微网控制策略与电能质量改善研究
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摘要
微网是由多种小型分布式电源和负荷共同组成的系统，能削弱分布式发电对电网的冲击和负面影响，充分发挥分布式发电的效益和价值。本文针对微网控制策略、微网电能质量问题和含分布式电源（以微网的形式投入应用）的配电网络重构问题进行研究，主要创新点如下：
1对目前应用较广的微网控制策略分别进行深入研究分析，在应用最为广泛的下垂控制策略基础上进行分析改进。首先从理论上阐明了下垂系数值如何设定，针对实际应用时有功功率限值的存在对下垂控制策略进行改进，提出了添加功率越限加罚值环节来保证分布式电源功率输出达到限值时其功率特性从下垂特性转变为垂直特性；并在有功功率、无功功率及电压控制环节添加相应的滤波装置消弱谐波的影响，因而控制效果更好。
2根据微电源类型的不同，其入网接口方式也可分为两种：电压源型逆变器（Voltage Source Inverter, VSI）接口和同步电机（Synchronous Generator， SG）接口。本文设计了一种包含这两种接口方式的微网控制策略。
对于VSI接口，首先从理论上分析了逆变器出口电感值的设定原则，并在改进下垂控制策略和电压矢量调制合成原理的基础上得出了门信号脉冲发生电路的控制模块，为日后VSI接口控制策略投入实际应用提供了理论依据；同时也提出在仿真中采用理想三相电压源等效，将下垂控制策略输出的电压与相角值作为理想三相电压源模块的输入从而最终完成VSI接口的整体仿真控制模型。
对于SG接口，将改进下垂控制策略环节得到的预期角速度值与测量角速度值作为原动机与调速系统等效模型的输入量并得到对应输出的机械功率；将下垂控制策略得到的预期电压幅值与测量的电压幅值作为励磁系统等效模型的输入并得到对应输出的励磁电压，从而实现同步电机的稳定运行。
为实现微网与大电网的无缝转接，本文设计实现了静态开关（Static Switch，SS）使得电网、SG接口的微电源、VSI接口的微电源在彼此电压接近同频同相时接通。
3对微网中存在的电能质量问题及产生原因进行了分析研究。针对谐波及无功功率需求不足引起的电压波动等问题，综合考虑电能质量的改善效果和经济性，本文提出了在微网中应用APF和SVC联合电能质量改善系统来提高微网的电能质量，其中APF装设在分布式电源出口进行滤波并进行小容量的无功电流补偿，SVC装设在负荷侧实现大容量无功的就地补偿，为避免耦合，二者控制各自独立。为获得更好的跟踪效果，提出采用重复控制与PI控制相结合的方法对APF控制加以改善。
4当分布式电源以微网的形式接入配电网时，可将其视为负的负荷节点来处理。本文将负荷的变化和分布式电源发电波动的情况用多种运行方式来模拟，建立了一种含分布式电源并考虑多种运行方式的配电网络重构模型，并对所建立的模型采用动态调整惯性权重的二进制粒子群优化算法（Binary particle swarmoptimization algorithm，BPSO）进行求解，所用算法效果较好，重构结果可用于指导配电网络的运行。
Microgrid is a kind of system composed of the distributed generators (DGs) andloads, which can be used to weaken the negative effects of DGs and give full play ofDGs. This paper makes researches on microgrid control strategy, power quality andnetwork configuration with distributed generation which is accessed to the network inthe form of microgrid. The main achievements are as follows:
1. The most popular microgrid control strategies are analyzed, and the droopcontrol is improved based on the analysis. The setting theory of droop coefficients ispresented firstly. And then the droop control strategy is improved by adding penaltyvalue to force DG to change its droop characteristics to vertical characteristics whenthe power output overruns its limit, which is consistent with the DG actual operation.Finally to eliminate the harmonics and get better control performance, filters areadopted to active power, reactive power and voltage control blocks.
