微型Offner成像光谱仪和光谱数据处理
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摘要
成像光谱技术是成像技术和光谱技术的结合,能够同时获取探测目标的空间信息和光谱信息,经过处理后可以转换得到包含二维空间信息和一维光谱信息的三维数据立方体,目前已被广泛应用于卫星遥感、林业、地质、海洋、医药、生产制造、生态学和军事等领域。
本文基于国家高科技研究发展计划(863计划)“基于国产旋翼无人机的农业低空高光谱遥感技术”,提出了适用于惊细农业应用的成像光谱仪设计技术指标,介绍了微型Offner成像光谱仪系统和光谱仪数据信息系统,完成了仪器实验室测试和噪声分析改善工作,并开展了低空无人机遥感飞行实验。光谱仪结构包括前置光学系统、入射狭缝、Offner结构分光系统和图像采集传感器四个部分；配套了功能完善配套的数据信息系统,完成了成像光谱数据采集与处理的一系列功能,其中数抓采集和存储系统满足了传输速度高、海量数据和轻量化设计的要求；配合仪器推扫式工作原理,图像处理软件提供系统响应补偿、图像拼接、图像存储和图谱显示的功能,满足了仪器调试和不同使用条件下的需要。
整体设计安装完成之后,在实验室内对微型Offner成像光谱仪进行了波长定标、辐射定标,以及光谱分辨率和空间分辨率的测试,并对Hg空心阴极元素灯光谱的空间分布进行了测量,结果证明光谱仪达到了设计要求。为了对光谱仪进行准确的噪声性能评估,采用一种普遍适用于色散型成像光谱仪的信噪比计算方法——等效电子法,得到了仪器的信噪比理论计算公式。微型Offner成像光谱仪内的噪声可以分为时域噪声和空域噪声，这两部分噪声是不相关,系统的总噪声功率等于两类噪声的均方和,详细分析了光谱仪的各噪声模型,对光谱仪图像传感器关键性能参数进行了测量,并通过积分球辐射定标实验验证了信噪比模型的可行性。通过成像光谱数据噪声改善,提升了仪器的噪声性能,结合实验结果给出改善前后的对比。
文章最后介绍了微型Offner成像光谱仪低空无人机遥感实验的总体情况,依次给出了在旋翼无人机和固定翼无人机上获取的成像光潜数据结果,分析了飞行平台稳定性对光谱仪成像质量的影响；通过对比国内外高精度的位置和姿态测量系统,提出了获得高清晰光谱图像需要的改进方向。
The spectral imaging technology, by combining the imaging and spectroscopy technologies, can provide both spatial and spectral information of objects simultaneously. Through data processing, the acquired data can be constructed to a three-dimensional data cube which contains two-dimensional spatial information and one-dimensional spectral information. This technology has been widely used in satellite remote sensing, forestry, geology, oceanography, medicine, manufacturing, ecology and military, etc.
In this paper, technical specifications for imaging spectrometer are figured out according to the application requirements of precision agriculture. Then a compact Offner imaging spectrometer and its information system is developed. The calibration, test, noise analysis, noise improvement and unmanned aerial vehicles remote sensing experiments are also performed. The imaging spectrometer consists of four parts: imaging optical system, entrance slit, Offner-type optical system with a convex grating and image sensor. The software is developed for spectrometer control, data acquisition and data processing. The data acquisition and storage software has the characteristics of high speed transmition and storage of massive data. Besides, the software provides the function of system response compensation, image stacking and display.
After the Offner imaging spectrometer is finished the optical commissioning, its performance evaluation, wavelength calibration and radiometric calibration are performed in the laboratory. The results show that the spectrometer satisfies the design requirements. Then the spatial distribution of Hg hollow cathode lamp is measured. An equivalent electron method is applied in order to estimate the SNR precisely, and the theoretical SNR is obtained. Overall noise in the Offner imaging spectrometer consist of noise in the time domain and noise in the spatial domain, they are irrelevant to each other, the total noise powrer of system is equal to mean root of time domain noise and spatial domain noise. The various noise models are analyzed and the key parameters of image sensor are tested. The SNR calculation result is verified by the radiometric calibration experiment. The SNR can be improved by data denoise processing, which can be tested by experiment results.
