现代舆论的先锋
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摘要
《朱尼厄斯书信》是英国匿名作家以“朱尼厄斯”为笔名,于1769年1月至1772年1月间在当时著名报刊《广告入公报》上发表的—系列评论时事的公开信。它因内容写实、文笔简洁辛辣而曾被誉为18世纪英国“政治性重头文章的先导”、“后来舆论批评的样板”。《朱尼厄斯书信》不仅在当时英国社会引起较大的反响,后期结集成书的《朱尼厄斯书信集》更是被译成多国文字,刘英国乃至欧洲的政治民主化意义深远。
关于《朱尼厄斯书信》发挥的作用,可归纳为如下几方面：对当时英国政府和政治精英的政治行为进行了监督；扩大了英国普通民众的知情权,对民众进行政治教育和政治动员,使其积极参与国家事务,扩大了英国的政治范围；给英国新闻界带来新的活力,对英国言论出版自由起到积极的促进作用。此外,《朱尼厄斯书信》的问世也是英国大众争取话语权的重要体现,表达了他们在国家政治事务中发出声音、发挥作用的诉求。《朱尼厄斯书信》的问世还表明：在18世纪,英国的政治话语权开始分散并下移,从贵族阶层逐渐扩散到具有批判意识的公众之中。这种具有批判意识的公众,用公共舆论做武器,竭力让统治者遵从“理性”标准和“法律”形式。因此,《朱尼厄斯书信》也是英国大众开始真正分享话语权的一个重要标志,是英国政治更加大众化、民主化的表现和新的推动力。
The Letters of Junius consisting of many pieces of single public letter,is written by an English writer whose pseudonym is Junius from January1769to January1772. Because of both its true and reliable contents and its pithy and ironic style, The Letters was praised as 'the forerunner of important political writings' and 'the model of modern public opinion'. The Letters had great influence on English social life of that time. Except that, The Letters of Junius (book)was translated into many kinds of languages,so it has significant impact on political democratization of modern Britain and Europe.
The effects of The Letters can be summarized as follows:it supervised the political behaviors of British government and political elites of that time;it expanded the right to know of the British public,the public learned knowledge of politics from it and were encouraged to be engaged in nation affairs.by that way,it expanded the political scope of Britain; The Letters also had infused a new energy into the British press,and had positive effects on the liberty of speech and publishing of Britain.Furthermore,the emergence of The Letters is an important milestone on British people's way of fighting for discourse power,it reflected their claim of expressing opinion and bearing parts in national politics. The emergence of The Letters also makes us believe that the discourse power of18th-century Britain was starting to be dispersed and moved down,it was expanded from the nobility to the public with critical eyes. These people with critical eyes used their opinion as weapon to force the rulers to comply with reason and law.So we can say that The Letters ofJunius reflected an important fact that British public started to share the discourse power veritably, it was a new driving force to British political democracy.
关于《朱尼厄斯书信》发挥的作用,可归纳为如下几方面：对当时英国政府和政治精英的政治行为进行了监督；扩大了英国普通民众的知情权,对民众进行政治教育和政治动员,使其积极参与国家事务,扩大了英国的政治范围；给英国新闻界带来新的活力,对英国言论出版自由起到积极的促进作用。此外,《朱尼厄斯书信》的问世也是英国大众争取话语权的重要体现,表达了他们在国家政治事务中发出声音、发挥作用的诉求。《朱尼厄斯书信》的问世还表明：在18世纪,英国的政治话语权开始分散并下移,从贵族阶层逐渐扩散到具有批判意识的公众之中。这种具有批判意识的公众,用公共舆论做武器,竭力让统治者遵从“理性”标准和“法律”形式。因此,《朱尼厄斯书信》也是英国大众开始真正分享话语权的一个重要标志,是英国政治更加大众化、民主化的表现和新的推动力。
The Letters of Junius consisting of many pieces of single public letter,is written by an English writer whose pseudonym is Junius from January1769to January1772. Because of both its true and reliable contents and its pithy and ironic style, The Letters was praised as 'the forerunner of important political writings' and 'the model of modern public opinion'. The Letters had great influence on English social life of that time. Except that, The Letters of Junius (book)was translated into many kinds of languages,so it has significant impact on political democratization of modern Britain and Europe.
The effects of The Letters can be summarized as follows:it supervised the political behaviors of British government and political elites of that time;it expanded the right to know of the British public,the public learned knowledge of politics from it and were encouraged to be engaged in nation affairs.by that way,it expanded the political scope of Britain; The Letters also had infused a new energy into the British press,and had positive effects on the liberty of speech and publishing of Britain.Furthermore,the emergence of The Letters is an important milestone on British people's way of fighting for discourse power,it reflected their claim of expressing opinion and bearing parts in national politics. The emergence of The Letters also makes us believe that the discourse power of18th-century Britain was starting to be dispersed and moved down,it was expanded from the nobility to the public with critical eyes. These people with critical eyes used their opinion as weapon to force the rulers to comply with reason and law.So we can say that The Letters ofJunius reflected an important fact that British public started to share the discourse power veritably, it was a new driving force to British political democracy.
引文
1埃克哈特·穆尔赫特：《18世纪后期英国政治文化转变而而观》,转引自王觉非主编《英国政治经济和社会现代化》,南京：南京大学出版社,1989年版,第304页。
2[备]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,上海：学林出版社.1999年版,第35页。
3[德]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,第35页。
4 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius, Oxtbrd:Oxford University Press, 1978.p22.
1沈固朝：《欧洲书报检查制度的兴衰》,南京：南京大学出版社,1999年9月版,第113页。
2李磊：《外国新闻史教程》,北京：中·国传媒大学出版社,2008年版。
3吴伟：《格拉布街——英国新闻事业往事》,北京：北京大学出版社,2010年版。
4吴小坤：《近代英国表达自由思想的形成》,上海大学博士学位论文,2010年。
5李磊：《外国新闻史教程》,北京：中国传媒大学出版社,2008年4月版,第88页。
6吴小坤：《近代英国表达自由思想的形成》,上海大学博士学位论文,2010年第151页。
7吴伟：《格拉布街——英国新闻事业往事》,第178页。
8陈祖洲：《通向自由之路：英国自由主义发展史研究》,南京：南京大学出版社,2012年1月版,第133页。
9吴小坤：《近代英国表达自由思想的形成》,上海大学博士学位论文,2010年,第151页。
10张好玟：《第四等级——一个关于英国报刊观念的历史》,复旦大学博士j学位论文,2010年,第104-107页。
11彭桂兵：《“明显而即刻的危险”原则的历史考察》,《国l际新闻界》,2012年3月,第41页。
12吴伟：《格拉布街——英国新闻事业往事》,第166-179页。
1辜燮高等选译：《一六八九-一八一五年的英国(下册)》,北京：商务印书馆,1997年版,第106页。
2张允诺编：《外国新闻事业史教程》,北京：高等教育出版社2003年版。
3菲利普·弗朗西斯出生于1740年10月22日,是一名书记员的儿子,1762年至1774年身为英国战争署的第一书记员Sedgwick. Romney, The Letters of Junius, History Today, 1969:June,p403.
4吴伟：《格拉布街——英国新闻事业往事》,第170页
5辜燮高等选译：《一六八九-一八一五年的英国(下册)》,第106页。
6张妤玟：《第四等级——个关于英国报刊观念的历史》,复旦大学博士学位论文,2010年,第105页。
7李磊：《外国新闻史教程》,第88页。
1 John Cannon, The Letters of Junius,p539.
2 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,p559.
3 Francesco Cordasco Junius:A Bibliography of the Letters ofJunius with a Checklist of Junian Scholarship and Related Studies,Junius-Vaughn Press,1986.
4 T.I I.Bowyer Charlottesville, A Bibliographical Examination of the Earliest Editions of the Letters of Junius,University of Virginia Press.1957.
5 John Cannon, The Letters of Junius,New York:Oxford University Press,1978.
0 Francesco Cordasco and Gustave Simonson, Junius and His Works:A History of the Letters of Junius and the Authorship Controversy, Junius-Vaughn Press，1986.
1 Francesco Cordasco,Junius:A Bibliography of the Letters ofJunius with a Checklist ofJunian Scholarship and Related Studies,Junius-Vaughn Press,1986.
2 David McCracken,Review:Junius and His Works:A History of the Letters of Junius and the Authorship Controversy,Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol.20, No.4 (Summer,1987), The Johns Hopkins University Press,p520.
3 Francesco Cordasco, Junius and His Works:A History of the Letters of Junius and the Authorship Contraversy,Junius-Vaughn Press,1986,p81.
4 Francesco Cordasco, Junius and His Works:A History of the Letters of Junius and the Authorship Controversy,p81.
John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,p30.
6 Carl B. Cone.Review:The Letters ofJunius. The American Historical Review, Vol.84, No.1 (Feb.,1979). Published by:The University of Chicago Press on behalf of American Historical Association.p155.
