Mg-Mn-RE合金的热处理和变形行为研究
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摘要
针对镁合金强度低、变形能力差的缺点,以Mg-Mn-RE合金为研究对象,对其铸态合金进行了热处理；然后对400℃下保温7h的样品进行了挤压变形；在挤压变形的基础上对其进行了锻造变形。同时,针对于目前镁合金热处理工艺及合金元素对合金相颗粒析出的影响规律还不清楚,又以Mg-Mn-RE合金以及商用AZ61、AM50和AM50+RE镁合金为研究对象,研究了镁合金热处理过程中不同冷却方式(空冷和水冷)、合金元素(Al、Mn、Zn、Y、Ce等)对合金相颗粒析出的影响规律。得到如下结论：
(1)为了得到适合于挤压变形的显微组织,对Mg-Mn-RE合金不同热处理工艺下的显微组织和力学性能进行了系统的研究。结果表明：Mg-Mn-RE合金在固相线以下即400℃和520℃热处理时,Y、Ce等合金元素没有完全固溶到镁基体中,但是铸态时存在的枝晶组织被消除；在固液共存区即620℃热处理时,低熔点的合金相颗粒发生了熔化、固溶和细化等一系列变化；
(2)对400℃下保温7h的样品在400℃以5 mm/s的速率进行了挤压变形。结果表明：Mg-Mn-RE合金在挤压变形过程中发生了动态再结晶,晶粒明显细化,铸态晶粒尺寸约为100μm,挤压变形后平均晶粒尺寸约为5μm；合金挤压变形后硬度、抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率都明显高于铸态,分别为HV 68、255 MPa、191 MPa和26%；
(3)针对镁合金铸态及热处理后的晶粒粗大,降低了其成型性能的特点,同时为了进一步提高挤压合金的强度,对Mg-Mn-RE挤压合金分别在室温、360℃和450℃下进行了快速变形,即锻造变形。结果表明：挤压合金室温锻造变形过程中,锻打3次成型的样品,晶粒发生扭曲变形并细化,随着变形量的增大,晶粒细化的程度增大,聚集在一起的稀土化合物发生分离、细化和均匀分布的程度增大,硬度逐渐升高,相对变形量为25%时,硬度达到HV 101；360℃下不同锻打次数(1次、2次和3次)成型,得到样品的相对变形量都为25%时,合金都发生了动态再结晶,晶粒细化,锻打2次成型的样品位错、孪晶等缺陷密度较大,再结晶晶粒粗大,硬度达到HV 85；不同温度下(室温、360℃和450℃)锻造变形,锻打3次成型,相对变形量为25%时,随着锻造温度的升高晶粒尺寸增大,聚集在一起的稀土化合物发生分离、细化和均匀分布的程度降低,硬度降低。
(4) Mg-Mn-RE合金520℃保温不同时间,水冷过程中有合金相颗粒析出；AZ61和AM50+RE镁合金520℃保温6h时,空冷过程中有合金相颗粒析出；AM50镁合金520℃保温6h时,保温过程中有合金相颗粒析出；
(5)镁中由于Al和Mn元素的加入,使热处理保温过程中合金相颗粒有析出；Zn元素的加入,使热处理空冷过程中合金相颗粒有析出；由于稀土元素Y、Ce的加入,使热处理水冷过程中合金相颗粒有析出。
对挤压和锻造变形的研究为镁合金的广泛应用提供了理论依据；热处理过程中合金相颗粒析出规律的分析,对镁合金的基础理论研究有重要意义。
Research on microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-Mn-RE alloy for the characteristics that strength and deformability of magnesium alloys are generally low. And then, the specimen was extruded at 400℃which was heat-retaining 7h at 400℃. The extruded specimens were forged. And now, the effect of heat treatment processes and alloying element for alloy phases precipitates are unknown. So research on the effect of different types of cooling (air cooling and water-cooling) and alloying element (Al, Mn, Zn, Y, Ce, and so on) for alloy phases precipitates of Mg-Mn-RE alloy, commercial AZ61, AM50 and AM50+RE magnesium alloys. The research work of the dissertation includes:
(1) In order to obtain suitable microstructures for extrusion, influences of different heat treatment processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Mn-RE alloy were studied. Test results show that alloy elements, Y and Ce, weren't solution at all, but dendritic crystal was disappeared at 400℃and 500℃heat treatment. Low melting point alloy phases precipitates smelt, solute and refine at 620℃heat treatment.