The spectrometer is tested by the unmanned aerial vehicles for remote sensing experiment. The results on the helicopter and fixed-wing UAV are given. The influence of stability of UAV to image quality is analyzed. The spectral image improvement for a clearer image is proposed.
本文基于国家高科技研究发展计划(863计划)“基于国产旋翼无人机的农业低空高光谱遥感技术”,提出了适用于惊细农业应用的成像光谱仪设计技术指标,介绍了微型Offner成像光谱仪系统和光谱仪数据信息系统,完成了仪器实验室测试和噪声分析改善工作,并开展了低空无人机遥感飞行实验。光谱仪结构包括前置光学系统、入射狭缝、Offner结构分光系统和图像采集传感器四个部分；配套了功能完善配套的数据信息系统,完成了成像光谱数据采集与处理的一系列功能,其中数抓采集和存储系统满足了传输速度高、海量数据和轻量化设计的要求；配合仪器推扫式工作原理,图像处理软件提供系统响应补偿、图像拼接、图像存储和图谱显示的功能,满足了仪器调试和不同使用条件下的需要。
整体设计安装完成之后,在实验室内对微型Offner成像光谱仪进行了波长定标、辐射定标,以及光谱分辨率和空间分辨率的测试,并对Hg空心阴极元素灯光谱的空间分布进行了测量,结果证明光谱仪达到了设计要求。为了对光谱仪进行准确的噪声性能评估,采用一种普遍适用于色散型成像光谱仪的信噪比计算方法——等效电子法,得到了仪器的信噪比理论计算公式。微型Offner成像光谱仪内的噪声可以分为时域噪声和空域噪声，这两部分噪声是不相关,系统的总噪声功率等于两类噪声的均方和,详细分析了光谱仪的各噪声模型,对光谱仪图像传感器关键性能参数进行了测量,并通过积分球辐射定标实验验证了信噪比模型的可行性。通过成像光谱数据噪声改善,提升了仪器的噪声性能,结合实验结果给出改善前后的对比。
文章最后介绍了微型Offner成像光谱仪低空无人机遥感实验的总体情况,依次给出了在旋翼无人机和固定翼无人机上获取的成像光潜数据结果,分析了飞行平台稳定性对光谱仪成像质量的影响；通过对比国内外高精度的位置和姿态测量系统,提出了获得高清晰光谱图像需要的改进方向。
The spectral imaging technology, by combining the imaging and spectroscopy technologies, can provide both spatial and spectral information of objects simultaneously. Through data processing, the acquired data can be constructed to a three-dimensional data cube which contains two-dimensional spatial information and one-dimensional spectral information. This technology has been widely used in satellite remote sensing, forestry, geology, oceanography, medicine, manufacturing, ecology and military, etc.
In this paper, technical specifications for imaging spectrometer are figured out according to the application requirements of precision agriculture. Then a compact Offner imaging spectrometer and its information system is developed. The calibration, test, noise analysis, noise improvement and unmanned aerial vehicles remote sensing experiments are also performed. The imaging spectrometer consists of four parts: imaging optical system, entrance slit, Offner-type optical system with a convex grating and image sensor. The software is developed for spectrometer control, data acquisition and data processing. The data acquisition and storage software has the characteristics of high speed transmition and storage of massive data. Besides, the software provides the function of system response compensation, image stacking and display.
After the Offner imaging spectrometer is finished the optical commissioning, its performance evaluation, wavelength calibration and radiometric calibration are performed in the laboratory. The results show that the spectrometer satisfies the design requirements. Then the spatial distribution of Hg hollow cathode lamp is measured. An equivalent electron method is applied in order to estimate the SNR precisely, and the theoretical SNR is obtained. Overall noise in the Offner imaging spectrometer consist of noise in the time domain and noise in the spatial domain, they are irrelevant to each other, the total noise powrer of system is equal to mean root of time domain noise and spatial domain noise. The various noise models are analyzed and the key parameters of image sensor are tested. The SNR calculation result is verified by the radiometric calibration experiment. The SNR can be improved by data denoise processing, which can be tested by experiment results.
The spectrometer is tested by the unmanned aerial vehicles for remote sensing experiment. The results on the helicopter and fixed-wing UAV are given. The influence of stability of UAV to image quality is analyzed. The spectral image improvement for a clearer image is proposed.
引文
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