美国电视“融合新闻”运作研究
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摘要
世界范围内,对媒介融合和“融合新闻”的研究由来已久,但直到上世纪初,美国才将其付诸实践。对电视从业者来说,媒介融合是基于数字化技术的不同媒介之间的资源共享,是电视媒体获得市场竞争力的一种有效策略,而“融合新闻”是媒介融合时代下,电视媒介进行跨平台相互合作,向目标受众进行新闻传播的一种创新性的新闻报道模式。在我国,网络电视、移动电视等新媒体纷纷出现,传统电视媒体霸主地位发生动摇,传统媒体必须与新媒体合作,积极发展“融合新闻”,才能在竞争中寻求“共赢”。
本文以媒介融合大趋势为研究背景,从美国论坛公司、培乐集团等媒体公司“融合新闻”实践案例入手,系统探讨“融合新闻”出现的必然性和可能性,以及它从出现到现在的发展脉络和路径。总体来看,美国电视“融合新闻”有以下特色:传播主体联盟,“公民记者”参与;终端多样化,平台实现互通;共享新闻程度日趋加强;受众细分化明显。不同媒体机构在推行融合新闻方面则各有侧重。论坛公司利用新闻共享实现无缝传播,媒介综合集团从沟通方式、业务流程等全方位实施融合,培乐集团另辟蹊径,用数字化技术创新开启融合之路。
尽管美国“融合新闻”实践仍处在探索阶段,并显示出由于市场变动等因素的影响,融合也可能遇到陷阱,但美国电视“融合新闻”的经验和教训对刚刚起步的国内“融合新闻”改革仍具参考价值。
Around the world, the research to media convergence and convergent journalism is profound and lasting. However, until the last century, America put it into practice. For the television men, media convergence is resource sharing among different media, which is based on the digitizing technique, and is effective policies that get television enhance its market competitiveness. Moreover, convergent journalism is that television carries out the cross-media cooperation in the media convergence age and an innovative press reporting mode which is to the target audience. In our country, there are springing up many new media, so that the television has to end its long-standing dominance. The traditional media should cooperate with new media and develop convergent journalism, which could build a win-win situation in the violent competition.
In the convergence trend between new and rational media, this paper will base on the practices of convergent journalism in America media group, such as Tribune Company and Belo Corporation. And then it will talk about the inevitabilities and possibilities of the occurrence of convergent journalism, and the developing direction from its start to now. On the whole, the America convergent journalism has these features, such as report team, civil journalist, multi-media equipment, interconnected platform, and audience sectionalizing. However, different organizations focus on various points. Tribune Company makes seamless communication from news sharing, while Media General presents a rounded cooperation and Belo Corporation carries out convergent journalism from the innovation of digitizing technique.
Although America convergent journalism is still in the exploratory stage and it will run into snare with the mobility of market, it is still worthy studying when our country’s convergent journalism is still on the threshold.
本文以媒介融合大趋势为研究背景,从美国论坛公司、培乐集团等媒体公司“融合新闻”实践案例入手,系统探讨“融合新闻”出现的必然性和可能性,以及它从出现到现在的发展脉络和路径。总体来看,美国电视“融合新闻”有以下特色:传播主体联盟,“公民记者”参与;终端多样化,平台实现互通;共享新闻程度日趋加强;受众细分化明显。不同媒体机构在推行融合新闻方面则各有侧重。论坛公司利用新闻共享实现无缝传播,媒介综合集团从沟通方式、业务流程等全方位实施融合,培乐集团另辟蹊径,用数字化技术创新开启融合之路。
尽管美国“融合新闻”实践仍处在探索阶段,并显示出由于市场变动等因素的影响,融合也可能遇到陷阱,但美国电视“融合新闻”的经验和教训对刚刚起步的国内“融合新闻”改革仍具参考价值。
Around the world, the research to media convergence and convergent journalism is profound and lasting. However, until the last century, America put it into practice. For the television men, media convergence is resource sharing among different media, which is based on the digitizing technique, and is effective policies that get television enhance its market competitiveness. Moreover, convergent journalism is that television carries out the cross-media cooperation in the media convergence age and an innovative press reporting mode which is to the target audience. In our country, there are springing up many new media, so that the television has to end its long-standing dominance. The traditional media should cooperate with new media and develop convergent journalism, which could build a win-win situation in the violent competition.
In the convergence trend between new and rational media, this paper will base on the practices of convergent journalism in America media group, such as Tribune Company and Belo Corporation. And then it will talk about the inevitabilities and possibilities of the occurrence of convergent journalism, and the developing direction from its start to now. On the whole, the America convergent journalism has these features, such as report team, civil journalist, multi-media equipment, interconnected platform, and audience sectionalizing. However, different organizations focus on various points. Tribune Company makes seamless communication from news sharing, while Media General presents a rounded cooperation and Belo Corporation carries out convergent journalism from the innovation of digitizing technique.
Although America convergent journalism is still in the exploratory stage and it will run into snare with the mobility of market, it is still worthy studying when our country’s convergent journalism is still on the threshold.