(2) The specimen was extruded at 400℃and 5 mm/s rate which was heat-retaining 7h at 400℃. Test results show that the grain was refined and the dynamic re-crystallization occurred during extrusion. As cast grain size is about 100μm, and extruded grain size is about 5μm. The results of mechanical properties of the extruded alloy exhibit the hardness, tensile strength, yield strength and elongation are 68 HV,255 MPa,191 MPa and 26%, respectively.
(3) Mg-Mn-RE alloy was forged at room temperature,360℃and 450℃, for grain size is big, formability is low and strength is low of magnesium alloy as cast and heat treatment. Test results show that the grain was distorted and the rare earth compounds separated, refined and uniformly distributed in the matrix during forging, at room-temperature forging deformed process, forging 3 times molding specimens. And hardness value of the forged alloy is higher than that of extruded alloy, the value of that is 101 HV when the forging deformation is 25%. When the relative deformation is 25% for different forging times (1 times,2 times and 3 times) molding specimens at 360℃, alloy specimens have happened to the dynamic recrystallization, grain was coarse, dislocation and twin crystal density is larger of forging 2 times molding sample than 1 times and 3 times and it's hardness is HV 85. Grain size increased and hardness reduced as forging temperature rising, but the level of rare earth compounds separated, refined and uniformly distributed in the matrix was reduced, when the relative deformation is 25% for forging 3 times molding specimens at different temperature (room temperature,360℃and 450℃).
(4) For Mg-Mn-RE alloy, alloy phase particles precipitate in water-cooling process at 520℃. For AZ61 and AM50+RE magnesium alloys, alloy phase particles precipitate in air-cooling process at 520℃and heat-retaining 6 h. For AM50 magnesium alloy, alloy phase particles precipitate in heat-retaining process at 520℃and heat-retaining 6 h.
(5) Alloy phase particles precipitate in heat treatment process, due to Al and Mn elements addition to magnesium. Alloy phase particles precipitate in air-cooling process, due to Zn element addition to magnesium. Alloy phase particles precipitate in water-cooling process, due to rare-earth element, Y and Ce, addition to magnesium.
Research on extrution and forging provides theoretical basis for the wide application of magnesium alloy. Analysis of alloy phase particles precipitation in heat treatment processes is very important for magnesium alloy basic theory study.
(1)为了得到适合于挤压变形的显微组织,对Mg-Mn-RE合金不同热处理工艺下的显微组织和力学性能进行了系统的研究。结果表明：Mg-Mn-RE合金在固相线以下即400℃和520℃热处理时,Y、Ce等合金元素没有完全固溶到镁基体中,但是铸态时存在的枝晶组织被消除；在固液共存区即620℃热处理时,低熔点的合金相颗粒发生了熔化、固溶和细化等一系列变化；
(2)对400℃下保温7h的样品在400℃以5 mm/s的速率进行了挤压变形。结果表明：Mg-Mn-RE合金在挤压变形过程中发生了动态再结晶,晶粒明显细化,铸态晶粒尺寸约为100μm,挤压变形后平均晶粒尺寸约为5μm；合金挤压变形后硬度、抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率都明显高于铸态,分别为HV 68、255 MPa、191 MPa和26%；
(3)针对镁合金铸态及热处理后的晶粒粗大,降低了其成型性能的特点,同时为了进一步提高挤压合金的强度,对Mg-Mn-RE挤压合金分别在室温、360℃和450℃下进行了快速变形,即锻造变形。结果表明：挤压合金室温锻造变形过程中,锻打3次成型的样品,晶粒发生扭曲变形并细化,随着变形量的增大,晶粒细化的程度增大,聚集在一起的稀土化合物发生分离、细化和均匀分布的程度增大,硬度逐渐升高,相对变形量为25%时,硬度达到HV 101；360℃下不同锻打次数(1次、2次和3次)成型,得到样品的相对变形量都为25%时,合金都发生了动态再结晶,晶粒细化,锻打2次成型的样品位错、孪晶等缺陷密度较大,再结晶晶粒粗大,硬度达到HV 85；不同温度下(室温、360℃和450℃)锻造变形,锻打3次成型,相对变形量为25%时,随着锻造温度的升高晶粒尺寸增大,聚集在一起的稀土化合物发生分离、细化和均匀分布的程度降低,硬度降低。
(4) Mg-Mn-RE合金520℃保温不同时间,水冷过程中有合金相颗粒析出；AZ61和AM50+RE镁合金520℃保温6h时,空冷过程中有合金相颗粒析出；AM50镁合金520℃保温6h时,保温过程中有合金相颗粒析出；
(5)镁中由于Al和Mn元素的加入,使热处理保温过程中合金相颗粒有析出；Zn元素的加入,使热处理空冷过程中合金相颗粒有析出；由于稀土元素Y、Ce的加入,使热处理水冷过程中合金相颗粒有析出。
对挤压和锻造变形的研究为镁合金的广泛应用提供了理论依据；热处理过程中合金相颗粒析出规律的分析,对镁合金的基础理论研究有重要意义。
