壳聚糖—改性粉煤灰联合调理改善污泥脱水性能及机理初探
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摘要
针对城市污泥脱水性能差，常用的调理方法成本较高、效果不理想且存在二次污染等问题，考察了低成本的改性粉煤灰与安全无毒的壳聚糖单独以及联合调理污泥以改善污泥脱水性能的效果，并对各自的作用机理进行了初步探讨。
首先对某城市污水厂不同时期浓缩池污泥的性质进行了调查和评价，并对污泥样品的保存条件及保存过程中脱水性质的变化进行了研究，为后续的污泥调理研究奠定基础。结果表明，剩余污泥呈中性、有机质含量高、易腐化发臭、含水率高、极易被压缩且不易脱水、是一个电负性较强的稳定胶体体系；污泥样品于4℃下保存5天，其基本性质保持不变。
采用布氏过滤实验和量筒沉降实验，以污泥比阻、过滤时间、滤饼含水率以及污泥沉降比为主要指标，从不同的角度考察分析了壳聚糖、粉煤灰改性液、改性粉煤灰3种物质单一调理、壳聚糖与粉煤灰改性液联合、壳聚糖与改性粉煤灰联合2种联合调理，共5种不同的调理方式改善污泥脱水性能的效果。结果表明，经5种调理方式调理后，污泥比阻降低、过滤时间缩短、滤饼含水率降低、污泥的沉降速度加快，脱水性能得到大大改善。采用壳聚糖调理污泥时，壳聚糖的浓度、投加量以及污泥体系的pH值均对调理效果存在影响，在最佳条件下其可将污泥比阻降低89.2%，滤饼含水率为84.5%。采用粉煤灰改性液调理污泥，改性液的投加量和反应时间对调理效果存在影响，在最佳条件下改性液可将污泥比阻降低79.5%，滤饼含水率为71.8%。采用改性粉煤灰调理污泥时，其投加量是重要的影响因素，最佳条件下改性灰可将污泥比阻降低90.4%，滤饼含水率为72.8%。采用粉煤灰改性液与壳聚糖联合调理污泥，先将污泥用改性液预处理后再采用壳聚糖调理，最佳条件下改性液与壳聚糖联合应用可将污泥比阻降低80.3%，滤饼含水率为69.1%。采用改性粉煤灰与壳聚糖联合调理污泥时，壳聚糖和改性灰的投加顺序和投加量均对调理效果存在较大的影响，在最佳条件下该方法可使污泥比阻降低98.7%，滤饼含水率为69.0%。五种调理方法均能使污泥的脱水速率和脱水程度大大提高，并且两种联合调理的效果均优于相同情况下单一调理的效果。
文章对壳聚糖、粉煤灰改性液、改性粉煤灰、壳聚糖与粉煤灰改性液联合、壳聚糖与改性粉煤灰联合5种污泥调理方法的作用机制进行了分析和探讨。壳聚糖用于污泥调理促进脱水的机理主要是通过静电中和作用和吸附架桥作用使污泥絮体颗粒的稳定性降低，凝聚力增强，从而构建大尺寸的絮凝体使脱水性能改善；其中静电中和作用较弱，吸附架桥作用在调理中占主导地位。粉煤灰改性液调理污泥主要是通过破坏污泥絮体结构，溶解污泥中的胞外聚合物，降低污泥的电负性并释放包裹键合在污泥絮体中的水分，从而使污泥脱水性能改善。改性粉煤灰则通过静电吸附污泥絮体颗粒，降低其稳定性，同时，其可作为骨架为污泥泥饼提供持久坚固的结构，促进多孔、通透性好、低压缩性的滤饼形成，从而改善污泥的脱水性能。改性粉煤灰与壳聚糖联合调理污泥基于各自单一调理的机理，并发挥改性粉煤灰与壳聚糖之间的协同交互作用。
最后对污泥调理过程中重金属的释放问题进行了研究。采用改性粉煤灰调理污泥存在一定的重金属释放，这一问题可通过与壳聚糖联合应用的方式降低；污泥调理会导致污泥饼中的重金属形态发生改变，并且不同的金属所受的影响不同；调理脱水后，污泥泥饼需要进一步处理方可农用。
本研究为污泥处理提供了多种效果好、无污染、成本低、可行的调理策略，可为实际工程应用提供理论依据。
A large amount of sewage sludge is produced in municipal wastewater treatmentsystem. The sludge contains high moisture content and displays poor dewaterability,furthermore, the common methods of sludge conditioning show some disadvantages,such as high cost, unsatisfactory effectiveness, and secondary pollution. To solvethese problems, single and dual sludge conditioning with low-cost modified coal flyash and non-toxic chitosan were investigated, and the corresponding mechanismswere analysed.
