电子型导电高分子生化传感器的构建及其农业应用基础研究
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摘要
农业问题始终是关乎国计民生的重大问题。目前，农业污染问题不仅直接威胁着农业安全，还严重危害农业生态环境与影响人体健康水平。与此同时，威胁人类健康的很多非遗传疾病多与摄入的营养有关，使得农业生产与加工过程中粮食、蔬菜与农产品及其加工品的营养问题备受关注。传统检测方法诸如色谱法、质谱法、光谱法及其联用方法虽然灵敏准确，但需要繁琐费时的样品预处理，且仪器昂贵笨重，需专业人员维护与使用，不适于现场在线检测分析。因此，建立快速、可靠、灵敏和实用的监测/检测技术与方法，对农业安全和营养健康研究具有重要现实意义。传感技术是现代分析检测中的重要技术，由于其价格低廉、制备简单、操作简便、灵敏度高、选择性好、可微型化和连续现场检测等优点已广泛应用于临床医学、生物工程、食品工业和环境检测等领域。然而，在生化传感器的构建中，如何选择有效的固定方法和合适的材料决定着生化传感器的稳定性、灵敏度和选择性等重要性能参数。电子型导电高分子（ECPs），尤其是聚苯胺（PANi）、聚吡咯（PPy）、聚噻吩（PTh）及其衍生物或复合材料由于其可逆的电化学掺杂与去掺杂、高而稳定的电导率、分子导线效应、可与其它不同固定方法结合及可与多种固定化材料共聚或复合等独特优势已在高效生化传感器的应用中显示出独特的魅力。基于此，本论文合成了不同新型ECPs传感材料或制备了ECPs复合传感材料，结合各种电化学或光学检测方法，研究了基于不同ECPs的生化传感器的制备与性能及其农业应用。具体内容如下：
（1）构建了各种基于PPy、聚3-噻吩乙酸（PTAA）、聚(3,4-乙撑二氧噻)（PEDOT）等ECPs及其衍生物或复合材料的酶传感器。通过引入表面活性剂、离子液体（ILs）、粘合剂、纳米材料、亲水基团等可不同程度改善酶传感电极的性能。尤其是ECPs纳米复合材料，能很好的发挥其协同生物电催化效应，表面活性剂可改善单体的水溶解性和聚合电位，ILs能为不溶于水的单体同时提供良好的溶剂体系和支持电解质。粘合剂等高分子膜能很好的提供生物兼容性和改善PEDOT: PSS膜的水稳定性。抗坏血酸氧化酶（AO）由于其长的寿命和高而稳定的生物活性可作为酶传感器固定生物组分研究的模式生物材料。更为重要的是，PEDOT及其性能优良的功能化衍生物或它们的复合材料也为生物活性组分的固定和生物传感器的构建提供了优异的载体材料或传感材料。
（2）以AO为模式酶，PEDOT为的固定化载体，构建各种基于PEDOT的电化学AO生物传感器并应用于农业基础探索研究。通过生物兼容性表面活性、磺基阴离子基ILs、Nafion、碳纳米材料和金属纳米颗粒、亲水基团等引入，改善了PEDOT及其电化学生物传感器的性能。①生物兼容性表面活性剂十二烷基肌氨酸钠和N-十二烷基-β-D-麦芽糖苷的掺入不仅改善了3,4-乙撑二氧噻（EDOT）的溶解性和聚合电位及其聚合物膜的生物兼容性，而且获得的生物兼容性PEDOT酶膜有利于生物传感器的构建，并应用于蔬菜作物和商业饮料中的VC检测；②离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸乙酯是良好的“绿色”溶剂和支持电解质，它不仅可以解决单体溶解性问题，还可通过掺入PEDOT改善其导电性和生物传感器的灵敏度、检测限和抗干扰性；③Nafion可改善生物传感电极的稳定性和生物兼容性及其抗干扰性；④纳米材料如多壁碳纳米管、单壁碳纳米管、金属纳米颗粒、石墨烯及其氧化物可改善PEDOT膜的电子传递、电催化性能、防止生物分子的泄露；增强生物传感器的灵敏度、检测限、选择性、稳定性等；⑤EDOT衍生物，尤其是羟甲基化EDOT（EDOTM）和羧基化EDOT（EDOT-C4-COOH）不仅有良好的水溶解性和类似EDOT的聚合电位，而且获得的聚合物具有良好的生物兼容，可通过功能基团进行生物活性组分的共价固定；⑥通过掺入黏附性聚合物如Nafion、聚乙烯醇等可改善PEDOT:PSS水溶胀性和易分解性等问题，还可解决其构建生物传感器的稳定性问题，是自制电极开发与商业化应用的良好候选者。
（3）构建基于PEDOT及其衍生物或复合材料的电化学传感器并应用于农业基础探索研究。通过引入碳材料、金属颗粒、亲水基团等改善PEDOT的性能，构建电化学化学传感电极。PEDOT复合传感电极不仅可解决PEDOT修饰电极弱的电催化性能和抗干扰性能，而且也提高了其灵敏度、检测限和稳定性。尤其是PEDOTM和PEDOT-C4-COOH不仅可以和不同材料共沉积或复合，还有利于纳米材料的自组装。已构建的PEDOT-C4-COOH/Cu电化学传感器可实现农作物和粮食中马来酰肼的检测。改良后的高水稳定性PEDOT：PSS复合电极为电极材料提供了最有前景的平台。
（4）构建ECPs荧光化学传感器并应用于农业基础探索研究。ECPs的分子线放大效应可增强荧光传感器的灵敏度，而且醇/水溶性ECPs是开发“绿色”荧光传感器的优异材料。醇溶性PBA荧光传感器能高效、特异性识别Pd~(2+)，可实现农作物或农业环境Pd~(2+)的检测。水溶性P9AF荧光传感器可检测Fe~(3+)和不同羧基化合物，通过磷酸盐对其Fe~(3+)猝灭体系进行恢复，可实现二者的区分。通过进一步改良获得的醇溶性PFCA荧光传感器只对Fe~(3+)有高效的特异性识别作用，这有利于进一步应用于农业中对Fe~(3+)的感测。
Agriculture is always the major problems in the national economy and people'slivelihood. Each year, at present, agricultural pollution has not only directly threatento the agricultural safety, but also serious harm to the agricultural ecologicalenvironment and affect human health. Meanwhile, many non-genetic diseases whichhave threaten to human health, are more related to nutritional intake, resulting in awidespread concern in agricultural production and process of nutritional problems offood, vegetables, and agricultural products and its processed products. Traditionaldetection methods such as chromatography, mass spectrometry, spectroscopy andtheir combination methods are sensitive and accurate, but require tedious andtime-consuming sample preparation, professionals to maintain and use, and bulkyinstruments and their expensive costs, which are not suitable for in-field fastmeasurement and real-time on-line analysis. Therefore, the development of a fast,reliable, sensitive and practical monitoring/detection techniques and methods hasimportant practical significance for the agricultural safety and nutrition health.
