AODV协议后备路由算法的研究
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摘要
移动Ad Hoc网络(Mobile Ad Hoc Network,MANET)是一种无中心、无固定网络结构、分布式的对等网络。由于Ad Hoc网络中节点是移动的,网络的拓扑结构不断变化,因此传统的路由协议(如RIP、OSPF等)无法满足Ad Hoc网络的实际需要。合适的路由协议一直是Ad Hoc网络研究中的重点和难点。按需路由协议(On-demand route protocols)是当前移动AdHoc网络的主流路由协议。Ad Hoc网络按需距离矢量路由协议(Ad Hoc On-demand DistanceVector,AODV)就是一种典型的按需路由协议,它具有操作简单、按需路由、无路由环路、可扩展性好等优点。其缺点在于:在数据交付期间只有一条可用路径,因此当这条会话路径断开时,正在传输的数据分组只是简单地被丢弃,这样会极大地影响网络的性能和通信的质量。
本文在对AODV路由协议的原理、特点作了全面分析的基础上,针对该协议存在的不足,提出了改进方法。改进后的协议称AODV-BR(AODV with Backup Routing)路由协议。该协议根据无线传输本身的广播特性,在没有产生额外的控制消息的基础上,通过形成网状结构来建立多条到目的节点的后备路由,从而提高网络的性能和通信质量。
文中利用网络模拟器NS2(Network Simulator 2)对AODV-BR路由协议和传统的ADOV路由协议进行了仿真,结果表明:AODV-BR协议较传统的AODV路由协议能有效地提高数据分组的投递率,减小分组端到端传输的平均时延,降低协议开销。
Mobile Ad Hoc Network is defined as a distributed peer network without a center and fixed network structure. The traditional route protocols, such as RIP and OSPF, fail to meet the practical needs, largely because nodes of the Ad Hoc network are moving and because of the continuous variation of the network topology. Therefore, the focus of studies on the Ad Hoc network has all the way been on the appropriate route protocols. The on-demand route protocols are the mainstream route protocols that have been widely employed in the mobile Ad Hoc network. Ad Hoc on-demand distance vector, as a typical on-demand route protocol, has the advantages of simplicity of the operation, on-demand route, lack of the route loop and excellent scalability. However, there is only one available route in the course of data session, so the transmitting data will be simply dropped when this route switches off. As a consequence, the performance and the communication quality of the network will be drastically impacted.
Based on a relatively comprehensive account of the principles and characteristics of the AODV route protocol, improved methods were brought forward here to deal with the deficiencies of the AODV route protocol, the improved protocol called the AODV with Backup Routing (AODV-BR). This protocol, based on broadcasting properties of wireless transmission, can establish several alternative routes to the destination node through forming mesh structures but do not create additional control information, therefore enhancing the performance and communication quality of the network.
Additionally, we used the Network Simulator 2 (NS2) to perform the simulations of the proposed AODV-BR route protocol and the traditional AODV route protocol. Our simulation results showed that, compared to the traditional AODV route protocol, the AODV-BR route protocol could effectively enhance the delivery rate of the data packets, decrease the average end-to-end delay, and reduce control overhead.
本文在对AODV路由协议的原理、特点作了全面分析的基础上,针对该协议存在的不足,提出了改进方法。改进后的协议称AODV-BR(AODV with Backup Routing)路由协议。该协议根据无线传输本身的广播特性,在没有产生额外的控制消息的基础上,通过形成网状结构来建立多条到目的节点的后备路由,从而提高网络的性能和通信质量。
文中利用网络模拟器NS2(Network Simulator 2)对AODV-BR路由协议和传统的ADOV路由协议进行了仿真,结果表明:AODV-BR协议较传统的AODV路由协议能有效地提高数据分组的投递率,减小分组端到端传输的平均时延,降低协议开销。
Mobile Ad Hoc Network is defined as a distributed peer network without a center and fixed network structure. The traditional route protocols, such as RIP and OSPF, fail to meet the practical needs, largely because nodes of the Ad Hoc network are moving and because of the continuous variation of the network topology. Therefore, the focus of studies on the Ad Hoc network has all the way been on the appropriate route protocols. The on-demand route protocols are the mainstream route protocols that have been widely employed in the mobile Ad Hoc network. Ad Hoc on-demand distance vector, as a typical on-demand route protocol, has the advantages of simplicity of the operation, on-demand route, lack of the route loop and excellent scalability. However, there is only one available route in the course of data session, so the transmitting data will be simply dropped when this route switches off. As a consequence, the performance and the communication quality of the network will be drastically impacted.