Firstly, the excess sludges from sludge thickening tank of a wastewatertreatment plant were collected in one year, and the sludge properties were evaluated.Besides, the dewaterability change of sludge samples stored in differentcircumstances were measured to optimize the sludge preservation conditions. Resultsshowed that the raw sludge was nearly neutral, high organic content, easily corrupt,high water content and high compressibility, difficult to be dewatered, and showed astable colloid system due to the strong electronegative property. The dewateringproperties of sludge samples insignificantly changed at4℃for5days.
Buchner filtration test and cylinder settling test were conducted to measurespecific resistance to filtration (SRF), time to filter (TTF), filter cake moisture(FCM), and sludge settling ratio (SV30), and to evaluate the dewaterability of sludgeconditioned with single conditioner and dual conditioners. The single conditionerincluded chitosan, liquid for coal fly ash modification (MCFAl), and solid ofmodified coal fly ash (MCFAs). The dual conditioners included the combination ofMCFAland chitosan, and combination of MCFAsand chitosan. Results showed thatall of the sludge conditioning methods were effective. The conditioned sludgesshowed a lower SRF, a shorter TTF, a lower FCM and a smaller SV30, and thefilterability and the settleability of the sludge were improved. In the case of sludgeconditioning with chitosan, the sludge conditioning effectiveness was affected by thechitosan concentration, dosage and sludge pH. Under the optimum conditions forsingle chitosan conditioning, the sludge SRF reduced by89.2%, and filter cakemoisture was84.5%. In the case of sludge conditioning with single MCFAl, theMCFAldosage and reaction time were the important factors. Under the optimumconditions for single MCFAlconditioning, the sludge SRF reduced by79.5%, and filter cake moisture was71.8%. In the case of sludge conditioning with singleMCFAs, the MCFAsdosage was the main factor. Under the optimum conditions forsingle MCFAsconditioning, the sludge SRF reduced by90.4%, and filter cakemoisture was72.8%. In dual conditioning with MCFAland CTS, the sludge waspretreated by MCFAland then conditioned with chitosan. The highest SRF reductionwas80.3%, and filter cake moisture was69.1%. In dual conditioning with MCFAsand chitosan, the conditioning effectiveness was affected by conditioner additionsequence and dosage. Under the optimum conditions for dual MCFAsand chitosanconditioning, the sludge SRF reduced by98.7%, and filter cake moisture was69.0%.The dual conditioning was more effective than the single conditionings under thesame conditions. Furthermore, the consumption of chitosan reduced in dualconditioning.
The mechanisms of sludge conditioning were analyzed. The mechanisms ofchitosan improving sludge dewaterability were to build bigger size flocs because ofelectrostatic neutralization and adsorption bridging, which resulted in lower colloidstability and stronger flocculation effect. Moreover, adsorption bridging played adominant role. The actions of MCFAlwere to dissolve the sludge extracellularpolymeric substances, disrupt sludge structure, reduce sludge electronegativity andrelease bound water in the sludge. The enhancement of sludge dewatering withMCFAswas caused by electrostatic neutralization and skeleton function. As skeletonbuilder, MCFAshelp to build up a more porous, permeable and rigid lattice structurein the filter cake. The mechanisms of sludge conditioning with MCFAl chitosan (orMCFAs chitosan) were based on the respective single conditioning mechanisms, andthe synergistic interaction between MCFAland chitosan (or between MCFAsandchitosan) functioned.
The release of heavy metals in sludge conditioning process was investigated.The heavy metals were released when the sludge was conditioned with modified coalfly ash, however, this problem can be sloved through dual conditioning with MCFAand chitosan. The speciation of heavy metals in sludge cake changed after sludgeconditioning and dewatering, but the impacts of sludge conditioning were differentfor different heavy metals. The sludge filter cakes after conditioning and dewateringneed further treatment for agricultural utilization.