Sensing technology, an important technology in the modern analyticalmethodology, has been widely used in clinical medicine, bio-engineering, foodindustry, environmental testing and other areas due to its low price, simplepreparation, easy operation, high sensitivity, fast response, good selectivity,miniaturization, and continuous on-site detection. However, how to select effectiveimmobilized method of biologically-active speciesthe and appropriate chemo/biosensing materials in the fabrciation of biochemical sensors, which play a crucial rolein important performance parameters such as the stability, sensitivity, and selectivityof chemo/bio sensors. Electronic conductive polymer (ECPs), especially polyaniline(PANi), polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophene (PTh) and their derivatives or compositematerials, have shown a unique charm in the application of efficient chemo/biosensors due to their unique advantages such as reversible electrochemical doping anddedoping, high stable electrical conductivity, molecular wire effect, the combinationwith other different immobilized methods, and the co-deposition or composite with avariety of materials. Inspired by these aspects, new ECPs sensing materials weresynthesized or ECPs composite sensing materials were prepared, and the fabrication,properties and appl ications in agriculturre of various ECPs chemo/bio sensors werestudied by different electrochemical or optical methods. The details are as follows:
(1) A variety of enzyme sensors based on ECPs such as PPy, poly-3-thiophene acetic acid (PTAA), poly (3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene)(PEDOT) and theirderivatives or composites. The introduction of surfactants, ionic liquids (ILs), binders,nanomaterials, or hydrophilic groups, these greatly improved the performance ofenzyme sensors. Especially, ECPs nanocomposites have a good synergisticbioelectrocatalytic effect. Meanwhile, surfactants can improve the water solubility ofmonomers and its polymerization potential (E_(ox)). ILs can provide a good solventsystem and support electrolytes for water-insoluble monomers. Polymer films basedon binders, can provide a good bio-compatibility and improve the water stability ofpoly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) films.Ascorbic acid oxidase (AO) can be employed as a mode biomaterial of biologicallyactive species to fabricate enzyme sensors due to its long life span and high and stablebiological activity. More importantly, PEDOT and its excellent functionalizedderivatives or their composite materials can provide excellent immobilized materialsand sensing materials for the immobilization of biologically active species and thefabrication of biosensors.