Based on a relatively comprehensive account of the principles and characteristics of the AODV route protocol, improved methods were brought forward here to deal with the deficiencies of the AODV route protocol, the improved protocol called the AODV with Backup Routing (AODV-BR). This protocol, based on broadcasting properties of wireless transmission, can establish several alternative routes to the destination node through forming mesh structures but do not create additional control information, therefore enhancing the performance and communication quality of the network.
Additionally, we used the Network Simulator 2 (NS2) to perform the simulations of the proposed AODV-BR route protocol and the traditional AODV route protocol. Our simulation results showed that, compared to the traditional AODV route protocol, the AODV-BR route protocol could effectively enhance the delivery rate of the data packets, decrease the average end-to-end delay, and reduce control overhead.
引文
[1]M.Gast.802.11 Wireless Networks:The DefinitiveGuide[M].O'Reilly,2002.
[2]IEEE Std.802.11.Wireless LAN media access control(MAC)and physical layer (PHY)sepecifications.1999.
[3]符鹤,周忠华,彭智朝.微型电脑应用,2006,(7):66-67.
[4]张越.家庭无线网络.个人电脑,2007.
[5]郑少仁.Ad Hoc网络技术[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.
[6]陈林星,曾曦,曹毅等.移动Ad Hoc网络[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2006.
[7]J.Jubin,J.D.Tornow.The DARPA packet radio network protocols.Proceedings of the IEEE,1987,75(1):21-32.
[8]D.A.Beyer.Accomplishments of the DARPA survivable adaptive networks SURAN program.In Proceedings of the IEEE MILCOM Conference,1990.
[9]K.Sohrabi,W.Merrill,J.Elson,L.Girod,F.Newberg,W.Kaiser.Methods for scalable self-assembly of ad hoc wireless sensor networks Mobile Computing.IEEE Transactions on 2004,3(4):317-331.
[10]B.M.Leiner,R.Ruth,A.R.Sastry.Goals and Challenges of the DARPA GloMo Program.IEEE Personal Communications,1996,3(6):34-43.
[11]甄岩,武穆清.Ad Hoc网络按需路由协议性能分析.数字通信世界2006,(12):47-49.
[12]C.E.Perkins,E.M.Royer,S.R.Das.RFC3561:ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV)Routing[EB/OL].http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3561.txt.2003.
[13]C.E.Perkins,E.M.Royer.Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector.In Proceedings of IEEE WMCSA'99,New Orleans,LA,1999,90-100.
[14]C.E.Perkins,P.Bhagwat.Highly dynamic Destination Sequenced Distance vector routing(DSDV)of mobile computers In Proceedings of the SIGCOMM'94 Conference on Communications Architectures,Protocols and Applications,1994,234-244.
[15]B.D.Johnson,D.A.Maltz.Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks[J].Tomasz Imielinski,Hank Korth,Mobile Computing[S].Kluwer Academic Publishers,1996,353:153-181.
[16]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.NS与网络模拟[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2003.
[17]NS2网络模拟器.http//www.isi.edu/snam/ns.
[18]Mobile Ad Hoc Networks(MANET).http://ietf.org/html-charters/manet- charter.html.2000(5),
[19]Andrew S.Tanenbaum.计算机网络[M],第四版.北京:清华大学出版社,2004,31-34.
[20]陈林星,曾曦,曹毅等.移动Ad Hoc网络[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2006,4:59-62.
