1950以来年黄河下游逐日水沙过程变化及其影响因素分析
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摘要
黄河逐日水沙过程的记录是显示黄河水沙特点的基本元素,能够快速灵敏地反映河流来水来沙的变化,特别是黄河来水来沙的一些极端事件的变化,如可导致泛滥的洪峰、巨大的沙峰、下游断流、高含沙水流输沙等的特征和规律,都能够从黄河逐日水沙变化过程的记录中得到充分的反映,在认识黄河水沙输送特点和减灾、防灾方面有重要的意义。与此相应,黄河干流水库的削峰和调蓄作用对黄河洪峰、沙峰和年内来水来沙分配等的影响,在逐日水沙记录上可以得到清晰的表达,能够灵敏地揭示水库调蓄在防洪、防灾和输送水沙、耗水量逐年变化等方面的重大作用和细节。
以55年来(1950~2004)黄河下游花园口和利津水文站的逐日水沙资料为依据,将黄河下游水沙变化分为5个阶段,分别与4个黄河干流水库的开始运作时间对应,分析和对比了花园口和利津两站5个阶段内的逐日水沙记录和图谱特征和变化,并研究了极高含沙量年份高沙峰逐日输沙特征及其与河口异重流的关系。
结果显示黄河下游逐日水沙特征在干流水库的运作下发生显著的阶段性改变,其自然状况下的特征至小浪底水库建成后发生了根本性变化,主要是洪峰和沙峰消失,传统汛期与非汛期季节划分趋于模糊,调水调沙短期内的输沙量占全年输沙量2/3以上,下游由淤积变为冲刷等。
二站对比显示下游河道有显著的削峰、滞洪和淤沙作用,花园口/利津站3~6月逐日水沙量差距分阶段快速加大,最大可达20倍,显示下游耗水增加集中于这一春灌时段,是下游水量减少的主因之一。
1973和1977两个极高含沙量年份的逐日水沙谱显示沙峰在很短时间内输送巨量泥沙,可占全年输沙量2/3以上,具有事件性输沙性质,河道同期内淤积量巨大,全年输沙量中有86%达到在河口形成入海泥沙异重流的高含沙量。在近年来黄河水沙锐减的情况下,调水调沙后期或汛后调水调沙期间是河口异重流发育的最佳时段。
55年来黄河下游逐日水沙过程的变化表明,人类活动已成为影响黄河逐日水沙过程的主控因素。
The records of daily water and sediment discharge are basic elements to show characteristics of water and sediment discharge of the Huanghe (Yellow River), which could reflect the variation of sediment load and water discharge rapidly and sensitively, especially some extreme-event variation, for example catastrophic flood peaks, huge sediment peaks, dry-off in lower reaches, high concentration flows etc., could be reflected from daily water and sediment process records, it’s meaningful to recognize the water-sediment delivering characteristics and guide disaster prevention activities. On the other hands, peak restraint and water regulation caused by reservoirs in main streams have great impacts on water-sediment peaks and flow distribution in a year, which could be also reflected in daily water-sediment records clearly, it can show the details of reservoir regulation impacts on flood and disaster prevention, water consumption variation.
Based on the daily data of the water and sediment discharge recorded at Huayuankou and Lijin hydrographic stations in the Huanghe lower reaches in 55 years (1950-2004), characteristics of the daily water and sediment discharge and its variation at the two stations for 55 years were analyzed and compared through 5 phases in corresponding to the periods of operation of 4 large reservoirs in the Huanghe main stream. Characteristics of daily water and sediment discharge of two unique years (1973, 1977) with high sediment peak of extreme-high concentrations and its link with occurrence of the sediment gravity flow in the Huanghe estuary were discussed.
The result shows that the characteristics of the daily water and sediment discharge has changed significantly in 55 years in a stepwise way in coincidence with the time of operation of the 4 large reservoirs on the main river stream. The natural character of the daily water-sediment process before the reservoir construction has been changed totally to be a human-control one after the operation of Xiaolangdi reservoir. The major change after that was as follows: water flood peak and sediment peak disappeared; difference in terms of water and sediment discharge between flood season and non-flood season became ambiguous; sediment load during the water and sediment regulation period accounts for above 2/3 of its annual amount, and the river bed of the lower reaches turn to be eroded rather than accumulated.