This study provides a variety of effective, nonpolluting, low-cost and practical sludge conditioning, which may supply theoretical basis for sludge conditioningpractices.
首先对某城市污水厂不同时期浓缩池污泥的性质进行了调查和评价，并对污泥样品的保存条件及保存过程中脱水性质的变化进行了研究，为后续的污泥调理研究奠定基础。结果表明，剩余污泥呈中性、有机质含量高、易腐化发臭、含水率高、极易被压缩且不易脱水、是一个电负性较强的稳定胶体体系；污泥样品于4℃下保存5天，其基本性质保持不变。
采用布氏过滤实验和量筒沉降实验，以污泥比阻、过滤时间、滤饼含水率以及污泥沉降比为主要指标，从不同的角度考察分析了壳聚糖、粉煤灰改性液、改性粉煤灰3种物质单一调理、壳聚糖与粉煤灰改性液联合、壳聚糖与改性粉煤灰联合2种联合调理，共5种不同的调理方式改善污泥脱水性能的效果。结果表明，经5种调理方式调理后，污泥比阻降低、过滤时间缩短、滤饼含水率降低、污泥的沉降速度加快，脱水性能得到大大改善。采用壳聚糖调理污泥时，壳聚糖的浓度、投加量以及污泥体系的pH值均对调理效果存在影响，在最佳条件下其可将污泥比阻降低89.2%，滤饼含水率为84.5%。采用粉煤灰改性液调理污泥，改性液的投加量和反应时间对调理效果存在影响，在最佳条件下改性液可将污泥比阻降低79.5%，滤饼含水率为71.8%。采用改性粉煤灰调理污泥时，其投加量是重要的影响因素，最佳条件下改性灰可将污泥比阻降低90.4%，滤饼含水率为72.8%。采用粉煤灰改性液与壳聚糖联合调理污泥，先将污泥用改性液预处理后再采用壳聚糖调理，最佳条件下改性液与壳聚糖联合应用可将污泥比阻降低80.3%，滤饼含水率为69.1%。采用改性粉煤灰与壳聚糖联合调理污泥时，壳聚糖和改性灰的投加顺序和投加量均对调理效果存在较大的影响，在最佳条件下该方法可使污泥比阻降低98.7%，滤饼含水率为69.0%。五种调理方法均能使污泥的脱水速率和脱水程度大大提高，并且两种联合调理的效果均优于相同情况下单一调理的效果。
文章对壳聚糖、粉煤灰改性液、改性粉煤灰、壳聚糖与粉煤灰改性液联合、壳聚糖与改性粉煤灰联合5种污泥调理方法的作用机制进行了分析和探讨。壳聚糖用于污泥调理促进脱水的机理主要是通过静电中和作用和吸附架桥作用使污泥絮体颗粒的稳定性降低，凝聚力增强，从而构建大尺寸的絮凝体使脱水性能改善；其中静电中和作用较弱，吸附架桥作用在调理中占主导地位。粉煤灰改性液调理污泥主要是通过破坏污泥絮体结构，溶解污泥中的胞外聚合物，降低污泥的电负性并释放包裹键合在污泥絮体中的水分，从而使污泥脱水性能改善。改性粉煤灰则通过静电吸附污泥絮体颗粒，降低其稳定性，同时，其可作为骨架为污泥泥饼提供持久坚固的结构，促进多孔、通透性好、低压缩性的滤饼形成，从而改善污泥的脱水性能。改性粉煤灰与壳聚糖联合调理污泥基于各自单一调理的机理，并发挥改性粉煤灰与壳聚糖之间的协同交互作用。
最后对污泥调理过程中重金属的释放问题进行了研究。采用改性粉煤灰调理污泥存在一定的重金属释放，这一问题可通过与壳聚糖联合应用的方式降低；污泥调理会导致污泥饼中的重金属形态发生改变，并且不同的金属所受的影响不同；调理脱水后，污泥泥饼需要进一步处理方可农用。
本研究为污泥处理提供了多种效果好、无污染、成本低、可行的调理策略，可为实际工程应用提供理论依据。
A large amount of sewage sludge is produced in municipal wastewater treatmentsystem. The sludge contains high moisture content and displays poor dewaterability,furthermore, the common methods of sludge conditioning show some disadvantages,such as high cost, unsatisfactory effectiveness, and secondary pollution. To solvethese problems, single and dual sludge conditioning with low-cost modified coal flyash and non-toxic chitosan were investigated, and the corresponding mechanismswere analysed.