1 David McCrackcn,Review :Junius and His Works: A History of the Letters of Junius and the Authorship Controversy,Eighteenth-Century Studies. Vol. 20. No. 4 (Summer, l987).The Johns Hopkins University Press,p520.
2 W.H.Hart, Letters of Junius ,Notes and Queries,Vol s3-Ⅷ,No. 194, 1865, p230.
3 Scdgwick Romncy ,The Letters of Junius .History Today ,No.6 .I969.pp397-4O4.
4 Fredrick Seaton Siebert, Freedom of The Press in England 1476-l776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control ,University of Illinois ,1965,p384.
5 Bob Clarke,From Grub Street to Fleet Street :An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899,Ashgale, 2004.D90.
6 Hannah Barker ,Newspapers ,Politics and English Society, 169S I855,London:Longman,2000,p155.
7[德]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,第72页。
1 Watson, John Steven,The Reign of George Ⅲ, 1760-1815, Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1960.p4.
2 Fredrick Seaton Sieberl. Freedom of The Press in England H76-l776:The Rise and Decline of Governmenl C ontrol,p384.
3阎照祥：《英国政治制度史》,北京：人民出版社,2012年版,第219 页。
4王觉非主编《英国政治经济和社会现代化》,南京：南京大学出版社 1989年版故.第198页。
1 Fredrick Seaton Siebert, Freedom of The Press in England 1476-1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control,p384.
2阎照祥：《英国政治制度史》,第271页。
3 Watson, John Steven.The Reign of George Ⅲ,1760-1815, p138.
4 Watson, John Steven.The Reign of George Ⅲ,1760-1815, p8.
3阎照祥：《英国史》,北京：人民出版社2004年版,第231页。
5 Watson, John Steven,The Reign of George Ⅲ,1760-1815,p13.
1 Watson, John Steven, The Reign of George Ⅲ,1760-1815,p327.
2 Watson, John Steven, The Reign of George Ⅲ,1760-1815,p50.
3 Watson, John Steven, The Reign of George Ⅲ,1760-1815,p51.
4转引自阎照祥：《英国政治制度史》,第254页。
5转引自阎照社：《英国政治制度史》,第254页。
1 Hannah Barker Newspapers.Politics,and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England,Oxford: Clarendon Press 1998 pp29-30.
2 Hannah Barker Newspapers, Politics and English Society,1695-1855,p 12.
3 Fredrick Seaton Siebcrt. Freedom of The Press in England 1476-1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control,p372.
4 Bob Clarke,From Grub Street to Fleet Street:An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899,p90.
1 Watson, John Steven, The Reign of George Ⅲ, 1760-1815,p40.
2 Watson, John Steven, The Reign of George Ⅲ, 1760-1815,p40.
3 Hannah Barker,Newspapers, Politics, and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England, 1998,p1.
4 3 Hannah Barker,Newspapers, Politics, and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England, p31.
5 3 Hannah Barker,Newspapers, Politics, and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England, p109.
6 Hannah Barker,Newspapers,Politics and English Society,1695——1855,p50.
7 Hannah Barker,Newspapers,Politics and English Society,1695——1855,p50.
8 Hannah Barker，Newspapers，Politics.and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England，p29.
9王觉非主编：《英国政治经济和社会现代化》,南京：南京大学出版社1989年版,第307页。
10 Hannah Barker，Newspapers, Politics and English Society,1695——1855，p17.
1 Rob Clarke,From Grub Street to Fleet Street :An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899,p90.
2 Hannah Barker, Newspapers, Politics and English Society ,1695— 1855,p110.
3 Hannah Barker ,Newspapers,Politics,and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England,Ox ford: Clarendon Press,1998,p 12.
4 Junius，Junius,Vol.1,London:Printed for Henry Sampson Woodfall.in Pater Nofler Row,MDCCLⅩⅩⅡ, 1772,p33.
5 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,p539.
1 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,p539.
The Political Magazine,for January,1787,p65.
3 Junius's Letters,Supposed Authors,Notes and Queries, vol.sl-Ⅺ,1855,p370.
Junius's Letters,Supposed Authors,Notes and Queries, vol.sl-Ⅺ,1855,p370.
John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,p544.
61811年11月有人在《贝尔法斯特》上提出休·博伊德就是朱尼厄斯。这个说法引起激烈争论：在12月的《贝尔法斯特》月刊上,一名署名A.P.的先生强烈否认这个观点,认为休·博伊德没有能力写出这样的文章。来年3月份,署名" Antrim郡的一名本地人”在《贝尔法斯》月刊上为休·博伊德辩解,认为他完全有能力写出朱尼厄斯那样的作品,因此可以证明休·博伊德就是朱尼厄斯。4月,署名沃顿的作者认为体·博伊德不是朱尼厄斯,因为他的写作水平要远远高于朱尼厄斯而且二者之间的风格完全不同：“因为根据我对他的了解,他在表述上的风格与朱尼厄斯的完全不同——二者非常不同”,最后沃顿向编辑(实际上是向广大公众)指出：“如果你最后一个通信员能提出更深入的证据证明博伊德是真正的作者,他一定要坚信己的观点。但如果他仅仅是想更深入地调查博伊德是否有能力写出这样的作品,那就无聊至极”。On Junius's Letters Author(s):J. S.Reviewed work(s):Source:The Belfast Monthly Magazine, Vol.8. No.45 (Apr.30, 1812), p275
1 Junius Discovered by Frederic Griffin,The North American Review, Vol.79, No.164,July,1854, pp 250-252.
2 Junius'Letter to Wilkes,Notes and Queries,Vol.s2-Ⅵ，1858,p44.
3 Authorship of Junius,The North American Review, Vol.34, No.75 (Apr.,1832), pp316-363编辑们将美国《独立宣言》与米德尔赛克斯郡上交国王的一份请愿书中的措辞等细节进行分析,发现其中有大量的巧合和相似之处。
4此人系朱尼厄斯极为赞赏的乔治·格伦维尔的儿子。
5 The Letters of Junius,Notes and Queries,Vol s9-Ⅱ,1898,p329.
6 The Letters of Junius,Notes and Queries,Vol.s9-Ⅱ,1898,p329.
7 The Letters of Junius, Notes and Queries,Vol.s9-Ⅱ,1898,p329.
8 David McCracken,Junius and His Works:A History of the Letters of Junius and the Authorship Controversy.Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol.20, No.4 (Summer,1987),The Johns Hopkins University Prcss,p517.
1 Junius's Letters.Supposed Authors.Notes and Queries,vol.sl-Ⅺ,1855,p370.
2 Spectator,1873:Feb.15, p199.
3 Junius,Academy.Vol.00001,1869,p9.
4 The Handwriting of "Junius" (Book Review), Spectator, 1871:May 27, p641.
5 A. L. McLeodAlvar Review,Ellegard.Who was Junius?. Books Abroad. Vol.37, No.3 (Summer,1963), Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma,p334.
6 Junius Not Discovered,Spectator Vol.7.No.293,1834.p129.
7 Junius. Junius,Vol.1.p2(Ⅱ).
1 Junius,Junius,Vol.1,p179.
2 Junius,Junius,Vol.1,p179.
3 Junius,Junius,Vol.1,p10 (X).
4 Junius,Junius,Vol.2,p151.
5 Bohn's Edition of Junius (Book Review), Spectator,1850:Oct.26,p1022.
6 Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p1(Ⅰ)
1 Junius, Junius,Vol.1, p1 (Ⅰ)
2 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,pp 153-154.
3 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,p20.
4 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,1978,p19.
5 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius, p28.
6 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius, p28.
7 Junius Junius,Vol.1,p11.
8 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius, p30.
1[德]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,第99页。
2[德]哈贝马斯著.曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,第72页。
3 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p16.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p1.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,pp4-5.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p2(Ⅱ).
4 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p3(Ⅲ).
5 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p6(Ⅵ).
6 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p3(Ⅲ).
1 Junius, Junius,Vol.1, p3(Ⅲ).
2 Junius. Junius,Vol.1, p14(ⅩⅥ)
3 Junius, Junius,Vol.1, p14(ⅩⅥ)
4 Junius, Junius,Vol.1, p14(ⅩⅥ).
5 Junius, Junius,Vol.1, p31(ⅩⅩⅪ).
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p9(Ⅸ).
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p9(Ⅸ).
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1, p10(Ⅹ).
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p3(Ⅲ).
5 Prter D.G.Thomas,John Wilkes, A Friend to Libery,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1996.
1此人系国王乔治三世的宠臣。
1 Arthur H. Cash John Wilkes:The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty.London&New I Iaven:Yale University Press. 2006,n170.