[21]邓曙光.移动自组网中QoS路由协议研究.中南大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[22]Y.Sun,E.M.Beiding-Royer,C.E.Perkins.Internet connectivity for ad hoc mobile networksInternational journal of Wireless Information Networks Special issue on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks:Standards,Research,Applications,2002.
[23]谢希仁.计算机网络[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2000.
[24]E.M.Royer,C.K.Toh.A review of current routing protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks[J].IEEE Personal Communications,1999,17(8):46-55.
[25]M.Abolhasan,T.Wysocki,E.Dutldewicz.A review of routing protocols for mobile ad hoe networks www.ElsevierComputerScience.com ad hoe networks,2004,2:1-22.
[26]]孙晓艳,李建东,张光辉等.Ad Hoc中的常用路由算法分析.现代电子技术,2003,113:1-29.
[27]B.Osh,D.B.Johnson,D.A Maltz.The dynamic source routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc network.Internet-Draft,daft-ietf-manet-dsr-00,txt,Macrh1998.Work In Progress.
[28]P.D.Vincent,C.M.Scott.Temporally ordered routing algorithm(TORA)version 1:functional specification Internet-Dratf,daft-ietf-manet-tora-sepc-00.txt,Maerh 1998.Work In Progress.
[29]M.R.Pearlman.Determining the Optimal Configuration for the Zone Routing Protocol《IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications(Special Issue on Wireless Ad Hoc Networks)》1999,17:1395-1414.
[30]袁博.Ad Hoc网络多路路由研究.浙江大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[31]L.Wang,Y.T.Shu,M.Dong,L.Zhang,O.W.Yang.Adaptive multipath source routing in ad hoe networks In Proe of the IEEE Intel Confon on Communications,2001,867-871.
[32]田辉,谢芳,杨宁,张平.Ad Hoc网络中信道自适应多径路由算法.北京邮电大学学报,2005,28(1):59-62.
[33]全武,宋瀚涛,江宇红.Ad Hoc无线网络及其路由选择协议.计算机应用,2002,22(6):26-31.
[34]张远,郭虹,刘洛琨.AODV路由协议中扩展环搜索与邻节点列表的实现.计算机工程,2006,(10):113-115.
[35]赖永文.无线自组织网络按需路由技术研究.重庆大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[36]S.J.Lee,M.Gerla.AODV-BR:Backup Routing in Ad hoc Networks In Proc of IEEE WCNC2000.Chicago,2000,17:1311-1316.
[37]王文博,张金文.OPNET Modeler与网络仿真[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2003.
[38]高振国,赵蕴龙,李香,蔡绍滨,王春生,崔建文.GloMoSim无线网络仿真器剖析.系统仿真学报,2006,18(S):610-613.
[2]IEEE Std.802.11.Wireless LAN media access control(MAC)and physical layer (PHY)sepecifications.1999.
[3]符鹤,周忠华,彭智朝.微型电脑应用,2006,(7):66-67.
[4]张越.家庭无线网络.个人电脑,2007.
[5]郑少仁.Ad Hoc网络技术[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.
[6]陈林星,曾曦,曹毅等.移动Ad Hoc网络[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2006.
[7]J.Jubin,J.D.Tornow.The DARPA packet radio network protocols.Proceedings of the IEEE,1987,75(1):21-32.
[8]D.A.Beyer.Accomplishments of the DARPA survivable adaptive networks SURAN program.In Proceedings of the IEEE MILCOM Conference,1990.
[9]K.Sohrabi,W.Merrill,J.Elson,L.Girod,F.Newberg,W.Kaiser.Methods for scalable self-assembly of ad hoc wireless sensor networks Mobile Computing.IEEE Transactions on 2004,3(4):317-331.
[10]B.M.Leiner,R.Ruth,A.R.Sastry.Goals and Challenges of the DARPA GloMo Program.IEEE Personal Communications,1996,3(6):34-43.
[11]甄岩,武穆清.Ad Hoc网络按需路由协议性能分析.数字通信世界2006,(12):47-49.