Research on microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-Mn-RE alloy for the characteristics that strength and deformability of magnesium alloys are generally low. And then, the specimen was extruded at 400℃which was heat-retaining 7h at 400℃. The extruded specimens were forged. And now, the effect of heat treatment processes and alloying element for alloy phases precipitates are unknown. So research on the effect of different types of cooling (air cooling and water-cooling) and alloying element (Al, Mn, Zn, Y, Ce, and so on) for alloy phases precipitates of Mg-Mn-RE alloy, commercial AZ61, AM50 and AM50+RE magnesium alloys. The research work of the dissertation includes:
(1) In order to obtain suitable microstructures for extrusion, influences of different heat treatment processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Mn-RE alloy were studied. Test results show that alloy elements, Y and Ce, weren't solution at all, but dendritic crystal was disappeared at 400℃and 500℃heat treatment. Low melting point alloy phases precipitates smelt, solute and refine at 620℃heat treatment.
(2) The specimen was extruded at 400℃and 5 mm/s rate which was heat-retaining 7h at 400℃. Test results show that the grain was refined and the dynamic re-crystallization occurred during extrusion. As cast grain size is about 100μm, and extruded grain size is about 5μm. The results of mechanical properties of the extruded alloy exhibit the hardness, tensile strength, yield strength and elongation are 68 HV,255 MPa,191 MPa and 26%, respectively.
(3) Mg-Mn-RE alloy was forged at room temperature,360℃and 450℃, for grain size is big, formability is low and strength is low of magnesium alloy as cast and heat treatment. Test results show that the grain was distorted and the rare earth compounds separated, refined and uniformly distributed in the matrix during forging, at room-temperature forging deformed process, forging 3 times molding specimens. And hardness value of the forged alloy is higher than that of extruded alloy, the value of that is 101 HV when the forging deformation is 25%. When the relative deformation is 25% for different forging times (1 times,2 times and 3 times) molding specimens at 360℃, alloy specimens have happened to the dynamic recrystallization, grain was coarse, dislocation and twin crystal density is larger of forging 2 times molding sample than 1 times and 3 times and it's hardness is HV 85. Grain size increased and hardness reduced as forging temperature rising, but the level of rare earth compounds separated, refined and uniformly distributed in the matrix was reduced, when the relative deformation is 25% for forging 3 times molding specimens at different temperature (room temperature,360℃and 450℃).
(4) For Mg-Mn-RE alloy, alloy phase particles precipitate in water-cooling process at 520℃. For AZ61 and AM50+RE magnesium alloys, alloy phase particles precipitate in air-cooling process at 520℃and heat-retaining 6 h. For AM50 magnesium alloy, alloy phase particles precipitate in heat-retaining process at 520℃and heat-retaining 6 h.
(5) Alloy phase particles precipitate in heat treatment process, due to Al and Mn elements addition to magnesium. Alloy phase particles precipitate in air-cooling process, due to Zn element addition to magnesium. Alloy phase particles precipitate in water-cooling process, due to rare-earth element, Y and Ce, addition to magnesium.
Research on extrution and forging provides theoretical basis for the wide application of magnesium alloy. Analysis of alloy phase particles precipitation in heat treatment processes is very important for magnesium alloy basic theory study.
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