2. Based on the different types of Microsources, the interfaces of the microsourcescould be divided into two types: voltage source inverter (VSI) interface andSynchronous generator interface. This paper proposes the control strategy ofMicrogrid which contains the two interfaces. For VSI interface, the set rules ofexternal inductance value is presented and the gate pulse generator control block isdesigned based on the improved droop control and space vector modulation theory,which can be as theoretical guide for future VSI practical use. From the network pointof view，the inverter can be represented by an ideal and balanced voltage source withonly the fundamental component in simulation. The output of improved droop controlcan be as the input of the controlled voltage sources block, therefore the whole controlstrategy of VSI interface is achieved in simulation.
For SG interface, the angular velocity output from the improved control strategyand the measured angular velocity are as the input of the equivalent speed controlsystem to output the desired mechanical active power, and the voltage amplitudeoutput from the improved control strategy and the measured voltage amplitude are asthe input of the equivalent field system to output the desired field voltage. The desiredmechanical active power and field voltage can be as the input of SG to make thegenerator operate smoothly.
Static switch is designed to make the microgrid only connect with the grid whentheir voltages are closely with the same frequency and amplitude. The simulationresults testify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy and SS.
3. This paper analyzes the power quality problems of microgrid. For harmonicscaused by electronic devices and voltage variation caused by high reactive powerrequirement, a combined system constructed by SVC and SAPF is proposed based oneconomy and compensation performance, in which SAPF is adopted near themicrosource to mitigate harmonic currents and SVC near the load to compensatereactive power so as to relieve the voltage variation. To avoid coupling, the control ofSVC and SAPF are independent. To get better tracking performance, the repetitivecontrol and PI control combined together are applied to APF control.
4. When the DG is used in the form of microgrid, it can be equivalent as a negativeload node. Distribution network reconfiguration model containing DGs andconsidering three running modes is established. Binary particle swarm optimizationalgorithm (BPSO) with dynamic inertia weight adaptation strategy is applied to solvethis model. Case results justify that the improved BPSO can solve distributionnetwork reconfiguration effectively with better results which can be used to guidedistribution networks operation.
1对目前应用较广的微网控制策略分别进行深入研究分析，在应用最为广泛的下垂控制策略基础上进行分析改进。首先从理论上阐明了下垂系数值如何设定，针对实际应用时有功功率限值的存在对下垂控制策略进行改进，提出了添加功率越限加罚值环节来保证分布式电源功率输出达到限值时其功率特性从下垂特性转变为垂直特性；并在有功功率、无功功率及电压控制环节添加相应的滤波装置消弱谐波的影响，因而控制效果更好。
2根据微电源类型的不同，其入网接口方式也可分为两种：电压源型逆变器（Voltage Source Inverter, VSI）接口和同步电机（Synchronous Generator， SG）接口。本文设计了一种包含这两种接口方式的微网控制策略。
对于VSI接口，首先从理论上分析了逆变器出口电感值的设定原则，并在改进下垂控制策略和电压矢量调制合成原理的基础上得出了门信号脉冲发生电路的控制模块，为日后VSI接口控制策略投入实际应用提供了理论依据；同时也提出在仿真中采用理想三相电压源等效，将下垂控制策略输出的电压与相角值作为理想三相电压源模块的输入从而最终完成VSI接口的整体仿真控制模型。
对于SG接口，将改进下垂控制策略环节得到的预期角速度值与测量角速度值作为原动机与调速系统等效模型的输入量并得到对应输出的机械功率；将下垂控制策略得到的预期电压幅值与测量的电压幅值作为励磁系统等效模型的输入并得到对应输出的励磁电压，从而实现同步电机的稳定运行。
为实现微网与大电网的无缝转接，本文设计实现了静态开关（Static Switch，SS）使得电网、SG接口的微电源、VSI接口的微电源在彼此电压接近同频同相时接通。
3对微网中存在的电能质量问题及产生原因进行了分析研究。针对谐波及无功功率需求不足引起的电压波动等问题，综合考虑电能质量的改善效果和经济性，本文提出了在微网中应用APF和SVC联合电能质量改善系统来提高微网的电能质量，其中APF装设在分布式电源出口进行滤波并进行小容量的无功电流补偿，SVC装设在负荷侧实现大容量无功的就地补偿，为避免耦合，二者控制各自独立。为获得更好的跟踪效果，提出采用重复控制与PI控制相结合的方法对APF控制加以改善。
4当分布式电源以微网的形式接入配电网时，可将其视为负的负荷节点来处理。本文将负荷的变化和分布式电源发电波动的情况用多种运行方式来模拟，建立了一种含分布式电源并考虑多种运行方式的配电网络重构模型，并对所建立的模型采用动态调整惯性权重的二进制粒子群优化算法（Binary particle swarmoptimization algorithm，BPSO）进行求解，所用算法效果较好，重构结果可用于指导配电网络的运行。