Comparison of the daily records between the two stations illustrates that the lower reaches plays a notable role in flood peak-shaping, flood restraint and sediment trapping effects in the water and sediment transport process from Huayuankou to Lijin. The difference in daily water-sediment discharge between the 2 stations from March to June increased rapidly in the last 30 years and reached as high as to 20 times, indicating that the water consumption in the lower reaches is concentrated in this spring irrigation period and is a major cause for water reduction in the lower reaches.
The daily hydrographs of two years with high sediment peaks of extreme-high concentration indicate that more than 2/3 of yearly sediment load was delivered during the short period of the sediment peaks, as events of sediment transport. And huge amount of sediment was accumulated in the short peak period. More than 86% of the yearly sediment discharge with high concentration for formation of sediment gravity flow would reach the estuary in the two years. In recent years, even the runoff and sediment load of the Huanghe decreases sharply, however, the sediment concentration at Lijin during the water_sediment regulation period after flood season still reaches high enough to form sediment gravity flow in the estuary.
Variation of the daily water-sediment process in the Huanghe lower reaches in the past 55 years shows human activity has become the major controlling factor of the daily water-sediment process in the Huanghe lower reaches.
以55年来(1950~2004)黄河下游花园口和利津水文站的逐日水沙资料为依据,将黄河下游水沙变化分为5个阶段,分别与4个黄河干流水库的开始运作时间对应,分析和对比了花园口和利津两站5个阶段内的逐日水沙记录和图谱特征和变化,并研究了极高含沙量年份高沙峰逐日输沙特征及其与河口异重流的关系。
结果显示黄河下游逐日水沙特征在干流水库的运作下发生显著的阶段性改变,其自然状况下的特征至小浪底水库建成后发生了根本性变化,主要是洪峰和沙峰消失,传统汛期与非汛期季节划分趋于模糊,调水调沙短期内的输沙量占全年输沙量2/3以上,下游由淤积变为冲刷等。
二站对比显示下游河道有显著的削峰、滞洪和淤沙作用,花园口/利津站3~6月逐日水沙量差距分阶段快速加大,最大可达20倍,显示下游耗水增加集中于这一春灌时段,是下游水量减少的主因之一。
1973和1977两个极高含沙量年份的逐日水沙谱显示沙峰在很短时间内输送巨量泥沙,可占全年输沙量2/3以上,具有事件性输沙性质,河道同期内淤积量巨大,全年输沙量中有86%达到在河口形成入海泥沙异重流的高含沙量。在近年来黄河水沙锐减的情况下,调水调沙后期或汛后调水调沙期间是河口异重流发育的最佳时段。
55年来黄河下游逐日水沙过程的变化表明,人类活动已成为影响黄河逐日水沙过程的主控因素。
The records of daily water and sediment discharge are basic elements to show characteristics of water and sediment discharge of the Huanghe (Yellow River), which could reflect the variation of sediment load and water discharge rapidly and sensitively, especially some extreme-event variation, for example catastrophic flood peaks, huge sediment peaks, dry-off in lower reaches, high concentration flows etc., could be reflected from daily water and sediment process records, it’s meaningful to recognize the water-sediment delivering characteristics and guide disaster prevention activities. On the other hands, peak restraint and water regulation caused by reservoirs in main streams have great impacts on water-sediment peaks and flow distribution in a year, which could be also reflected in daily water-sediment records clearly, it can show the details of reservoir regulation impacts on flood and disaster prevention, water consumption variation.
Based on the daily data of the water and sediment discharge recorded at Huayuankou and Lijin hydrographic stations in the Huanghe lower reaches in 55 years (1950-2004), characteristics of the daily water and sediment discharge and its variation at the two stations for 55 years were analyzed and compared through 5 phases in corresponding to the periods of operation of 4 large reservoirs in the Huanghe main stream. Characteristics of daily water and sediment discharge of two unique years (1973, 1977) with high sediment peak of extreme-high concentrations and its link with occurrence of the sediment gravity flow in the Huanghe estuary were discussed.