2政府认为《论妇女》淫秽下流,犯有煽动诽谤罪。
3 Arthur H. Cash,John Wilkes:The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberlv,p171.
4 Junius, Junius. Vol.1,p60.
5 George F.E.Rude, Wlkes and Liberty:a Social Study of 1763-1774,Oxford:Oxford University Press.1965,p42.
6 Junius, Junius, Vol.1,p60.
1 Junius, Junius, Vol.1,p60.
2 John Mullan and Christopher Reid edited,Eighteenth-Century Popular Culture:A Selection,Oxford:Oxford University Press 2002.p243.
3 Junius, Junius, Vol. 1,p69.
4 Junius. Junius, Vol.1,pp69-70.
1 Junius, Junius. Vol.1,p70.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p73.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p73.
J John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures, Vol.1,London:Henry G.Bohn,York Street,Covent Garden, 1850,p185.
Junius. Junius,Vol. 1.p109.
1 Junius, Junius, Vol. 1,p111.
2罗伯特·沃波尔是乔治一世和乔治二世时期的首相。托利党掌控议会时,将沃波尔驱逐并将其押进伦敦塔,理由是沃波尔在战争期间就任秘书时,利用职务之便从一桩军事交易中非法获利。但沃波尔还是林恩选区的一员,选民们都热爱他。在大选中,林恩区的选民选举他作为该区代表。下议院日志对此事也有记载：“1711年,诺福克郡的林民自治镇自由民和不动产终身持有者们请愿,指出罗伯特·沃波尔被本议院驱逐,塞缪尔·泰勒应为市民选举出的合法代表；政府要求当时林恩自治镇的镇长宣布塞缪尔·泰勒为合法代表,但镇长拒绝选举所说的塞缪尔·泰勒；尽管罗伯特·沃波尔被驱逐,当时还是伦敦塔的罪犯,但选民们还是选出了罗位特·沃波东。因此,本院做出决议,‘罗伯特·沃波尔,在议会的这届会期被判处为伦敦塔的罪犯,被本议院因执行其职务时严重违背信用,战争期间就任秘书时严重腐败而被驱逐,因此不能被选为当前议会中的成员。’”同时,下议院义做出个决议：“塞缪尔·泰勒被当选为林恩自治镇代表的决议不通过。林恩自冶镇的选举无效。3月6日，林恩文进行了新的选举”John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures Vol. I. London Henry G.Bohn,York Street,Covent Garden 1850,p179.
3 Junius, Junius, Vol.1,p109.
4 Junius, Junius, Vol.1,p109.
5 Junius, Junius, Vol.1,p110.
1 Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p113.
2 Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p149.
3 Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p150.
4 Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p150.
5 Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p150.
1在Aylesbury选举中,上议院曾决定“议会两院中的任何一院都没有权力通过投票或正式宣言来为他们自已创造任何没有被法律或议会惯例证明为正当的新特权。”下议院当时表示同意该准则并宣称他们据此指导自身维护他们的特权。Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p117.
2 Junius. Junius.Vol.1,p116.
3 Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p153.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p115.
5 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p153.
1 Junius,Junius, Vol.2,p160.
2 Junius, Junius, Vol.2, p 158.
3Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p156.
4 Junius,Junius, Vol.2,p153.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p153.
6 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p156.
7 Junius,Junius, Vol.2,p156.
8 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p156.
1 Junius,Junius, Vol.2,p157.
2 Junius,Junius, Vol.2,p161.
3 Junius. Junius, Vol.2,p 161.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p153.
5 Junius,Junius, Vol.2,pp167-168.
1 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p96.
2 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p97.
3 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p97.
4 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p97.
5 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p97.
6 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p98.
7 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p100.
8据朱尼厄斯称,英国与波士顿的敌对关系始于一起私人纷争,即驻扎在北美洲的几名士兵与当地绳子制造者之间出现纠纷,后来演变为英军士兵与当地居民之间的冲突：在冲突,政府官员被困,士兵们开枪,几名居民或被击毙或受伤。普林斯顿船长(指挥官)后来被审判,但无罪释放,朱尼厄斯认为此事处理小当。John Wadet Junius:lncluding Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures Vol. 1.London:Henry G.Bohn.York Street,Covent Garden 1850,pp317-318.
9 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p355.
1 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vol. 1,p45.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol.1，p57.
1 Junius, Junius, Vol. 1, p58.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,pp58-59.
3冈塞尔脾气暴躁,在1773年再次因债务被捕时,向执行官开枪,尽管事实确凿,但在法官Narcs将其被无罪释放。蛤最终他还是被捕,1774年7月突然死亡。Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p13.
4 Junius, Junius.Vol.2,pp3-4.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p3.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p3.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p6.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p9.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p14.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p15.
5国王态度如下：“陛下他认识的第一团的中士培根coldstream团的帕克军士、威廉姆·鲍威尔、威廉姆·哈特、詹姆斯·普德和约瑟夫等第一步兵团的士兵,在去年九月营救冈塞尔少校的事件中或多或少有参与：国王希望,或者说愿意相信,他们事先不知道少校被捕了,认为自己是在拯救一位落难的军官：然而陛下他仍然下令,他们应该因为自己在此事中的所作所为受到严厉斥责：因此严厉命令在将来,任何受委任的军官或士兵不能以任何借口干预执行官逮捕的公务；如果发现有违抗此令的人就被视为有罪,应该受到最严厉的征罚。这个命令应该立即在各护卫队宣读,任何人不能忽视”。John Wade,Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures Vol.1，London：Henry G.Bohn，York Street，Covent Garden 1850.p240.
1 John Wade， Junius:Including Letters bv The Same Writer Under Other Signatures.Vol.1,p440.
2 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p301.
3 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p345.
4 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p431.
5 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p312.
6 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p313.
1 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p328.
2 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p330.
3 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p331.
4此处仅举两例：“被抓现行,就是一个小偷带着被偷的东西在他手上,这被叫做flagrante delicto根据法律,这种罪犯不能被保释。”——雅各布：“根据威斯敏斯特法案,那些被抓现行的人不享受被保释的权益”——霍金斯，等等。Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p331.
5 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p332.
6 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p349.
1 Junius.Junius. Vol.1， p5.
2 Junius. Junius.Vol.1，p85.
3 Sedgwick Romney Jhe Letters of Junius.History Today,No.6,1969.p398.
4 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vol. 1,p254.
5 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vol.1,p251.
6 Junius. Junius, Vol.2,p21.
1 Junius, Junius, Vol.1,p76.
2 Junius, Junius, Vol.1,p63.
3 John Wade,Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vol. 1,p274.
4 John Wade,Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures, Vol. 1,p274.
5 Junius. Junins,Vol.2.p62.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p84.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p84.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p84.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p88.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p78.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p183.
7 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,.p58.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p68.
2 Junius. Junius,Vol.2,p60.
3当英国与西班牙在福兰克群岛的归属问题上发生争端.双方剑拔弩张时,英国发现自己的海军情况很糟糕。在整顿海军时,人们发现海军缺少造船用的木料。国王授权总检察长在英国所有狩猎地和森林中寻找最适合造船的木料。最后,他发现最合适海军使用的木料是在Whittlebury森林,而格拉夫顿公爵正是此处的世袭护林官。根据总检察长的报告,财政部发布总授权令,授权调查员或其代理人可以出于上述目的(为海军造船所用)砍伐Whittlebury森林中的树木。授权令签署后,总检察长派其下属执行命令。但格拉夫顿以代理人未承受随身带授权令状为由惩罚他,并无理地坚持认为这名官 应该免职。在因未带授权令状就行动免除检察长的副手之后,格拉夫顿抨击授权令状本身,宣布令状非法；并认为此令状永远都不能执行,原理由是Whittlebury森林的护林权以及木材所有权是查理二世授予护林官的。而朱尼厄斯则考察原始转让证书后,指出在转让书中有特殊规定,即：将木材的所有权保留为竽家所用。格拉夫顿无视此证据,违抗海军部的正式决议。结果,财政部大臣们被迫召回授权令；代理检查员遭惩罚。见《朱尼厄斯书信集》第57封公开信
4 Junius. Junius,Vol.2,p256.
5 Junius. Junius,Vol.2,p248.
6 Junius. Junius,Vol.2,p64.
7 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p87.
8 Sedgwick Romney,The Letters of Junius, History Today.No.6, 1969,p400.
Junius. Junius,Vol.2,p30.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p33.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p33.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p33.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,pp33-34.
5 Junius, Junius.Vol.2,p34.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p34.
'Junius. Junius,Vol.2,p55.
8朱尼厄圻指是：1768年11月8日,在国王的演说中正式宣布：“爆发的内讧精神在一些殖民地中又再生 了,在其中之一,出现侵犯和抵抗法律执行的行为；波士顿不服从政府所有的法律,并发展出对宪法的破坏性措施,想要摆脱对大小列颠的依赖”。Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,pp43-44.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p35.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,pp35-36.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p38.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p38.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,pp40-41.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p52.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p49.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p49.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p42.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p42.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p42.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p42.
