳含量及其同位素变化都表现出对海平面冰期—冰后期变化的明显响应。末次冰期低海平面时,沉积物中有机碳含量高,以碳同位素值低的C3植物产生的有机质输入为主;冰后期高海平面时,沉积物中有机碳整体含量较低,以碳同位素值较高的海洋藻类植物产生的有机质输入为主。该孔全新世输入的陆源有机质类型还反映出邻近的菲律宾大陆7.3—10.8ka BP期间可能相对干旱,植被类型以C4植物为主;而在1.0—2.3ka BP和3.2—7.1ka BP期间可能相对较湿润,植被类型以C3植物为主。
该孔中的浮游有孔虫群落以G. ruber,Globigerinita glutinata(G. glutinata),G. sacculifer等为代表的典型热带和亚热带组合为特征。各属种的变化反映出影响该孔浮游有孔虫群落结构变化的因素很多,同时也说明北赤道流分叉处36.7ka BP以来的海洋环境复杂多变。该孔中底栖有孔虫堆积速率和U+B含量的变化还显示,过高的有机质输入会抑制底栖有孔虫的生长和繁盛。
The Kuroshio Source Region (KSR) connects the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP)—the North Equatorial Current (NEC) and the Kuroshio Main Course (KMC)—the Kuroshio Extension (KE). It is on the north edge of the WPWP, and the NEC flows into this area from the east. The paleoenvironment changes in the KSR not only provide hints to the mechanism of paleoenvironment in the KMC—KE area, but also offer evidences for the impacts of the tropical on the northern middle latitudes. The core MD06-3054 (14°30.2816’N, 124°19.2400’E; water depth: 2021 m) is selected to investigate the evolution of paleoenvironment in the KSR, located on the bifurcation of NEC in the northwestern Pacific. Its high-resolution records give valuable information in the KSR and important supplement for the low latitudes.
The variations of sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, the depth of thermocline, inputs of organic carbon, and the planktonic and benthic foraminiferal faunas are reconstructed with geochemical and micropaleontological methods in core MD06-3054. The tests of planktonic foraminifera mixed species of Globigerinoides ruber (G. ruber) and Globigerinoides sacculifer (G. sacculifer) were subjected to AMS 14C measuring, and the tests of planktonic foraminiferal species of G. ruber and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata (P. obliquiloculata) were subjected to carbon and oxygen isotope measuring, and the tests of planktonic foraminiferal species of G. ruber were subjected to Mg/Ca measuring, and the planktonic and benthic foraminifera faunas were identified under a microscope, and the total organic carbon (TOC) and its carbon isotope were also measured.
It is found that the high-resolution records from core MD06-3054 agree with the changes of the Kuroshio Current and paleoenvironment in the Kuroshio drainage area, which inferred a robust link between the KSR and the Kuroshio drainage area since 36.7ka BP. The high-frequency variations occurred in the Kuroshio drainage area were also recorded in the KSR, such as the Heinrich events, the Younger Dryas event (YD), the 8.2ka event, and the Holocene events comparable with the Bond events. What is more, the last degalacial broadδ13C minimum event was also recorded, which is originated from the southern high latitudes.
Moreover, the records of organic carbon show a response to the changes of sea level since the last glacial to the post glacial. The concentration of TOC is high and the isotope of organic carbon indicates that the main source of organic carbon is from the terrigenous C3 plants with negative values in sediment, responsing the low sea level during the last glacial; while a overall low concentration of TOC and organic carbon with much positive isotope in sediment shows that the main source of organic carbon was producted by marine algas, responsing the high sea level during the post glacial. During the Holocene, the kind of terrigenous inputs may suggest that it was droughty and there were much more C4 plants during 7.3—10.8ka BP, while it was humid and there were much more C3 plants during 1.0—2.3ka BP and 3.2—7.1ka BP, in the adjacent Philippines continent.
The planktonic foraminiferal fauna is characteristic by the tropical and sub-tropical species, representing by G. ruber,Globigerinita glutinata (G. glutinata), and G. sacculifer. The variations of the planktonic foraminifera species indicate there were many factors affecting the planktonic fauna, which also suggest a complex and changeable environment on the bifurcation of the NEC since 36.7ka BP. What is more, the variations of the benthic foraminifera accumulation rate and the abundance of U+B show a inhibiting effect of high organic matter influx on the bloom of benthic foraminifera fauna in core MD06-3054.
引文
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