Microgrid is a kind of system composed of the distributed generators (DGs) andloads, which can be used to weaken the negative effects of DGs and give full play ofDGs. This paper makes researches on microgrid control strategy, power quality andnetwork configuration with distributed generation which is accessed to the network inthe form of microgrid. The main achievements are as follows:
1. The most popular microgrid control strategies are analyzed, and the droopcontrol is improved based on the analysis. The setting theory of droop coefficients ispresented firstly. And then the droop control strategy is improved by adding penaltyvalue to force DG to change its droop characteristics to vertical characteristics whenthe power output overruns its limit, which is consistent with the DG actual operation.Finally to eliminate the harmonics and get better control performance, filters areadopted to active power, reactive power and voltage control blocks.
2. Based on the different types of Microsources, the interfaces of the microsourcescould be divided into two types: voltage source inverter (VSI) interface andSynchronous generator interface. This paper proposes the control strategy ofMicrogrid which contains the two interfaces. For VSI interface, the set rules ofexternal inductance value is presented and the gate pulse generator control block isdesigned based on the improved droop control and space vector modulation theory,which can be as theoretical guide for future VSI practical use. From the network pointof view，the inverter can be represented by an ideal and balanced voltage source withonly the fundamental component in simulation. The output of improved droop controlcan be as the input of the controlled voltage sources block, therefore the whole controlstrategy of VSI interface is achieved in simulation.
For SG interface, the angular velocity output from the improved control strategyand the measured angular velocity are as the input of the equivalent speed controlsystem to output the desired mechanical active power, and the voltage amplitudeoutput from the improved control strategy and the measured voltage amplitude are asthe input of the equivalent field system to output the desired field voltage. The desiredmechanical active power and field voltage can be as the input of SG to make thegenerator operate smoothly.
Static switch is designed to make the microgrid only connect with the grid whentheir voltages are closely with the same frequency and amplitude. The simulationresults testify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy and SS.
3. This paper analyzes the power quality problems of microgrid. For harmonicscaused by electronic devices and voltage variation caused by high reactive powerrequirement, a combined system constructed by SVC and SAPF is proposed based oneconomy and compensation performance, in which SAPF is adopted near themicrosource to mitigate harmonic currents and SVC near the load to compensatereactive power so as to relieve the voltage variation. To avoid coupling, the control ofSVC and SAPF are independent. To get better tracking performance, the repetitivecontrol and PI control combined together are applied to APF control.
4. When the DG is used in the form of microgrid, it can be equivalent as a negativeload node. Distribution network reconfiguration model containing DGs andconsidering three running modes is established. Binary particle swarm optimizationalgorithm (BPSO) with dynamic inertia weight adaptation strategy is applied to solvethis model. Case results justify that the improved BPSO can solve distributionnetwork reconfiguration effectively with better results which can be used to guidedistribution networks operation.
引文
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