钢框架结构火灾反应分析及其模拟系统
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摘要
钢结构以其突出的优点在建筑领域中得到迅速发展,随着其应用范围的逐渐扩大,钢材不耐火的缺陷也越来越受到人们的关注。20世纪80年代以来,国内外学者围绕钢结构抗火性能这一课题开展了一系列工作,但多数是针对钢构件在升温路径的研究。实际上,钢结构整体的抗火性能与单个构件相比有很大区别,而且钢结构在火灾过程中会受到升温、降温、加载、卸载不同组合的交替作用,基于单一路径的构件研究不能精确反应钢结构在火灾中的实际性能,有必要探索结构整体在多路径条件下的性能。
基于以上原因,本文以钢结构整体为研究对象,对其在不同温度-荷载条件下的性能反应进行了系统研究,具体工作和相应结论主要有以下几个方面:
(1)针对我国建筑结构常用钢材Q235进行了高温性能试验。
以往的高温材性试验一般都是稳态试验或者瞬态试验,获得材料在某一温度状态下的应力-应变关系,以及初始弹性模量、屈服强度、极限强度等力学性能指标随温度的变化规律,这些试验获得的材料高温力学性能只与温度状态有关。本文试验设置不同的温度-荷载路径,分别得到不同路径下材料的应力-应变-温度连续函数型本构关系,探索了温度-荷载历史对钢材高温力学性能的影响。
(2)基于纤维梁单元推导单元刚度矩阵。
应用本文得出的钢材连续函数型本构关系,采用纤维梁单元,通过虚功原理推导出适用于钢框架结构高温分析的刚度方程。推导过程中,考虑了材料非线性和几何非线性的影响,并结合纤维梁单元的特点,通过进一步运算,给出了单元刚度矩阵的显式表达。同时还推导出微元平均应变增量以及温度荷载等物理量的显式表达,为后续的钢结构抗火分析软件编制奠定基础。
(3)推导不同截面形式单元刚度矩阵
纤维梁单元的应用,可以解决温度沿构件截面高度不均匀分布的计算问题。在此基础上,本文还推导了其他截面形式的刚度矩阵,使得温度在截面高度和宽度两个方向不均匀分布的条件下,以及构件截面为圆形(环形、扇形)的条件下都可以计算。
(4)编制了钢结构抗火性能的有限元分析软件。
在理论分析的基础上,编制了钢结构抗火性能分析程序。该程序可以同时输入多种温度-荷载路径下的本构模型,在计算过程中,由程序的路径识别模块判断出当前所处的路径状态,再据此自动选择相应的材料模型进行计算。火灾过程中至少包含一次升温、降温过程,并且高温引起的应力重分布有可能造成加载、卸载的反复,不同路径间计算的自动转化,保证了程序计算的连续性,实现了钢结构在火灾高温下反应的动态跟踪。通过本文计算结果与试验数据、ANSYS计算结果的对比,验证了本文程序的正确性,并通过几个算例介绍了该程序在实际钢结构防火设计中的应用。
Steel structure has developed rapidly in engineering for its unique advantage. With the enlargement of its application range, the non-fire-resistant defect of steel material has been taken people’s more attention. Since 80s of 20th century, a series of researches have been carried out on the behavior of steel structure in fire around the world, while most of them are about steel members in heating path. In fact, the fire-resistant behavior of the global structure is greatly different with that of single member. Furthermore, different combinations of heating, cooling, loading, and unloading may be subjected to the steel structure during the burning process, so the researches basing on single path can not accurately reflect the actual behavior of steel structure in fire, it is necessary to study the behavior of the global structure in multi-path.
Based on above reasons, the global steel structure is taken as the object and its behavior in different temperature-load paths is researched systematically in this paper, the detail works and corresponding conclusions are as follows:
(1) Carrying out high-temperature material test using Q235
Up to now, most of the high-temperature material tests are steady or transient tests, from which the material properties can be obtained, such as stress-strain curve on certain temperature, the variety regulation of initial elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength changing with temperature, which are only related to temperature state. Different temperature-load paths were set in this paper, the continuous functions of stress-strain-temperature relation were obtained under different paths, studying the influence of temperature-load history on steel behavior.
(2) Deriving stiffness matrix of fiber-beam element
Using the constitutive relation obtained in this paper, adopting fiber-beam element, the stiffness equation suitable for high-temperature analysis of steel structure was derived by principle of virtual work. In deriving, the material nonlinearity and geometric nonlinearity were considered. According to the characteristic of fiber-beam element, the explicit form of element stiffness matrix was presented by further operation, so as the explicit forms of average strain increment and temperature load, which supply the basis for the follow-up analysis software of steel structure in fire.
(3) Deriving stiffness matrix based on other sections
By using fiber-beam element, analysis can be carried out when the temperature distribution is asymmetrical along section height. Based on which, the element stiffness matrixes of other section shapes were also derived, making the analysis be possible when the temperature distribution is asymmetrical along both section height and width, so as the cases of circular, ringshaped, or fanshaped section.
(4) Developing the finite element analysis software of steel structure in fire
Based on theoretical analysis, the analysis software of steel structure in fire was developed. Constitutive relation functions of steel under different temperature-load paths can be inputted simultaneously. In computing, the path state can be judged by paths recognition module of the software, and then the corresponding functions was selected automatically. The heating-cooling stage must be included in the burning process at least once, and the alternation of loading and unloading may be caused by stress redistribution at elevated temperature. Automatic paths conversion can ensure the continuity of computation, which realizes dynamic tracking of the steel structure during the fire process. By comparing the results of the software with experimental data and ANSYS results, the analysis software developed in this paper was validated, and its application on fire protection design of steel structure was presented by several examples.