(2) AO biomolecules were selected as the mode biologically active species,PEDOT was employed as immobilized materials of biologically active species, avariety of AO electrochemical biosensors based on PEDOT were fabricated forexploring its application in agricultural fundamental research. The performance ofelectrochemical biosensors and properties of PEDOT can be improved by theintroducation of the biocompatible surfactants, ILs with alkyl sulfate anions, Nafion,carbon nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, and hydrophilic groups.(a) Theincorporation of the biocompatible surfactants such as sodium N-lauroylsarcosinateand N-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside can improved the solubility and E_(ox)of monomer3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene (EDOT) and the biocompatibility of its polymer films,and the obtained biocompatible PEDOT complex enzyme film is beneficial for thefabricatiom of biosensors and application for to the determination of VC in vegetablecrops and commercial drinks;(b) ILs1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazol-ethyl sulfate, as agood "green" solvent and supporting electrolyte, can resolve the solubility ofmonomer and improve the efficiency of electron transfer, sensitivity, detection limit,and interference of biosensor;(c) Nafion can improve the stability, biocompatibility,and interference of sensing electrode;(d) nanomaterials such as multi-walled carbonnanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, graphene and itsoxide, not only can improve the electron transfer, bioelectrocatalytic activity of PEODT film, and prevent the leakage of biologically active species, but also enhancethe sensitivity, detection limit, selectivity, stability of sensors;(e) EDOT derivativessuch as the hydroxymethylated EDOT (EDOTM) and functionalized EDOT withcarboxyl group (EDOT-C4-COOH), which have a good water solubility and a similarE_(ox)of EDOT, and the obtained polymers not only has a good biocompatibility, butalso available for the immobization of the biological active species by functionalizedgroup;(f) PEDOT:PSS tends to swell and disintegrates in water, the performance ofits film can be improved by incorporation of the adhesive polymers such as Nafion,polyvinyl alcohol, which can also improve stability of biosensors. The improvementof PEDOT:PSS is good candidate for the development and commercialization ofself-made electrode.
(3) Various AO electrochemical sensing electrodes based on PEDOT and theirderivatives or composites were fabricated for exploring its application in agriculturalfundamental research. The performance of the electrochemical sensing electrodes canbe improved by introducing carbon nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, andhydrophilic group. PEDOT nanocomposite sensing electrodes can not only solve theweak electrocatalytic activity and interference of PEDOT sensing electrodes, but alsoimprove sensitivity, detection limit, and stability of electrochemical sensors.Especially, PEDOTM and PEDOT-C4-COOH, as typical representative of excellentPEDOT derivatives, can be copolymerized and composited with other materials, andare also beneficial to the self-assembly of nanoparticles. The fabricatedGCE/PEDOT-C4-COOH/Cu electrochemical sensor can be empolyed for thedetermination of maleic hydrazide in crops and food. The high water-stability ofPEDOT:PSS composites are a promising candidate of electrode materials.