Firstly, the excess sludges from sludge thickening tank of a wastewatertreatment plant were collected in one year, and the sludge properties were evaluated.Besides, the dewaterability change of sludge samples stored in differentcircumstances were measured to optimize the sludge preservation conditions. Resultsshowed that the raw sludge was nearly neutral, high organic content, easily corrupt,high water content and high compressibility, difficult to be dewatered, and showed astable colloid system due to the strong electronegative property. The dewateringproperties of sludge samples insignificantly changed at4℃for5days.
Buchner filtration test and cylinder settling test were conducted to measurespecific resistance to filtration (SRF), time to filter (TTF), filter cake moisture(FCM), and sludge settling ratio (SV30), and to evaluate the dewaterability of sludgeconditioned with single conditioner and dual conditioners. The single conditionerincluded chitosan, liquid for coal fly ash modification (MCFAl), and solid ofmodified coal fly ash (MCFAs). The dual conditioners included the combination ofMCFAland chitosan, and combination of MCFAsand chitosan. Results showed thatall of the sludge conditioning methods were effective. The conditioned sludgesshowed a lower SRF, a shorter TTF, a lower FCM and a smaller SV30, and thefilterability and the settleability of the sludge were improved. In the case of sludgeconditioning with chitosan, the sludge conditioning effectiveness was affected by thechitosan concentration, dosage and sludge pH. Under the optimum conditions forsingle chitosan conditioning, the sludge SRF reduced by89.2%, and filter cakemoisture was84.5%. In the case of sludge conditioning with single MCFAl, theMCFAldosage and reaction time were the important factors. Under the optimumconditions for single MCFAlconditioning, the sludge SRF reduced by79.5%, and filter cake moisture was71.8%. In the case of sludge conditioning with singleMCFAs, the MCFAsdosage was the main factor. Under the optimum conditions forsingle MCFAsconditioning, the sludge SRF reduced by90.4%, and filter cakemoisture was72.8%. In dual conditioning with MCFAland CTS, the sludge waspretreated by MCFAland then conditioned with chitosan. The highest SRF reductionwas80.3%, and filter cake moisture was69.1%. In dual conditioning with MCFAsand chitosan, the conditioning effectiveness was affected by conditioner additionsequence and dosage. Under the optimum conditions for dual MCFAsand chitosanconditioning, the sludge SRF reduced by98.7%, and filter cake moisture was69.0%.The dual conditioning was more effective than the single conditionings under thesame conditions. Furthermore, the consumption of chitosan reduced in dualconditioning.
The mechanisms of sludge conditioning were analyzed. The mechanisms ofchitosan improving sludge dewaterability were to build bigger size flocs because ofelectrostatic neutralization and adsorption bridging, which resulted in lower colloidstability and stronger flocculation effect. Moreover, adsorption bridging played adominant role. The actions of MCFAlwere to dissolve the sludge extracellularpolymeric substances, disrupt sludge structure, reduce sludge electronegativity andrelease bound water in the sludge. The enhancement of sludge dewatering withMCFAswas caused by electrostatic neutralization and skeleton function. As skeletonbuilder, MCFAshelp to build up a more porous, permeable and rigid lattice structurein the filter cake. The mechanisms of sludge conditioning with MCFAl chitosan (orMCFAs chitosan) were based on the respective single conditioning mechanisms, andthe synergistic interaction between MCFAland chitosan (or between MCFAsandchitosan) functioned.
The release of heavy metals in sludge conditioning process was investigated.The heavy metals were released when the sludge was conditioned with modified coalfly ash, however, this problem can be sloved through dual conditioning with MCFAand chitosan. The speciation of heavy metals in sludge cake changed after sludgeconditioning and dewatering, but the impacts of sludge conditioning were differentfor different heavy metals. The sludge filter cakes after conditioning and dewateringneed further treatment for agricultural utilization.
This study provides a variety of effective, nonpolluting, low-cost and practical sludge conditioning, which may supply theoretical basis for sludge conditioningpractices.
引文
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