The result shows that the characteristics of the daily water and sediment discharge has changed significantly in 55 years in a stepwise way in coincidence with the time of operation of the 4 large reservoirs on the main river stream. The natural character of the daily water-sediment process before the reservoir construction has been changed totally to be a human-control one after the operation of Xiaolangdi reservoir. The major change after that was as follows: water flood peak and sediment peak disappeared; difference in terms of water and sediment discharge between flood season and non-flood season became ambiguous; sediment load during the water and sediment regulation period accounts for above 2/3 of its annual amount, and the river bed of the lower reaches turn to be eroded rather than accumulated.
Comparison of the daily records between the two stations illustrates that the lower reaches plays a notable role in flood peak-shaping, flood restraint and sediment trapping effects in the water and sediment transport process from Huayuankou to Lijin. The difference in daily water-sediment discharge between the 2 stations from March to June increased rapidly in the last 30 years and reached as high as to 20 times, indicating that the water consumption in the lower reaches is concentrated in this spring irrigation period and is a major cause for water reduction in the lower reaches.
The daily hydrographs of two years with high sediment peaks of extreme-high concentration indicate that more than 2/3 of yearly sediment load was delivered during the short period of the sediment peaks, as events of sediment transport. And huge amount of sediment was accumulated in the short peak period. More than 86% of the yearly sediment discharge with high concentration for formation of sediment gravity flow would reach the estuary in the two years. In recent years, even the runoff and sediment load of the Huanghe decreases sharply, however, the sediment concentration at Lijin during the water_sediment regulation period after flood season still reaches high enough to form sediment gravity flow in the estuary.
Variation of the daily water-sediment process in the Huanghe lower reaches in the past 55 years shows human activity has become the major controlling factor of the daily water-sediment process in the Huanghe lower reaches.
引文
1. Wang Houjie, Yang Zuosheng, Yoshiki Saito, et al. Interannual and seasonal variation of the Huanghe water discharge over the past 50 years: Connections to impacts from ENSO events and dams [J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2006, (50): 212-225
2.水利部黄河水利委员会.黄河泥沙公报[R].黄河水利委员会, 2002~2006
3. Yang Zuosheng., Milliman J.D., Galler J., et al. Yellow River's water and sediment discharge decreasing steadily. EOS,1998, (79): 589-592.
4. Xu Jiongxin., The water fluxes of the Yellow River to the sea in the past 50 years, in response to climate change and human activities. Environmental Management, 2005(35):620-631.
5. Xu Jiongxin, River sedimentation and channel adjustment of the lower Yellow River as influenced by low discharges and seasonal channel dry-up[J]. Geomorphology, 2002, (43):151-164.
6. Wang Houjie, Yang Zuosheng, Yoshiki Saito, et al. Stepwise decreases of the Huanghe activities[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2007, (57): 331-354
7. C.J. V?r?smarty, K Sharma, B Fekete, et al. The storage and ageing of continental runoff in large reservoir systems of the world [J]. AMBIO,1997,(26):210-219
8.刘勇胜,陈沈良,陈小英等.黄河中下游泥沙通量变化规律[J].地理与地理信息科学,2006,22,(7):47-51
9.丁艳峰,潘少明.近50年黄河入海径流变化特征及影响因素分析[J],第四纪研究,2007, (05) :709– 717
10. J.D. Milliman, Y.S. Qin, M.-E. Ren and Y. Saito , Man's influence on the erosion and transport of sediment by Asian rivers: the Yellow River (Huanghe) example[J]. Journal of Geology, 1987, 95: 751–762.