(4) Fluorescent chemical sensors based on based on ECPs were fabricated forexploring its application in agricultural fundamental research. A small number ofECPs, which can dissolve in the environment-friendly solvent such as alcohol/water,are excellent sensing materials for the development of "green" fluorescent sensors,and the sensing sensitivity can be enhanced by molecular wire effect of ECPs. Thealcohol soluble fluorescent PBAhas an excellent specific recognition, high sensitivity,and low detection limit for the detection of Pd~(2+), and can be well applied for thedetection of Pd~(2+)in samples of agricultural crops or environment. Water-solublefluorescent P9AF can be empolyed for the detection of Fe~(3+)and carboxyl compounds,and phosphate can recover the fluorescence quenching of Fe~(3+)-P9AF and distinguish determination both of the two analyties. Through the further research, alcohol solublefluorescent PFCAhas an excellent specificity, high sensitivity, and low detection limitfor the detection of Fe~(3+), which is very beneficial for the further application for thedetection of Fe~(3+)in agricultural samples.
（1）构建了各种基于PPy、聚3-噻吩乙酸（PTAA）、聚(3,4-乙撑二氧噻)（PEDOT）等ECPs及其衍生物或复合材料的酶传感器。通过引入表面活性剂、离子液体（ILs）、粘合剂、纳米材料、亲水基团等可不同程度改善酶传感电极的性能。尤其是ECPs纳米复合材料，能很好的发挥其协同生物电催化效应，表面活性剂可改善单体的水溶解性和聚合电位，ILs能为不溶于水的单体同时提供良好的溶剂体系和支持电解质。粘合剂等高分子膜能很好的提供生物兼容性和改善PEDOT: PSS膜的水稳定性。抗坏血酸氧化酶（AO）由于其长的寿命和高而稳定的生物活性可作为酶传感器固定生物组分研究的模式生物材料。更为重要的是，PEDOT及其性能优良的功能化衍生物或它们的复合材料也为生物活性组分的固定和生物传感器的构建提供了优异的载体材料或传感材料。
（2）以AO为模式酶，PEDOT为的固定化载体，构建各种基于PEDOT的电化学AO生物传感器并应用于农业基础探索研究。通过生物兼容性表面活性、磺基阴离子基ILs、Nafion、碳纳米材料和金属纳米颗粒、亲水基团等引入，改善了PEDOT及其电化学生物传感器的性能。①生物兼容性表面活性剂十二烷基肌氨酸钠和N-十二烷基-β-D-麦芽糖苷的掺入不仅改善了3,4-乙撑二氧噻（EDOT）的溶解性和聚合电位及其聚合物膜的生物兼容性，而且获得的生物兼容性PEDOT酶膜有利于生物传感器的构建，并应用于蔬菜作物和商业饮料中的VC检测；②离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸乙酯是良好的“绿色”溶剂和支持电解质，它不仅可以解决单体溶解性问题，还可通过掺入PEDOT改善其导电性和生物传感器的灵敏度、检测限和抗干扰性；③Nafion可改善生物传感电极的稳定性和生物兼容性及其抗干扰性；④纳米材料如多壁碳纳米管、单壁碳纳米管、金属纳米颗粒、石墨烯及其氧化物可改善PEDOT膜的电子传递、电催化性能、防止生物分子的泄露；增强生物传感器的灵敏度、检测限、选择性、稳定性等；⑤EDOT衍生物，尤其是羟甲基化EDOT（EDOTM）和羧基化EDOT（EDOT-C4-COOH）不仅有良好的水溶解性和类似EDOT的聚合电位，而且获得的聚合物具有良好的生物兼容，可通过功能基团进行生物活性组分的共价固定；⑥通过掺入黏附性聚合物如Nafion、聚乙烯醇等可改善PEDOT:PSS水溶胀性和易分解性等问题，还可解决其构建生物传感器的稳定性问题，是自制电极开发与商业化应用的良好候选者。
（3）构建基于PEDOT及其衍生物或复合材料的电化学传感器并应用于农业基础探索研究。通过引入碳材料、金属颗粒、亲水基团等改善PEDOT的性能，构建电化学化学传感电极。PEDOT复合传感电极不仅可解决PEDOT修饰电极弱的电催化性能和抗干扰性能，而且也提高了其灵敏度、检测限和稳定性。尤其是PEDOTM和PEDOT-C4-COOH不仅可以和不同材料共沉积或复合，还有利于纳米材料的自组装。已构建的PEDOT-C4-COOH/Cu电化学传感器可实现农作物和粮食中马来酰肼的检测。改良后的高水稳定性PEDOT：PSS复合电极为电极材料提供了最有前景的平台。
（4）构建ECPs荧光化学传感器并应用于农业基础探索研究。ECPs的分子线放大效应可增强荧光传感器的灵敏度，而且醇/水溶性ECPs是开发“绿色”荧光传感器的优异材料。醇溶性PBA荧光传感器能高效、特异性识别Pd~(2+)，可实现农作物或农业环境Pd~(2+)的检测。水溶性P9AF荧光传感器可检测Fe~(3+)和不同羧基化合物，通过磷酸盐对其Fe~(3+)猝灭体系进行恢复，可实现二者的区分。通过进一步改良获得的醇溶性PFCA荧光传感器只对Fe~(3+)有高效的特异性识别作用，这有利于进一步应用于农业中对Fe~(3+)的感测。
Agriculture is always the major problems in the national economy and people'slivelihood. Each year, at present, agricultural pollution has not only directly threatento the agricultural safety, but also serious harm to the agricultural ecologicalenvironment and affect human health. Meanwhile, many non-genetic diseases whichhave threaten to human health, are more related to nutritional intake, resulting in awidespread concern in agricultural production and process of nutritional problems offood, vegetables, and agricultural products and its processed