7 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p45.
8 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p45.
理9指查一世1641年访问苏格兰,想要向那里的国民做出让步,想要团结他们反对英格兰人。
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p47
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p48.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p49.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,PP38-39.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p32.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p32.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p53.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p33.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p40.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p54.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p42.
7 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p30.
8 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,pp55-56.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p116.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p116.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p117.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p116.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,D116,
6 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p117.
7 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,PP125-126.
8曼斯匪德认为：言论是否具有诽谤性由大法官和法庭来决定,而陪审团只需要确定被告是否发表过这样的言论即可,但在其他的案子中,曼斯菲尔德认同陪审团的权力。
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p121.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p124.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p124.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p123.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,pp119-120.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p127.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p127.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,pp128-129.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p130.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p131.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,pp30-31.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p28.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p29.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p30.
5有人也指出：威廉姆.德雷珀在一封信中说名自己情况时.无意中让自己的敌手获得了不利于自己的事实。如果他没有向敌手暴露那个关键秘密——这个关键秘密——这个声名狼藉的秘密让他变得无比可憎,如果没有它,他可能会体面而优雅地退出这场争论"John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures Vol.1.London:Henry G.Bohn,York Street,Covent Garden 1850,p121.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p31.
7 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p44.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,pp31-32.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,pp41-42.
1 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures, Vol.1, p130.
2 R.L.Haig,The Gazeller; 1735-97:a study in the eighteenth-century Einlish newspaper,p.79.转引自 John Cannon，The Letters of Junius，p 15.
3 Hannah Barker Newspapers，Politics and English Society,1695——1855,p47.
John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,pp15-16.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p192.
1 John Cannon，The Letters ofJunius,p28.
2 John Cannon，The Letters ofJunius,p15.
3 Letters of Junius, The Library Quarterly,Vol.s1-3, No.1, 1891,p86.
4 Letters of Junius. Spectator,1963:Apr,19, p.486.
5 Bohn's Edition of Junius (Book Review), Spectator.1850:Oct.26, p1022.
6 Public Advertiser:22 April 1769.转引自 John Cannon，The Letters of Junius, p16.
1 John Cannon.The Letters of Junius,p17.
2 John Wade，Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures Vol. 1,p168.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p2.
4 John Cannon.The Letters of Junius,p23.
5 John Cannon.The Letters of Junius,p21.
1 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures, Vol. 1, p191.
2 John Wade. Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vool. 1,p153.
3 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vool. 1, p168.
4 Letters of Junius, Spectator,1963:Apr.19, p.486.
5 Letters of Junius. Spectator,1963:Apr.19, p.486.
6 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vool. 1, p88.
1 Vincent Price著,邵志择,《传播概念Public Opinion 》,上海：复旦大学出版社,2009年,第41页。
2 John Cannon，The Letters ofJunius,p23.
Hannah Barker ， Sewspapers.Politics，and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England， p40.
Hannah Barker, Newspapers.Politics，and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England,p39.
1 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures.Vol. 1,p279.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p72.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,pp72-73.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol.2，p73.
1 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures.Vol. 1,p281.
2 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures.Vol. 1,p281.
3 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures.Vol. 1,p281.
4 Sedgwick. Romney， The Letters ofJunius. History Today,1969:June，p404.
1 Bohn's Edition of Junius (Book Review), Spectator,1850:Oct.26,p1022.
1 Bob Clarke,From Grub Street to Fleet Street:An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899,p165.
3 Bohn's Edition of Junius (Book Review), Spectator,1850:Oct.26,p1022.
4 Bohn's Edition of Junius (Book Review), Spectator,1850:Oct.26,p1022.
5 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius. Oxford University Press.n28.
6 Letters of Junius, Spectator,1963:Apr. 19,p486.
7[德]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,第71页。
8 John Cannon,The Letters ofJunius,p21.
9[德]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,第72页。
1 Fredrick Seaton Siebert, Freedom of The Press in England 1476-1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control,p380.
2 Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of The Press in England 1476-1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control,p381.
3 Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of The Press in England 1476-1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control,1965,p384.
4在此案中,大法官曼斯菲尔德提出以下理论：起诉某人犯有恶意煽动诽谤罪需要提供证据,而指控出版物中的内容具有恶意煽动诽谤性则不需要证据,出版物中的内容是否具有煽动诽谤性这个问题只需法官在法律上做出推理即可。陪审团仅需要考虑两点：其一,出版物印刷出版属实；其二,出版物中含有特定内容(大法官所认定的具有煽动诽谤性质的内容)的事实即可,至于这份报纸中是否包含有违犯法律的内容,那是大法官在审判时需要考虑的事情,小需陪审团介入。John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vol.1,p471.
5曼斯菲尔德承认在普通罪的审判中,陪审团有权裁定案犯是否有罪,但在煽动诽谤案中,陪审团不能胜任裁决的职责,只需听从法官指令行事即可。
6转引自John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures, Vol. 1,p278.
John Wade, Junius:including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures, Vol. 1.p473.
1 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,pp154-155.
2 Watson, John Steven, The Reign of George Ⅲ,1760-1815,p142.
3哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,第72页。
4哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域结构转型》,第72-73页
1 John Cannon,The Letters ofJunius.p393.
1尼古拉斯·菲利普森、昆廷·斯金纳主编,潘兴明、周保巍等译,《近代英国政治话语》,上海：华东师范大学出版社,2005年版,第6页
2尼古拉斯·菲利普森、昆廷·斯金纳主编,潘兴明、周保巍等译,《近代英国政治话语》,第7页。
3 John Cannon.The Letters of Junius,p376.
1 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,p22.
2 John Cannon,The Letters ofJunius,p20.
3 John Cannon.The Letters of Junius,p393.
1 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures.Vol.1,p471.
2 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures.Vol.1,p263.
3 Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of The Press in England 1476-1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control,1965.p389.
[1][英]尼古拉斯·菲利普森、昆廷·斯金纳主编,潘兴明、周保巍等译,《近代英国政治话语》,上海：华东师范大学出版社,2005年12月版。
[2][德]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译,《公共领域的结构转型》,上海：学林出版社,1999年版。
[3]王觉非主编,《英国政治经济和社会现代化》,南京：南京大学出版社1989年版。
[4]沈固朝,《欧洲书报检查制度的兴衰》,南京：南京大学出版社,1999年9月版。
[5]李磊,《外国新闻史教程》,北京：中国传媒大学出版社,2008年版。
[6]吴伟,《格拉布街——英国新闻事业往事》,北京：北京大学出版社,2010年版。
[7]陈祖洲,《通向自由之路：英国自由主义发展史研究》,南京：南京大学出版社,2012年1月版。
[8]辜燮高等选译,《一六八九-一八一五年的英国(下册)》,北京：商务印书馆,1997年版。
[9]张允诺编,《外国新闻事业史教程》,北京：高等教育出版社2003年版。
[10]阎照祥,《英国政治制度史》,北京：人民出版社,2012年版。
[11]阎照祥,《英国史》,北京：人民出版社,2004年版。
[12]王觉非,《近代英国史》,南京：南京大学出版社,1997年版。
[13]Vincent Price著,邵志择译,《传播概念Public Opinion》,上海：复旦大学出版社,2009年版。
[14][英]阿萨·勃里格斯著,陈叔平、刘城等译,《英国社会史》,北京：中国人民大学出版社,1991年版。
[15]吴小坤,《近代英国表达自由思想的形成》,上海：上海大学,2010年。
[16]张妤坟,《第四等级——一个关于英国报刊观念的历史》,上海：复旦大学,2010年
[17]彭桂兵,《“明显而即刻的危险”原则的危险”原则的历史考察》,《国际新闻界》,2012年3月。
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[2]John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures Vol.1,London:Henry G.Bohn,York Street,Covent Garden 1850.
[3]John Cannon,The Letters of Junius, Oxford University Press, 1978.
[4]Fredrick Seaton Siebert, Freedom of The Press in England 1476-1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control,University of Illinois,1965.
[5]Bob Clarke,From Grub Street to Fleet Street:An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899,Ashgate,2004.
[6]Hannah Barker,Newspapers,Politics and English Society,1695——1855,Longman,2000.
[7]Watson, John Steven,The Reign of George III,1760-1815, Oxford:Clarendon Press,1960.
[8]Hannah Barker, Newspapers,Politics,and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England, Oxford:Clarendon Press 1998
[9]Prter D.G.Thomas John Wilkes A Friend to Libery，Oxford:Clarendon Press 1996
[10]John Mullan and Christopher Reid edited,Eighteenth-Century Popular Culture:A Selection,Oxford:Oxford University Press 2002
[11]George F.E.Rude, Wilkes and Liberty:a Social Study of 1763-1774[M],Oxford:Oxford University Press,1965.