引文
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2郑瑜.媒介融合:新媒体时代的发展观.当代传播,2007(3),卷首语。
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1宋昭勋.新闻传播学中convergence一词溯源及内涵.现代传播,2006(1),第35页
2蔡雯.从“超级记者”到“超级团队”—西方媒体“融合新闻”的实践和理论.中国记者,2007(1)
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2 Applegren, E.“Convergence and Divergence in Media: Different Perspectives”, in Elpub2004– 8th International Conference on Electronic Publishing: Brasilia, 2004
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3周堃.媒介融合背景下“融合新闻”探微.中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库.大连理工大学图书馆,2008
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1周堃.媒介融合背景下“融合新闻”探微.中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库.大连理工大学图书馆,2008
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2同上
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3同上
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3蔡雯.媒介大汇流下的“融合新闻”.传媒观察,2006,5(10):第28一30页
1宋昭勋.新闻传播学中convergence一词溯源及内涵.现代传播,2006(1),第35页
2蔡雯.从“超级记者”到“超级团队”—西方媒体“融合新闻”的实践和理论.中国记者,2007(1)
3蔡雯.“融合新闻”:应用新闻学研究的新视野.淮海工学院学报,2007(9),第68页
1 Rich Gordon, The Meaning and Implication of convergence In Kawamoto, K, Ed. Digital Journalism: Emerging Media and the changing Horizons of Journalism, New York: ILowman & Litdefield, 2003, P57-73.
1 Rich Gordon, The Meaning and Implication of Convergence In Kawamoto, K, Ed. Digital Journalism: Emerging Media and the changing Horizons of Journalism, New York: ILowman & Litdefield, 2003, P57-73.
2 Applegren, E.“Convergence and Divergence in Media: Different Perspectives”, in Elpub2004– 8th International Conference on Electronic Publishing: Brasilia, 2004
1 Stephen Quinn, Vincent F. Filak(著).媒介融合——跨媒体的写作和制作.任锦鸾(译).北京:第一版人民邮电出版社, 2009,第2-4页。
2 Rich Gordon, The Meaning and Implication of Convergence In Kawamoto, K, Ed. Digital Journalism: Emerging Media and the changing Horizons of Journalism, New York: ILowman & Litdefield, 2003, P57-73.
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1刘婧一.应对媒介融合——新环境下的电视节目营销.第一版.中国传媒大学出版社,2008
2 Stephen Quinn, Vincent F. Filak(著).媒介融合——跨媒体的写作和制作.任锦鸾(译).北京:第一版人民邮电出版社, 2009
3喻国明.传媒变革力——传媒转型的行动路线图.第一版.南方日报出版社,2009,第3-5页
1周堃.媒介融合背景下“融合新闻”探微.中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库.大连理工大学图书馆,2008
2 John Morton. The Emergence of Convergence, Journalism and New Media. American Journalism Review 22, January 2000
1喻国明,戴元初.媒介融合情境下的竞争之道——对美国电视的新竞争策略的观察与分析.新闻与写作,2008(2)
1 Ivan John Erdal. Researching Media Convergence and Cross-media News Production. Nordicom Review, February 2007
2刘婧一.应对媒介融合——新环境下的电视节目营销.第一版.中国传媒大学出版社,2008,第36页
1 http://mediaconvergence.org/blog/?cat=6
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3张颖.别让公民记者变成公民狗仔.新闻爱好者,2010(01) .
1吴小坤,吴信训.世界传媒产业评论(第3辑)——美国新媒介产业.第一版.国国际广播出版社,2009,第141页
2同上
1Pool, I. S. (1983). Technologies of Freedom. Cambridge, Mass. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 27-28.
1 Stephen Quinn , Deirdre Quinn-Allan. The World-wide Spread of Journalism Convergence. School of Communication and Creative Arts, Deakin University Refereed paper presented to the Journalism Education Conference, Griffith University, 29 November– 2 December 2005
1刘婧一.应对媒介融合——新环境下的电视节目营销.第一版.中国传媒大学出版社,2008
2宋伟林.互动模式:提升电视节目竞争力的策略.中国广播电视学刊,2009(8)
1 Stephen Quinn, Vincent F. Filak(著).媒介融合——跨媒体的写作和制作.任锦鸾(译).北京:第一版人民邮电出版社, 2009
2刘婧一.应对媒介融合——新环境下的电视节目营销.第一版.中国传媒大学出版社,2008
1刘国良.从共享到融合——来自美国论坛公司的案例.中国记者,2007(9)
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2 John Morton. The Emergence of Convergence, Journalism and New Media. American Journalism Review 22, January 2000
1 Laura K., & Tanner, Andrea H. Convergence Concerns in Local Television: Conflicting Views from the Newsroom. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, December 2007
2 Gracie Lawson Borders, PhD. Media Organization and Convergence: Case Studies of Media Convergence Pioneer. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006
3同上
1 Poynter Online - The Tampa Model of Convergence
2 Gracie Lawson Borders, PhD. Media Organization and Convergence: Case Studies of Media Convergence Pioneer. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006
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1 Amanda L.Welch. Multimedia and Interactive Components in Converged Media. University of South Florida: School of Mass communications College of Arts and Science, 2004
1 Dailey, L. Demo.et.al. The Convergence Continuum: A Model for Studying Collaboration between Media Newsrooms. Atlantlc Journal of Communication, 2005, VOL13-3
2 Gracie Lawson Borders, PhD. Media Organization and Convergence: Case Studies of Media Convergence Pioneer. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006
1 Stephen Quinn, Vincent F. Filak(著).媒介融合——跨媒体的写作和制作.任锦鸾(译).北京:第一版人民邮电出版社, 2009
1喻国明.传媒变革力——传媒转型的行动路线图.第一版.南方日报出版社,2009
1胡芳.媒介融合环境考验新闻传播变革与人才培养.中国广播电视学刊,2009(5)
1周堃.媒介融合背景下“融合新闻”探微.中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库.大连理工大学图书馆,2008
2陈卓.融合新闻实践的有益尝试——佛山传媒集团2008年美国大选报道策划始末.今传媒,2009(2)
1马莉,邓为.传媒融合互动的趋势及思考.新闻前哨,2004,17(6),第11-13页
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