11. M.-E. Ren and X. Zhu. Anthropogenic influences on changes in the sediment load of the Yellow river, China, during the Holocene[J]. Holocene, 1994, (4): 314–320
12. Yoshiki Saito, Zuosheng Yang, Kazuaki Hori. The Huanghe (Yellow river) and Changjiang (Yangtze river) delta: a review on their characteristics, evolution and sediment discharge during the Holocene[J].Geomorphology. 2001, 41: 219-231
13.尤联元.小浪底工程修建对黄河河口冲淤影响[J].地理科学进展. 2000, 19, (2):142-148
14.王颖,张永占.人类活动与黄河断流及海岸环境影响[J].南京大学学报. 1998, 34, (3):257-271
15.倪晋仁,金玲,赵业安,等.黄河下游河流最小生态环境需水量初步研究,水利学报,2002,(10):1-7
16.杨作升,戴慧敏,王开荣.1950~2000年黄河入海水沙的逐日变化及其印象因素,中国海洋大学学报,2005,35(2):237~244
17. Ren Liliang, Wang Meirong, Li Chunhong, et al. Impacts of human activity on river runoff in the northern area of China[J]. Journal of Hydrology 261(2002)204-217
18.刘宝元,唐克丽,焦菊英等.黄河水沙时空图谱[M],科学出版社,1993
19.成国栋,薛春汀.黄河三角洲沉积地质学[M],地质出版社,1997
20.李东坡,李燕,陈永豪,王鹏涛.黄河下游河道1952～2000年特征大断面变化特性[J],武汉大学学报,2007,(5) :63-67
21.钱意颖,叶青超.黄河干流水沙变化与河床演变[M].中国建材工业出版社,1993
22.赵业安,潘贤娣,李勇.黄河水沙变化与下游河道发展趋势[J],人民黄河,1994(2):31~41
23.席家治主编.黄河水资源[M].黄河水利出版社,1995
24. IRTCES(国际泥沙培训研究中心).中国河流泥沙公报[R],水利部,2000
25. Wang Ying, Ren Mei-e, Zhu Da-kui. Sediment supply to the continental shelf by the major rivers of China. The Journal of Geological Society [J]. 1986,143(6):936-944
26.张天曾.中国水利与环境.科学出版社[M],1990:143-178
27.程义吉.黄河河口研究与治理实践.黄河水利出版社[M],2001:188-189
28.李泽刚.黄河近代河口演变基本规律与稳定入海流路治理.黄河水利出版社[M], 2006:17-18
29.崔宗培主编,中国水科百科全书,水利出版社,1991.856-2473
30.杨振怀.世纪之交中国水利与环境问题和建议[J].科技导报,1999(5):40-42
31.张学成,王玲,司凤林.黄河河川径流耗水量预测分析[M].水利水电技术.2001,(6):8-13
32. Fuggle R., Smith W. T., Hydrosult Canada Inc., Agrodev Canada Inc. Large dams in water and energy resource development in the People’s Republic of China. Country review Paper prepared as an Input to the world commission on dams, Cap Town,2001
33. Zhao W. The Yellow River’s sediment. Huanghe water conservancy Press.1996
34. IRTCES(国际泥沙培训研究中心).中国河流泥沙公报[R],水利部,2004
35.朱晓原,张学成.黄河水资源变化研究[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,1999,90-91
36.刘继祥,郜郭明,曹琴.黄河下游河道冲淤特性研究[J].2000,22(8):11-12
37.庞重光,杨作升,张军.黄河口汛期泥沙分布特征及对水流结构的影响[J],泥沙研究,2001,(4):47-52
38. Robert H. Meade, Carl F. Nordin JR, William F Crutis, et al. Sediment loads in the Amazon River[J],Nature,1979(278):161-163
2.水利部黄河水利委员会.黄河泥沙公报[R].黄河水利委员会, 2002~2006
3. Yang Zuosheng., Milliman J.D., Galler J., et al. Yellow River's water and sediment discharge decreasing steadily. EOS,1998, (79): 589-592.
4. Xu Jiongxin., The water fluxes of the Yellow River to the sea in the past 50 years, in response to climate change and human activities. Environmental Management, 2005(35):620-631.
5. Xu Jiongxin, River sedimentation and channel adjustment of the lower Yellow River as influenced by low discharges and seasonal channel dry-up[J]. Geomorphology, 2002, (43):151-164.
6. Wang Houjie, Yang Zuosheng, Yoshiki Saito, et al. Stepwise decreases of the Huanghe activities[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2007, (57): 331-354
7. C.J. V?r?smarty, K Sharma, B Fekete, et al. The storage and ageing of continental runoff in large reservoir systems of the world [J]. AMBIO,1997,(26):210-219
8.刘勇胜,陈沈良,陈小英等.黄河中下游泥沙通量变化规律[J].地理与地理信息科学,2006,22,(7):47-51
9.丁艳峰,潘少明.近50年黄河入海径流变化特征及影响因素分析[J],第四纪研究,2007, (05) :709– 717
10. J.D. Milliman, Y.S. Qin, M.-E. Ren and Y. Saito , Man's influence on the erosion and transport of sediment by Asian rivers: the Yellow River (Huanghe) example[J]. Journal of Geology, 1987, 95: 751–762.