[12]Arthur H. Cash,John Wilkes:The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty,Yale University Press, 2006.
[13]Sedgwick, Romney, The Letters ofJunius, History Today, 1969:June.
[14]The Political Magazine,for January,1787.
[15]David McCracken,Junius and His Works:A History of the Letters ofJunius and the 4、 Authorship Controversy,Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol.20, No.4 (Summer,1987), The Johns Hopkins University Press.
[16]Junius's Letters,Supposed Authors,Notes and Queries, Vol.sl-Ⅺ,1855.
[17]Spectator,1873:Feb.15.
[18]Junius,Academy,Vol.00001,1869.
[19]The Handwriting of "Junius" (Book Review), Spectator,1871:May 27.
[20]A. L. McLeod,Alvar Ellegard,Who was Junius?, Vol.37, No.3 (Summer,1963), Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma.
[21]Junius Not Discovered,Spectator Vol.7, No.293,1834.
[22]Junius Discovered by Frederic Griffin,The North American Review, Vol.79, No.164,July, 1854.
[23]Junius'Letter to Wilkes,Notes and Queries,Vol.s2-,Ⅵ，858.
[24]Authorship of Junius,The North American Review, Vol.34, No.75 (Apr.,1832).
[25]The Letters of Junius,Notes and Queries,Vol.s9-Ⅱ,1898.
[26]Junius's Letters,Supposed Authors,Notes and Queries, vol.sl-Ⅺ,1855.
[27]Spectator,1873:Feb.15.
[28]The Handwriting of "Junius " (Book Review), Spectator,1871:May 27.
[29]Bohn's Edition ofJunius (Book Review), Spectator,1850:Oct.26.
[30]Letters ofJunius, The Library Quarterly Vol.sl-3, No.1,1891.
[31]Letters ofJunius, Spectator,1963.Apr.19.
[32]Confession of the authorship ofJunis's Letters,-Notes and Queries, Vol:s2-Ⅰ, No.3,1856.
[33]The Letters of Junius, Notes and Queries, Vol:s9-Ⅱ,No.43,1898.
[34]C. W. Everett,The Letters ofJunius(Book Review),Spectator,No.5198,1928.
[35]Lord Chief Justice Cockburn and the Letters ofJunius,Notes and Queries, Vol:CLX, No.jan10,1931.
[36]Letters ofJunius,The Library,Vol.s1-3,No.1,1891.
[37]Heron's Junius's Letters, Notes and Queries,Vol.sl-Ⅵ,No.158,1852
2[备]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,上海：学林出版社.1999年版,第35页。
3[德]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,第35页。
4 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius, Oxtbrd:Oxford University Press, 1978.p22.
1沈固朝：《欧洲书报检查制度的兴衰》,南京：南京大学出版社,1999年9月版,第113页。
2李磊：《外国新闻史教程》,北京：中·国传媒大学出版社,2008年版。
3吴伟：《格拉布街——英国新闻事业往事》,北京：北京大学出版社,2010年版。
4吴小坤：《近代英国表达自由思想的形成》,上海大学博士学位论文,2010年。
5李磊：《外国新闻史教程》,北京：中国传媒大学出版社,2008年4月版,第88页。
6吴小坤：《近代英国表达自由思想的形成》,上海大学博士学位论文,2010年第151页。
7吴伟：《格拉布街——英国新闻事业往事》,第178页。
8陈祖洲：《通向自由之路：英国自由主义发展史研究》,南京：南京大学出版社,2012年1月版,第133页。
9吴小坤：《近代英国表达自由思想的形成》,上海大学博士学位论文,2010年,第151页。
10张好玟：《第四等级——一个关于英国报刊观念的历史》,复旦大学博士j学位论文,2010年,第104-107页。
11彭桂兵：《“明显而即刻的危险”原则的历史考察》,《国l际新闻界》,2012年3月,第41页。
12吴伟：《格拉布街——英国新闻事业往事》,第166-179页。
1辜燮高等选译：《一六八九-一八一五年的英国(下册)》,北京：商务印书馆,1997年版,第106页。
2张允诺编：《外国新闻事业史教程》,北京：高等教育出版社2003年版。
3菲利普·弗朗西斯出生于1740年10月22日,是一名书记员的儿子,1762年至1774年身为英国战争署的第一书记员Sedgwick. Romney, The Letters of Junius, History Today, 1969:June,p403.
4吴伟：《格拉布街——英国新闻事业往事》,第170页
5辜燮高等选译：《一六八九-一八一五年的英国(下册)》,第106页。
6张妤玟：《第四等级——个关于英国报刊观念的历史》,复旦大学博士学位论文,2010年,第105页。
7李磊：《外国新闻史教程》,第88页。
1 John Cannon, The Letters of Junius,p539.
2 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,p559.
3 Francesco Cordasco Junius:A Bibliography of the Letters ofJunius with a Checklist of Junian Scholarship and Related Studies,Junius-Vaughn Press,1986.
4 T.I I.Bowyer Charlottesville, A Bibliographical Examination of the Earliest Editions of the Letters of Junius,University of Virginia Press.1957.
5 John Cannon, The Letters of Junius,New York:Oxford University Press,1978.
0 Francesco Cordasco and Gustave Simonson, Junius and His Works:A History of the Letters of Junius and the Authorship Controversy, Junius-Vaughn Press，1986.
1 Francesco Cordasco,Junius:A Bibliography of the Letters ofJunius with a Checklist ofJunian Scholarship and Related Studies,Junius-Vaughn Press,1986.
2 David McCracken,Review:Junius and His Works:A History of the Letters of Junius and the Authorship Controversy,Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol.20, No.4 (Summer,1987), The Johns Hopkins University Press,p520.
3 Francesco Cordasco, Junius and His Works:A History of the Letters of Junius and the Authorship Contraversy,Junius-Vaughn Press,1986,p81.
4 Francesco Cordasco, Junius and His Works:A History of the Letters of Junius and the Authorship Controversy,p81.
John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,p30.
6 Carl B. Cone.Review:The Letters ofJunius. The American Historical Review, Vol.84, No.1 (Feb.,1979). Published by:The University of Chicago Press on behalf of American Historical Association.p155.
1 David McCrackcn,Review :Junius and His Works: A History of the Letters of Junius and the Authorship Controversy,Eighteenth-Century Studies. Vol. 20. No. 4 (Summer, l987).The Johns Hopkins University Press,p520.
2 W.H.Hart, Letters of Junius ,Notes and Queries,Vol s3-Ⅷ,No. 194, 1865, p230.
3 Scdgwick Romncy ,The Letters of Junius .History Today ,No.6 .I969.pp397-4O4.
4 Fredrick Seaton Siebert, Freedom of The Press in England 1476-l776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control ,University of Illinois ,1965,p384.
5 Bob Clarke,From Grub Street to Fleet Street :An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899,Ashgale, 2004.D90.
6 Hannah Barker ,Newspapers ,Politics and English Society, 169S I855,London:Longman,2000,p155.
7[德]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,第72页。
1 Watson, John Steven,The Reign of George Ⅲ, 1760-1815, Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1960.p4.
2 Fredrick Seaton Sieberl. Freedom of The Press in England H76-l776:The Rise and Decline of Governmenl C ontrol,p384.
3阎照祥：《英国政治制度史》,北京：人民出版社,2012年版,第219 页。
4王觉非主编《英国政治经济和社会现代化》,南京：南京大学出版社 1989年版故.第198页。
1 Fredrick Seaton Siebert, Freedom of The Press in England 1476-1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control,p384.
2阎照祥：《英国政治制度史》,第271页。
3 Watson, John Steven.The Reign of George Ⅲ,1760-1815, p138.
4 Watson, John Steven.The Reign of George Ⅲ,1760-1815, p8.
3阎照祥：《英国史》,北京：人民出版社2004年版,第231页。
5 Watson, John Steven,The Reign of George Ⅲ,1760-1815,p13.
1 Watson, John Steven, The Reign of George Ⅲ,1760-1815,p327.
2 Watson, John Steven, The Reign of George Ⅲ,1760-1815,p50.
3 Watson, John Steven, The Reign of George Ⅲ,1760-1815,p51.
4转引自阎照祥：《英国政治制度史》,第254页。
5转引自阎照社：《英国政治制度史》,第254页。
1 Hannah Barker Newspapers.Politics,and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England,Oxford: Clarendon Press 1998 pp29-30.
2 Hannah Barker Newspapers, Politics and English Society,1695-1855,p 12.
3 Fredrick Seaton Siebcrt. Freedom of The Press in England 1476-1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control,p372.
4 Bob Clarke,From Grub Street to Fleet Street:An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899,p90.
1 Watson, John Steven, The Reign of George Ⅲ, 1760-1815,p40.
2 Watson, John Steven, The Reign of George Ⅲ, 1760-1815,p40.
3 Hannah Barker,Newspapers, Politics, and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England, 1998,p1.
4 3 Hannah Barker,Newspapers, Politics, and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England, p31.