基于以上原因,本文以钢结构整体为研究对象,对其在不同温度-荷载条件下的性能反应进行了系统研究,具体工作和相应结论主要有以下几个方面:
(1)针对我国建筑结构常用钢材Q235进行了高温性能试验。
以往的高温材性试验一般都是稳态试验或者瞬态试验,获得材料在某一温度状态下的应力-应变关系,以及初始弹性模量、屈服强度、极限强度等力学性能指标随温度的变化规律,这些试验获得的材料高温力学性能只与温度状态有关。本文试验设置不同的温度-荷载路径,分别得到不同路径下材料的应力-应变-温度连续函数型本构关系,探索了温度-荷载历史对钢材高温力学性能的影响。
(2)基于纤维梁单元推导单元刚度矩阵。
应用本文得出的钢材连续函数型本构关系,采用纤维梁单元,通过虚功原理推导出适用于钢框架结构高温分析的刚度方程。推导过程中,考虑了材料非线性和几何非线性的影响,并结合纤维梁单元的特点,通过进一步运算,给出了单元刚度矩阵的显式表达。同时还推导出微元平均应变增量以及温度荷载等物理量的显式表达,为后续的钢结构抗火分析软件编制奠定基础。
(3)推导不同截面形式单元刚度矩阵
纤维梁单元的应用,可以解决温度沿构件截面高度不均匀分布的计算问题。在此基础上,本文还推导了其他截面形式的刚度矩阵,使得温度在截面高度和宽度两个方向不均匀分布的条件下,以及构件截面为圆形(环形、扇形)的条件下都可以计算。
(4)编制了钢结构抗火性能的有限元分析软件。
在理论分析的基础上,编制了钢结构抗火性能分析程序。该程序可以同时输入多种温度-荷载路径下的本构模型,在计算过程中,由程序的路径识别模块判断出当前所处的路径状态,再据此自动选择相应的材料模型进行计算。火灾过程中至少包含一次升温、降温过程,并且高温引起的应力重分布有可能造成加载、卸载的反复,不同路径间计算的自动转化,保证了程序计算的连续性,实现了钢结构在火灾高温下反应的动态跟踪。通过本文计算结果与试验数据、ANSYS计算结果的对比,验证了本文程序的正确性,并通过几个算例介绍了该程序在实际钢结构防火设计中的应用。
Steel structure has developed rapidly in engineering for its unique advantage. With the enlargement of its application range, the non-fire-resistant defect of steel material has been taken people’s more attention. Since 80s of 20th century, a series of researches have been carried out on the behavior of steel structure in fire around the world, while most of them are about steel members in heating path. In fact, the fire-resistant behavior of the global structure is greatly different with that of single member. Furthermore, different combinations of heating, cooling, loading, and unloading may be subjected to the steel structure during the burning process, so the researches basing on single path can not accurately reflect the actual behavior of steel structure in fire, it is necessary to study the behavior of the global structure in multi-path.
Based on above reasons, the global steel structure is taken as the object and its behavior in different temperature-load paths is researched systematically in this paper, the detail works and corresponding conclusions are as follows:
(1) Carrying out high-temperature material test using Q235
Up to now, most of the high-temperature material tests are steady or transient tests, from which the material properties can be obtained, such as stress-strain curve on certain temperature, the variety regulation of initial elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength changing with temperature, which are only related to temperature state. Different temperature-load paths were set in this paper, the continuous functions of stress-strain-temperature relation were obtained under different paths, studying the influence of temperature-load history on steel behavior.
(2) Deriving stiffness matrix of fiber-beam element
Using the constitutive relation obtained in this paper, adopting fiber-beam element, the stiffness equation suitable for high-temperature analysis of steel structure was derived by principle of virtual work. In deriving, the material nonlinearity and geometric nonlinearity were considered. According to the characteristic of fiber-beam element, the explicit form of element stiffness matrix was presented by further operation, so as the explicit forms of average strain increment and temperature load, which supply the basis for the follow-up analysis software of steel structure in fire.
(3) Deriving stiffness matrix based on other sections
By using fiber-beam element, analysis can be carried out when the temperature distribution is asymmetrical along section height. Based on which, the element stiffness matrixes of other section shapes were also derived, making the analysis be possible when the temperature distribution is asymmetrical along both section height and width, so as the cases of circular, ringshaped, or fanshaped section.
(4) Developing the finite element analysis software of steel structure in fire
Based on theoretical analysis, the analysis software of steel structure in fire was developed. Constitutive relation functions of steel under different temperature-load paths can be inputted simultaneously. In computing, the path state can be judged by paths recognition module of the software, and then the corresponding functions was selected automatically. The heating-cooling stage must be included in the burning process at least once, and the alternation of loading and unloading may be caused by stress redistribution at elevated temperature. Automatic paths conversion can ensure the continuity of computation, which realizes dynamic tracking of the steel structure during the fire process. By comparing the results of the software with experimental data and ANSYS results, the analysis software developed in this paper was validated, and its application on fire protection design of steel structure was presented by several examples.
引文
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