products. Traditionaldetection methods such as chromatography, mass spectrometry, spectroscopy andtheir combination methods are sensitive and accurate, but require tedious andtime-consuming sample preparation, professionals to maintain and use, and bulkyinstruments and their expensive costs, which are not suitable for in-field fastmeasurement and real-time on-line analysis. Therefore, the development of a fast,reliable, sensitive and practical monitoring/detection techniques and methods hasimportant practical significance for the agricultural safety and nutrition health.
Sensing technology, an important technology in the modern analyticalmethodology, has been widely used in clinical medicine, bio-engineering, foodindustry, environmental testing and other areas due to its low price, simplepreparation, easy operation, high sensitivity, fast response, good selectivity,miniaturization, and continuous on-site detection. However, how to select effectiveimmobilized method of biologically-active speciesthe and appropriate chemo/biosensing materials in the fabrciation of biochemical sensors, which play a crucial rolein important performance parameters such as the stability, sensitivity, and selectivityof chemo/bio sensors. Electronic conductive polymer (ECPs), especially polyaniline(PANi), polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophene (PTh) and their derivatives or compositematerials, have shown a unique charm in the application of efficient chemo/biosensors due to their unique advantages such as reversible electrochemical doping anddedoping, high stable electrical conductivity, molecular wire effect, the combinationwith other different immobilized methods, and the co-deposition or composite with avariety of materials. Inspired by these aspects, new ECPs sensing materials weresynthesized or ECPs composite sensing materials were prepared, and the fabrication,properties and appl ications in agriculturre of various ECPs chemo/bio sensors werestudied by different electrochemical or optical methods. The details are as follows:
(1) A variety of enzyme sensors based on ECPs such as PPy, poly-3-thiophene acetic acid (PTAA), poly (3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene)(PEDOT) and theirderivatives or composites. The introduction of surfactants, ionic liquids (ILs), binders,nanomaterials, or hydrophilic groups, these greatly improved the performance ofenzyme sensors. Especially, ECPs nanocomposites have a good synergisticbioelectrocatalytic effect. Meanwhile, surfactants can improve the water solubility ofmonomers and its polymerization potential (E_(ox)). ILs can provide a good solventsystem and support electrolytes for water-insoluble monomers. Polymer films basedon binders, can provide a good bio-compatibility and improve the water stability ofpoly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) films.Ascorbic acid oxidase (AO) can be employed as a mode biomaterial of biologicallyactive species to fabricate enzyme sensors due to its long life span and high and stablebiological activity. More importantly, PEDOT and its excellent functionalizedderivatives or their composite materials can provide excellent immobilized materialsand sensing materials for the immobilization of biologically active species and thefabrication of biosensors.