5 3 Hannah Barker,Newspapers, Politics, and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England, p109.
6 Hannah Barker,Newspapers,Politics and English Society,1695——1855,p50.
7 Hannah Barker,Newspapers,Politics and English Society,1695——1855,p50.
8 Hannah Barker，Newspapers，Politics.and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England，p29.
9王觉非主编：《英国政治经济和社会现代化》,南京：南京大学出版社1989年版,第307页。
10 Hannah Barker，Newspapers, Politics and English Society,1695——1855，p17.
1 Rob Clarke,From Grub Street to Fleet Street :An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899,p90.
2 Hannah Barker, Newspapers, Politics and English Society ,1695— 1855,p110.
3 Hannah Barker ,Newspapers,Politics,and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England,Ox ford: Clarendon Press,1998,p 12.
4 Junius，Junius,Vol.1,London:Printed for Henry Sampson Woodfall.in Pater Nofler Row,MDCCLⅩⅩⅡ, 1772,p33.
5 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,p539.
1 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,p539.
The Political Magazine,for January,1787,p65.
3 Junius's Letters,Supposed Authors,Notes and Queries, vol.sl-Ⅺ,1855,p370.
Junius's Letters,Supposed Authors,Notes and Queries, vol.sl-Ⅺ,1855,p370.
John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,p544.
61811年11月有人在《贝尔法斯特》上提出休·博伊德就是朱尼厄斯。这个说法引起激烈争论：在12月的《贝尔法斯特》月刊上,一名署名A.P.的先生强烈否认这个观点,认为休·博伊德没有能力写出这样的文章。来年3月份,署名" Antrim郡的一名本地人”在《贝尔法斯》月刊上为休·博伊德辩解,认为他完全有能力写出朱尼厄斯那样的作品,因此可以证明休·博伊德就是朱尼厄斯。4月,署名沃顿的作者认为体·博伊德不是朱尼厄斯,因为他的写作水平要远远高于朱尼厄斯而且二者之间的风格完全不同：“因为根据我对他的了解,他在表述上的风格与朱尼厄斯的完全不同——二者非常不同”,最后沃顿向编辑(实际上是向广大公众)指出：“如果你最后一个通信员能提出更深入的证据证明博伊德是真正的作者,他一定要坚信己的观点。但如果他仅仅是想更深入地调查博伊德是否有能力写出这样的作品,那就无聊至极”。On Junius's Letters Author(s):J. S.Reviewed work(s):Source:The Belfast Monthly Magazine, Vol.8. No.45 (Apr.30, 1812), p275
1 Junius Discovered by Frederic Griffin,The North American Review, Vol.79, No.164,July,1854, pp 250-252.
2 Junius'Letter to Wilkes,Notes and Queries,Vol.s2-Ⅵ，1858,p44.
3 Authorship of Junius,The North American Review, Vol.34, No.75 (Apr.,1832), pp316-363编辑们将美国《独立宣言》与米德尔赛克斯郡上交国王的一份请愿书中的措辞等细节进行分析,发现其中有大量的巧合和相似之处。
4此人系朱尼厄斯极为赞赏的乔治·格伦维尔的儿子。
5 The Letters of Junius,Notes and Queries,Vol s9-Ⅱ,1898,p329.
6 The Letters of Junius,Notes and Queries,Vol.s9-Ⅱ,1898,p329.
7 The Letters of Junius, Notes and Queries,Vol.s9-Ⅱ,1898,p329.
8 David McCracken,Junius and His Works:A History of the Letters of Junius and the Authorship Controversy.Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol.20, No.4 (Summer,1987),The Johns Hopkins University Prcss,p517.
1 Junius's Letters.Supposed Authors.Notes and Queries,vol.sl-Ⅺ,1855,p370.
2 Spectator,1873:Feb.15, p199.
3 Junius,Academy.Vol.00001,1869,p9.
4 The Handwriting of "Junius" (Book Review), Spectator, 1871:May 27, p641.
5 A. L. McLeodAlvar Review,Ellegard.Who was Junius?. Books Abroad. Vol.37, No.3 (Summer,1963), Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma,p334.
6 Junius Not Discovered,Spectator Vol.7.No.293,1834.p129.
7 Junius. Junius,Vol.1.p2(Ⅱ).
1 Junius,Junius,Vol.1,p179.
2 Junius,Junius,Vol.1,p179.
3 Junius,Junius,Vol.1,p10 (X).
4 Junius,Junius,Vol.2,p151.
5 Bohn's Edition of Junius (Book Review), Spectator,1850:Oct.26,p1022.
6 Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p1(Ⅰ)
1 Junius, Junius,Vol.1, p1 (Ⅰ)
2 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,pp 153-154.
3 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,p20.
4 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,1978,p19.
5 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius, p28.
6 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius, p28.
7 Junius Junius,Vol.1,p11.
8 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius, p30.
1[德]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,第99页。
2[德]哈贝马斯著.曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,第72页。
3 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p16.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p1.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,pp4-5.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p2(Ⅱ).
4 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p3(Ⅲ).
5 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p6(Ⅵ).
6 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p3(Ⅲ).
1 Junius, Junius,Vol.1, p3(Ⅲ).
2 Junius. Junius,Vol.1, p14(ⅩⅥ)
3 Junius, Junius,Vol.1, p14(ⅩⅥ)
4 Junius, Junius,Vol.1, p14(ⅩⅥ).
5 Junius, Junius,Vol.1, p31(ⅩⅩⅪ).
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p9(Ⅸ).
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p9(Ⅸ).
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1, p10(Ⅹ).
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p3(Ⅲ).
5 Prter D.G.Thomas,John Wilkes, A Friend to Libery,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1996.
1此人系国王乔治三世的宠臣。
1 Arthur H. Cash John Wilkes:The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty.London&New I Iaven:Yale University Press. 2006,n170.
2政府认为《论妇女》淫秽下流,犯有煽动诽谤罪。
3 Arthur H. Cash,John Wilkes:The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberlv,p171.
4 Junius, Junius. Vol.1,p60.
5 George F.E.Rude, Wlkes and Liberty:a Social Study of 1763-1774,Oxford:Oxford University Press.1965,p42.
6 Junius, Junius, Vol.1,p60.
1 Junius, Junius, Vol.1,p60.
2 John Mullan and Christopher Reid edited,Eighteenth-Century Popular Culture:A Selection,Oxford:Oxford University Press 2002.p243.
3 Junius, Junius, Vol. 1,p69.
4 Junius. Junius, Vol.1,pp69-70.
1 Junius, Junius. Vol.1,p70.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p73.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p73.
J John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures, Vol.1,London:Henry G.Bohn,York Street,Covent Garden, 1850,p185.
Junius. Junius,Vol. 1.p109.
1 Junius, Junius, Vol. 1,p111.
2罗伯特·沃波尔是乔治一世和乔治二世时期的首相。托利党掌控议会时,将沃波尔驱逐并将其押进伦敦塔,理由是沃波尔在战争期间就任秘书时,利用职务之便从一桩军事交易中非法获利。但沃波尔还是林恩选区的一员,选民们都热爱他。在大选中,林恩区的选民选举他作为该区代表。下议院日志对此事也有记载：“1711年,诺福克郡的林民自治镇自由民和不动产终身持有者们请愿,指出罗伯特·沃波尔被本议院驱逐,塞缪尔·泰勒应为市民选举出的合法代表；政府要求当时林恩自治镇的镇长宣布塞缪尔·泰勒为合法代表,但镇长拒绝选举所说的塞缪尔·泰勒；尽管罗伯特·沃波尔被驱逐,当时还是伦敦塔的罪犯,但选民们还是选出了罗位特·沃波东。因此,本院做出决议,‘罗伯特·沃波尔,在议会的这届会期被判处为伦敦塔的罪犯,被本议院因执行其职务时严重违背信用,战争期间就任秘书时严重腐败而被驱逐,因此不能被选为当前议会中的成员。’”同时,下议院义做出个决议：“塞缪尔·泰勒被当选为林恩自治镇代表的决议不通过。林恩自冶镇的选举无效。3月6日，林恩文进行了新的选举”John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures Vol. I. London Henry G.Bohn,York Street,Covent Garden 1850,p179.
3 Junius, Junius, Vol.1,p109.
4 Junius, Junius, Vol.1,p109.
5 Junius, Junius, Vol.1,p110.
1 Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p113.
2 Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p149.
3 Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p150.
4 Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p150.
5 Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p150.
1在Aylesbury选举中,上议院曾决定“议会两院中的任何一院都没有权力通过投票或正式宣言来为他们自已创造任何没有被法律或议会惯例证明为正当的新特权。”下议院当时表示同意该准则并宣称他们据此指导自身维护他们的特权。Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p117.