[12]C.E.Perkins,E.M.Royer,S.R.Das.RFC3561:ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV)Routing[EB/OL].http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3561.txt.2003.
[13]C.E.Perkins,E.M.Royer.Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector.In Proceedings of IEEE WMCSA'99,New Orleans,LA,1999,90-100.
[14]C.E.Perkins,P.Bhagwat.Highly dynamic Destination Sequenced Distance vector routing(DSDV)of mobile computers In Proceedings of the SIGCOMM'94 Conference on Communications Architectures,Protocols and Applications,1994,234-244.
[15]B.D.Johnson,D.A.Maltz.Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks[J].Tomasz Imielinski,Hank Korth,Mobile Computing[S].Kluwer Academic Publishers,1996,353:153-181.
[16]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.NS与网络模拟[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2003.
[17]NS2网络模拟器.http//www.isi.edu/snam/ns.
[18]Mobile Ad Hoc Networks(MANET).http://ietf.org/html-charters/manet- charter.html.2000(5),
[19]Andrew S.Tanenbaum.计算机网络[M],第四版.北京:清华大学出版社,2004,31-34.
[20]陈林星,曾曦,曹毅等.移动Ad Hoc网络[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2006,4:59-62.
[21]邓曙光.移动自组网中QoS路由协议研究.中南大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[22]Y.Sun,E.M.Beiding-Royer,C.E.Perkins.Internet connectivity for ad hoc mobile networksInternational journal of Wireless Information Networks Special issue on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks:Standards,Research,Applications,2002.
[23]谢希仁.计算机网络[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2000.
[24]E.M.Royer,C.K.Toh.A review of current routing protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks[J].IEEE Personal Communications,1999,17(8):46-55.
[25]M.Abolhasan,T.Wysocki,E.Dutldewicz.A review of routing protocols for mobile ad hoe networks www.ElsevierComputerScience.com ad hoe networks,2004,2:1-22.
[26]]孙晓艳,李建东,张光辉等.Ad Hoc中的常用路由算法分析.现代电子技术,2003,113:1-29.
[27]B.Osh,D.B.Johnson,D.A Maltz.The dynamic source routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc network.Internet-Draft,daft-ietf-manet-dsr-00,txt,Macrh1998.Work In Progress.
[28]P.D.Vincent,C.M.Scott.Temporally ordered routing algorithm(TORA)version 1:functional specification Internet-Dratf,daft-ietf-manet-tora-sepc-00.txt,Maerh 1998.Work In Progress.
[29]M.R.Pearlman.Determining the Optimal Configuration for the Zone Routing Protocol《IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications(Special Issue on Wireless Ad Hoc Networks)》1999,17:1395-1414.
[30]袁博.Ad Hoc网络多路路由研究.浙江大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[31]L.Wang,Y.T.Shu,M.Dong,L.Zhang,O.W.Yang.Adaptive multipath source routing in ad hoe networks In Proe of the IEEE Intel Confon on Communications,2001,867-871.
[32]田辉,谢芳,杨宁,张平.Ad Hoc网络中信道自适应多径路由算法.北京邮电大学学报,2005,28(1):59-62.
[33]全武,宋瀚涛,江宇红.Ad Hoc无线网络及其路由选择协议.计算机应用,2002,22(6):26-31.
[34]张远,郭虹,刘洛琨.AODV路由协议中扩展环搜索与邻节点列表的实现.计算机工程,2006,(10):113-115.
[35]赖永文.无线自组织网络按需路由技术研究.重庆大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[36]S.J.Lee,M.Gerla.AODV-BR:Backup Routing in Ad hoc Networks In Proc of IEEE WCNC2000.Chicago,2000,17:1311-1316.
[37]王文博,张金文.OPNET Modeler与网络仿真[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2003.
[38]高振国,赵蕴龙,李香,蔡绍滨,王春生,崔建文.GloMoSim无线网络仿真器剖析.系统仿真学报,2006,18(S):610-613.