(2) AO biomolecules were selected as the mode biologically active species,PEDOT was employed as immobilized materials of biologically active species, avariety of AO electrochemical biosensors based on PEDOT were fabricated forexploring its application in agricultural fundamental research. The performance ofelectrochemical biosensors and properties of PEDOT can be improved by theintroducation of the biocompatible surfactants, ILs with alkyl sulfate anions, Nafion,carbon nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, and hydrophilic groups.(a) Theincorporation of the biocompatible surfactants such as sodium N-lauroylsarcosinateand N-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside can improved the solubility and E_(ox)of monomer3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene (EDOT) and the biocompatibility of its polymer films,and the obtained biocompatible PEDOT complex enzyme film is beneficial for thefabricatiom of biosensors and application for to the determination of VC in vegetablecrops and commercial drinks;(b) ILs1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazol-ethyl sulfate, as agood "green" solvent and supporting electrolyte, can resolve the solubility ofmonomer and improve the efficiency of electron transfer, sensitivity, detection limit,and interference of biosensor;(c) Nafion can improve the stability, biocompatibility,and interference of sensing electrode;(d) nanomaterials such as multi-walled carbonnanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, graphene and itsoxide, not only can improve the electron transfer, bioelectrocatalytic activity of PEODT film, and prevent the leakage of biologically active species, but also enhancethe sensitivity, detection limit, selectivity, stability of sensors;(e) EDOT derivativessuch as the hydroxymethylated EDOT (EDOTM) and functionalized EDOT withcarboxyl group (EDOT-C4-COOH), which have a good water solubility and a similarE_(ox)of EDOT, and the obtained polymers not only has a good biocompatibility, butalso available for the immobization of the biological active species by functionalizedgroup;(f) PEDOT:PSS tends to swell and disintegrates in water, the performance ofits film can be improved by incorporation of the adhesive polymers such as Nafion,polyvinyl alcohol, which can also improve stability of biosensors. The improvementof PEDOT:PSS is good candidate for the development and commercialization ofself-made electrode.
(3) Various AO electrochemical sensing electrodes based on PEDOT and theirderivatives or composites were fabricated for exploring its application in agriculturalfundamental research. The performance of the electrochemical sensing electrodes canbe improved by introducing carbon nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, andhydrophilic group. PEDOT nanocomposite sensing electrodes can not only solve theweak electrocatalytic activity and interference of PEDOT sensing electrodes, but alsoimprove sensitivity, detection limit, and stability of electrochemical sensors.Especially, PEDOTM and PEDOT-C4-COOH, as typical representative of excellentPEDOT derivatives, can be copolymerized and composited with other materials, andare also beneficial to the self-assembly of nanoparticles. The fabricatedGCE/PEDOT-C4-COOH/Cu electrochemical sensor can be empolyed for thedetermination of maleic hydrazide in crops and food. The high water-stability ofPEDOT:PSS composites are a promising candidate of electrode materials.
(4) Fluorescent chemical sensors based on based on ECPs were fabricated forexploring its application in agricultural fundamental research. A small number ofECPs, which can dissolve in the environment-friendly solvent such as alcohol/water,are excellent sensing materials for the development of "green" fluorescent sensors,and the sensing sensitivity can be enhanced by molecular wire effect of ECPs. Thealcohol soluble fluorescent PBAhas an excellent specific recognition, high sensitivity,and low detection limit for the detection of Pd~(2+), and can be well applied for thedetection of Pd~(2+)in samples of agricultural crops or environment. Water-solublefluorescent P9AF can be empolyed for the detection of Fe~(3+)and carboxyl compounds,and phosphate can recover the fluorescence quenching of Fe~(3+)-P9AF and distinguish determination both of the two analyties. Through the further research, alcohol solublefluorescent PFCAhas an excellent specificity, high sensitivity, and low detection limitfor the detection of Fe~(3+), which is very beneficial for the further application for thedetection of Fe~(3+)in agricultural samples.
引文
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