2 Junius. Junius.Vol.1,p116.
3 Junius,Junius, Vol.1,p153.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p115.
5 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p153.
1 Junius,Junius, Vol.2,p160.
2 Junius, Junius, Vol.2, p 158.
3Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p156.
4 Junius,Junius, Vol.2,p153.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p153.
6 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p156.
7 Junius,Junius, Vol.2,p156.
8 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p156.
1 Junius,Junius, Vol.2,p157.
2 Junius,Junius, Vol.2,p161.
3 Junius. Junius, Vol.2,p 161.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p153.
5 Junius,Junius, Vol.2,pp167-168.
1 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p96.
2 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p97.
3 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p97.
4 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p97.
5 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p97.
6 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p98.
7 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p100.
8据朱尼厄斯称,英国与波士顿的敌对关系始于一起私人纷争,即驻扎在北美洲的几名士兵与当地绳子制造者之间出现纠纷,后来演变为英军士兵与当地居民之间的冲突：在冲突,政府官员被困,士兵们开枪,几名居民或被击毙或受伤。普林斯顿船长(指挥官)后来被审判,但无罪释放,朱尼厄斯认为此事处理小当。John Wadet Junius:lncluding Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures Vol. 1.London:Henry G.Bohn.York Street,Covent Garden 1850,pp317-318.
9 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p355.
1 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vol. 1,p45.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol.1，p57.
1 Junius, Junius, Vol. 1, p58.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,pp58-59.
3冈塞尔脾气暴躁,在1773年再次因债务被捕时,向执行官开枪,尽管事实确凿,但在法官Narcs将其被无罪释放。蛤最终他还是被捕,1774年7月突然死亡。Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p13.
4 Junius, Junius.Vol.2,pp3-4.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p3.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p3.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p6.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p9.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p14.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p15.
5国王态度如下：“陛下他认识的第一团的中士培根coldstream团的帕克军士、威廉姆·鲍威尔、威廉姆·哈特、詹姆斯·普德和约瑟夫等第一步兵团的士兵,在去年九月营救冈塞尔少校的事件中或多或少有参与：国王希望,或者说愿意相信,他们事先不知道少校被捕了,认为自己是在拯救一位落难的军官：然而陛下他仍然下令,他们应该因为自己在此事中的所作所为受到严厉斥责：因此严厉命令在将来,任何受委任的军官或士兵不能以任何借口干预执行官逮捕的公务；如果发现有违抗此令的人就被视为有罪,应该受到最严厉的征罚。这个命令应该立即在各护卫队宣读,任何人不能忽视”。John Wade,Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures Vol.1，London：Henry G.Bohn，York Street，Covent Garden 1850.p240.
1 John Wade， Junius:Including Letters bv The Same Writer Under Other Signatures.Vol.1,p440.
2 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p301.
3 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p345.
4 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p431.
5 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p312.
6 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p313.
1 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p328.
2 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p330.
3 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p331.
4此处仅举两例：“被抓现行,就是一个小偷带着被偷的东西在他手上,这被叫做flagrante delicto根据法律,这种罪犯不能被保释。”——雅各布：“根据威斯敏斯特法案,那些被抓现行的人不享受被保释的权益”——霍金斯，等等。Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p331.
5 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p332.
6 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,p349.
1 Junius.Junius. Vol.1， p5.
2 Junius. Junius.Vol.1，p85.
3 Sedgwick Romney Jhe Letters of Junius.History Today,No.6,1969.p398.
4 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vol. 1,p254.
5 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vol.1,p251.
6 Junius. Junius, Vol.2,p21.
1 Junius, Junius, Vol.1,p76.
2 Junius, Junius, Vol.1,p63.
3 John Wade,Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vol. 1,p274.
4 John Wade,Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures, Vol. 1,p274.
5 Junius. Junins,Vol.2.p62.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p84.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p84.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p84.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p88.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p78.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p183.
7 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,.p58.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p68.
2 Junius. Junius,Vol.2,p60.
3当英国与西班牙在福兰克群岛的归属问题上发生争端.双方剑拔弩张时,英国发现自己的海军情况很糟糕。在整顿海军时,人们发现海军缺少造船用的木料。国王授权总检察长在英国所有狩猎地和森林中寻找最适合造船的木料。最后,他发现最合适海军使用的木料是在Whittlebury森林,而格拉夫顿公爵正是此处的世袭护林官。根据总检察长的报告,财政部发布总授权令,授权调查员或其代理人可以出于上述目的(为海军造船所用)砍伐Whittlebury森林中的树木。授权令签署后,总检察长派其下属执行命令。但格拉夫顿以代理人未承受随身带授权令状为由惩罚他,并无理地坚持认为这名官 应该免职。在因未带授权令状就行动免除检察长的副手之后,格拉夫顿抨击授权令状本身,宣布令状非法；并认为此令状永远都不能执行,原理由是Whittlebury森林的护林权以及木材所有权是查理二世授予护林官的。而朱尼厄斯则考察原始转让证书后,指出在转让书中有特殊规定,即：将木材的所有权保留为竽家所用。格拉夫顿无视此证据,违抗海军部的正式决议。结果,财政部大臣们被迫召回授权令；代理检查员遭惩罚。见《朱尼厄斯书信集》第57封公开信
4 Junius. Junius,Vol.2,p256.
5 Junius. Junius,Vol.2,p248.
6 Junius. Junius,Vol.2,p64.
7 Junius, Junius,Vol.1,p87.
8 Sedgwick Romney,The Letters of Junius, History Today.No.6, 1969,p400.
Junius. Junius,Vol.2,p30.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p33.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p33.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p33.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,pp33-34.
5 Junius, Junius.Vol.2,p34.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p34.
'Junius. Junius,Vol.2,p55.
8朱尼厄圻指是：1768年11月8日,在国王的演说中正式宣布：“爆发的内讧精神在一些殖民地中又再生 了,在其中之一,出现侵犯和抵抗法律执行的行为；波士顿不服从政府所有的法律,并发展出对宪法的破坏性措施,想要摆脱对大小列颠的依赖”。Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,pp43-44.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p35.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,pp35-36.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p38.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p38.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,pp40-41.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p52.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p49.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p49.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p42.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p42.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p42.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p42.
7 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p45.
8 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p45.
理9指查一世1641年访问苏格兰,想要向那里的国民做出让步,想要团结他们反对英格兰人。
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p47
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p48.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p49.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,PP38-39.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p32.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p32.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p53.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p33.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p40.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p54.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p42.
7 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p30.
8 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,pp55-56.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p116.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p116.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p117.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p116.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,D116,
6 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p117.
7 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,PP125-126.
8曼斯匪德认为：言论是否具有诽谤性由大法官和法庭来决定,而陪审团只需要确定被告是否发表过这样的言论即可,但在其他的案子中,曼斯菲尔德认同陪审团的权力。
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p121.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p124.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p124.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p123.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,pp119-120.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p127.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p127.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,pp128-129.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p130.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p131.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,pp30-31.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p28.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p29.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p30.
5有人也指出：威廉姆.德雷珀在一封信中说名自己情况时.无意中让自己的敌手获得了不利于自己的事实。如果他没有向敌手暴露那个关键秘密——这个关键秘密——这个声名狼藉的秘密让他变得无比可憎,如果没有它,他可能会体面而优雅地退出这场争论"John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures Vol.1.London:Henry G.Bohn,York Street,Covent Garden 1850,p121.
6 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p31.
7 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p44.
1 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,pp31-32.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,pp41-42.
1 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures, Vol.1, p130.
2 R.L.Haig,The Gazeller; 1735-97:a study in the eighteenth-century Einlish newspaper,p.79.转引自 John Cannon，The Letters of Junius，p 15.
3 Hannah Barker Newspapers，Politics and English Society,1695——1855,p47.
John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,pp15-16.
5 Junius, Junius,Vol. 2,p192.
1 John Cannon，The Letters ofJunius,p28.
2 John Cannon，The Letters ofJunius,p15.
3 Letters of Junius, The Library Quarterly,Vol.s1-3, No.1, 1891,p86.
4 Letters of Junius. Spectator,1963:Apr,19, p.486.
5 Bohn's Edition of Junius (Book Review), Spectator.1850:Oct.26, p1022.
6 Public Advertiser:22 April 1769.转引自 John Cannon，The Letters of Junius, p16.
1 John Cannon.The Letters of Junius,p17.
2 John Wade，Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures Vol. 1,p168.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol. 1,p2.
4 John Cannon.The Letters of Junius,p23.
5 John Cannon.The Letters of Junius,p21.
1 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures, Vol. 1, p191.
2 John Wade. Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vool. 1,p153.
3 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vool. 1, p168.
4 Letters of Junius, Spectator,1963:Apr.19, p.486.
5 Letters of Junius. Spectator,1963:Apr.19, p.486.
6 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vool. 1, p88.