11. M.-E. Ren and X. Zhu. Anthropogenic influences on changes in the sediment load of the Yellow river, China, during the Holocene[J]. Holocene, 1994, (4): 314–320
12. Yoshiki Saito, Zuosheng Yang, Kazuaki Hori. The Huanghe (Yellow river) and Changjiang (Yangtze river) delta: a review on their characteristics, evolution and sediment discharge during the Holocene[J].Geomorphology. 2001, 41: 219-231
13.尤联元.小浪底工程修建对黄河河口冲淤影响[J].地理科学进展. 2000, 19, (2):142-148
14.王颖,张永占.人类活动与黄河断流及海岸环境影响[J].南京大学学报. 1998, 34, (3):257-271
15.倪晋仁,金玲,赵业安,等.黄河下游河流最小生态环境需水量初步研究,水利学报,2002,(10):1-7
16.杨作升,戴慧敏,王开荣.1950~2000年黄河入海水沙的逐日变化及其印象因素,中国海洋大学学报,2005,35(2):237~244
17. Ren Liliang, Wang Meirong, Li Chunhong, et al. Impacts of human activity on river runoff in the northern area of China[J]. Journal of Hydrology 261(2002)204-217
18.刘宝元,唐克丽,焦菊英等.黄河水沙时空图谱[M],科学出版社,1993
19.成国栋,薛春汀.黄河三角洲沉积地质学[M],地质出版社,1997
20.李东坡,李燕,陈永豪,王鹏涛.黄河下游河道1952～2000年特征大断面变化特性[J],武汉大学学报,2007,(5) :63-67
21.钱意颖,叶青超.黄河干流水沙变化与河床演变[M].中国建材工业出版社,1993
22.赵业安,潘贤娣,李勇.黄河水沙变化与下游河道发展趋势[J],人民黄河,1994(2):31~41
23.席家治主编.黄河水资源[M].黄河水利出版社,1995
24. IRTCES(国际泥沙培训研究中心).中国河流泥沙公报[R],水利部,2000
25. Wang Ying, Ren Mei-e, Zhu Da-kui. Sediment supply to the continental shelf by the major rivers of China. The Journal of Geological Society [J]. 1986,143(6):936-944
26.张天曾.中国水利与环境.科学出版社[M],1990:143-178
27.程义吉.黄河河口研究与治理实践.黄河水利出版社[M],2001:188-189
28.李泽刚.黄河近代河口演变基本规律与稳定入海流路治理.黄河水利出版社[M], 2006:17-18
29.崔宗培主编,中国水科百科全书,水利出版社,1991.856-2473
30.杨振怀.世纪之交中国水利与环境问题和建议[J].科技导报,1999(5):40-42
31.张学成,王玲,司凤林.黄河河川径流耗水量预测分析[M].水利水电技术.2001,(6):8-13
32. Fuggle R., Smith W. T., Hydrosult Canada Inc., Agrodev Canada Inc. Large dams in water and energy resource development in the People’s Republic of China. Country review Paper prepared as an Input to the world commission on dams, Cap Town,2001
33. Zhao W. The Yellow River’s sediment. Huanghe water conservancy Press.1996
34. IRTCES(国际泥沙培训研究中心).中国河流泥沙公报[R],水利部,2004
35.朱晓原,张学成.黄河水资源变化研究[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,1999,90-91
36.刘继祥,郜郭明,曹琴.黄河下游河道冲淤特性研究[J].2000,22(8):11-12
37.庞重光,杨作升,张军.黄河口汛期泥沙分布特征及对水流结构的影响[J],泥沙研究,2001,(4):47-52
38. Robert H. Meade, Carl F. Nordin JR, William F Crutis, et al. Sediment loads in the Amazon River[J],Nature,1979(278):161-163