1 Vincent Price著,邵志择,《传播概念Public Opinion 》,上海：复旦大学出版社,2009年,第41页。
2 John Cannon，The Letters ofJunius,p23.
Hannah Barker ， Sewspapers.Politics，and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England， p40.
Hannah Barker, Newspapers.Politics，and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England,p39.
1 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures.Vol. 1,p279.
2 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,p72.
3 Junius, Junius,Vol.2,pp72-73.
4 Junius, Junius,Vol.2，p73.
1 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures.Vol. 1,p281.
2 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures.Vol. 1,p281.
3 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures.Vol. 1,p281.
4 Sedgwick. Romney， The Letters ofJunius. History Today,1969:June，p404.
1 Bohn's Edition of Junius (Book Review), Spectator,1850:Oct.26,p1022.
1 Bob Clarke,From Grub Street to Fleet Street:An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899,p165.
3 Bohn's Edition of Junius (Book Review), Spectator,1850:Oct.26,p1022.
4 Bohn's Edition of Junius (Book Review), Spectator,1850:Oct.26,p1022.
5 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius. Oxford University Press.n28.
6 Letters of Junius, Spectator,1963:Apr. 19,p486.
7[德]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,第71页。
8 John Cannon,The Letters ofJunius,p21.
9[德]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,第72页。
1 Fredrick Seaton Siebert, Freedom of The Press in England 1476-1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control,p380.
2 Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of The Press in England 1476-1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control,p381.
3 Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of The Press in England 1476-1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control,1965,p384.
4在此案中,大法官曼斯菲尔德提出以下理论：起诉某人犯有恶意煽动诽谤罪需要提供证据,而指控出版物中的内容具有恶意煽动诽谤性则不需要证据,出版物中的内容是否具有煽动诽谤性这个问题只需法官在法律上做出推理即可。陪审团仅需要考虑两点：其一,出版物印刷出版属实；其二,出版物中含有特定内容(大法官所认定的具有煽动诽谤性质的内容)的事实即可,至于这份报纸中是否包含有违犯法律的内容,那是大法官在审判时需要考虑的事情,小需陪审团介入。John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures,Vol.1,p471.
5曼斯菲尔德承认在普通罪的审判中,陪审团有权裁定案犯是否有罪,但在煽动诽谤案中,陪审团不能胜任裁决的职责,只需听从法官指令行事即可。
6转引自John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures, Vol. 1,p278.
John Wade, Junius:including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures, Vol. 1.p473.
1 Junius, Junius, Vol.2,pp154-155.
2 Watson, John Steven, The Reign of George Ⅲ,1760-1815,p142.
3哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域的结构转型》,第72页。
4哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译：《公共领域结构转型》,第72-73页
1 John Cannon,The Letters ofJunius.p393.
1尼古拉斯·菲利普森、昆廷·斯金纳主编,潘兴明、周保巍等译,《近代英国政治话语》,上海：华东师范大学出版社,2005年版,第6页
2尼古拉斯·菲利普森、昆廷·斯金纳主编,潘兴明、周保巍等译,《近代英国政治话语》,第7页。
3 John Cannon.The Letters of Junius,p376.
1 John Cannon,The Letters of Junius,p22.
2 John Cannon,The Letters ofJunius,p20.
3 John Cannon.The Letters of Junius,p393.
1 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures.Vol.1,p471.
2 John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures.Vol.1,p263.
3 Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of The Press in England 1476-1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control,1965.p389.
[1][英]尼古拉斯·菲利普森、昆廷·斯金纳主编,潘兴明、周保巍等译,《近代英国政治话语》,上海：华东师范大学出版社,2005年12月版。
[2][德]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东等译,《公共领域的结构转型》,上海：学林出版社,1999年版。
[3]王觉非主编,《英国政治经济和社会现代化》,南京：南京大学出版社1989年版。
[4]沈固朝,《欧洲书报检查制度的兴衰》,南京：南京大学出版社,1999年9月版。
[5]李磊,《外国新闻史教程》,北京：中国传媒大学出版社,2008年版。
[6]吴伟,《格拉布街——英国新闻事业往事》,北京：北京大学出版社,2010年版。
[7]陈祖洲,《通向自由之路：英国自由主义发展史研究》,南京：南京大学出版社,2012年1月版。
[8]辜燮高等选译,《一六八九-一八一五年的英国(下册)》,北京：商务印书馆,1997年版。
[9]张允诺编,《外国新闻事业史教程》,北京：高等教育出版社2003年版。
[10]阎照祥,《英国政治制度史》,北京：人民出版社,2012年版。
[11]阎照祥,《英国史》,北京：人民出版社,2004年版。
[12]王觉非,《近代英国史》,南京：南京大学出版社,1997年版。
[13]Vincent Price著,邵志择译,《传播概念Public Opinion》,上海：复旦大学出版社,2009年版。
[14][英]阿萨·勃里格斯著,陈叔平、刘城等译,《英国社会史》,北京：中国人民大学出版社,1991年版。
[15]吴小坤,《近代英国表达自由思想的形成》,上海：上海大学,2010年。
[16]张妤坟,《第四等级——一个关于英国报刊观念的历史》,上海：复旦大学,2010年
[17]彭桂兵,《“明显而即刻的危险”原则的危险”原则的历史考察》,《国际新闻界》,2012年3月。
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[2]John Wade, Junius:Including Letters by The Same Writer Under Other Signatures Vol.1,London:Henry G.Bohn,York Street,Covent Garden 1850.
[3]John Cannon,The Letters of Junius, Oxford University Press, 1978.
[4]Fredrick Seaton Siebert, Freedom of The Press in England 1476-1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Control,University of Illinois,1965.
[5]Bob Clarke,From Grub Street to Fleet Street:An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899,Ashgate,2004.
[6]Hannah Barker,Newspapers,Politics and English Society,1695——1855,Longman,2000.
[7]Watson, John Steven,The Reign of George III,1760-1815, Oxford:Clarendon Press,1960.
[8]Hannah Barker, Newspapers,Politics,and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England, Oxford:Clarendon Press 1998
[9]Prter D.G.Thomas John Wilkes A Friend to Libery，Oxford:Clarendon Press 1996
[10]John Mullan and Christopher Reid edited,Eighteenth-Century Popular Culture:A Selection,Oxford:Oxford University Press 2002
[11]George F.E.Rude, Wilkes and Liberty:a Social Study of 1763-1774[M],Oxford:Oxford University Press,1965.
[12]Arthur H. Cash,John Wilkes:The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty,Yale University Press, 2006.
[13]Sedgwick, Romney, The Letters ofJunius, History Today, 1969:June.
[14]The Political Magazine,for January,1787.
[15]David McCracken,Junius and His Works:A History of the Letters ofJunius and the 4、 Authorship Controversy,Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol.20, No.4 (Summer,1987), The Johns Hopkins University Press.
[16]Junius's Letters,Supposed Authors,Notes and Queries, Vol.sl-Ⅺ,1855.
[17]Spectator,1873:Feb.15.
[18]Junius,Academy,Vol.00001,1869.
[19]The Handwriting of "Junius" (Book Review), Spectator,1871:May 27.
[20]A. L. McLeod,Alvar Ellegard,Who was Junius?, Vol.37, No.3 (Summer,1963), Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma.
[21]Junius Not Discovered,Spectator Vol.7, No.293,1834.
[22]Junius Discovered by Frederic Griffin,The North American Review, Vol.79, No.164,July, 1854.
[23]Junius'Letter to Wilkes,Notes and Queries,Vol.s2-,Ⅵ，858.
[24]Authorship of Junius,The North American Review, Vol.34, No.75 (Apr.,1832).
[25]The Letters of Junius,Notes and Queries,Vol.s9-Ⅱ,1898.
[26]Junius's Letters,Supposed Authors,Notes and Queries, vol.sl-Ⅺ,1855.
[27]Spectator,1873:Feb.15.
[28]The Handwriting of "Junius " (Book Review), Spectator,1871:May 27.
[29]Bohn's Edition ofJunius (Book Review), Spectator,1850:Oct.26.
[30]Letters ofJunius, The Library Quarterly Vol.sl-3, No.1,1891.
[31]Letters ofJunius, Spectator,1963.Apr.19.
[32]Confession of the authorship ofJunis's Letters,-Notes and Queries, Vol:s2-Ⅰ, No.3,1856.
[33]The Letters of Junius, Notes and Queries, Vol:s9-Ⅱ,No.43,1898.
[34]C. W. Everett,The Letters ofJunius(Book Review),Spectator,No.5198,1928.
[35]Lord Chief Justice Cockburn and the Letters ofJunius,Notes and Queries, Vol:CLX, No.jan10,1931.
[36]Letters ofJunius,The Library,Vol.s1-3,No.1,1891.
[37]Heron's Junius's Letters, Notes and Queries,Vol.sl-Ⅵ,No.158,1852