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中学体育教师职业认同研究
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摘要
教师职业认同为教师对自己身为教师整体的概念,即教师在个人与社会的持续活动中形成的对于教师职业的价值、情感、能力、投入等方面总体的看法。是指个人对所从事的职业从内心里认为它有价值、有意义,并能够从中找到乐趣,是教师自我成长的内动力。它既指一种过程,又是一种状态,决定着教师的教学态度和教学行为。
     伴随着我国素质教育的逐步推进,学校体育工作越来越受到各方的关注,人们对体育课程改革赋予了很高的关注与期望,对体育教师的发展也提出了更高的要求。而体育教师的发展需要在外在条件和制度保障上进一步加强,更需要激发体育教师内在的发展愿望和自我意识。只有让体育教师在教育实践中体味、探求、反思自己的职责和意义,才能为其发展和我国体育课程改革的顺利推进提供保障。
     在对国内外教师职业认同研究成果现状进行梳理和分析的基础上,结合我国基础教育改革和体育教师教育发展的现状,遵循混合研究的设计,将理论研究、调查研究和实地研究的结果相互支持、相互验证,通过对职业认同的系统研究和反思,探寻中学体育教师职业认同的结构、特征与形成过程,对于体育教师的专业素质的提高和我国教育改革的深入,有着积极的理论意义与参考价值。
     研究分为三个部分,分别围绕《中学体育教师职业认同量表》的编制、不同群体中学体育教师职业认同差异的分析和不同职业生涯的四位教师的生命史访谈展开。综合本研究的成果,得出如下结论:
     1.中学体育教师的职业认同是一个由价值认同、情感认同、能力认同、持续认同和投入认同5个因子构成的多维度结构;中学体育教师职业认同的总体水平较高,但在5个因子水平上并不均衡,其中价值认同因子上得分最高,持续认同因子上得分最低。
     2.本研究编制的《中学体育教师职业认同量表》具有较好的信度和效度,可以作为测量中学体育教师职业认同的工具。
     3.处于职业生涯的不同阶段(年龄、教龄、职称)的中学体育教师,其职业认同的整体水平无显著差异,但是其内部结构要素和关注重点均不同,呈现出职业认同的阶段性特征。在适应期,情感认同高,能力认同、持续认同低,关注体育知识和技能的掌握和工作环境的适应上;在发展期,职业认同个维度均获得了一定的发展,关注教与学的过程,对知识和技能提出了更高的要求;在成熟期,投入认同和情感认同出现波动,更加关注教育理念的更新和对学生发展的影响;在专家期,职业认同的内部强度不仅高而且均衡,关注学生发展与教育理念的结合,追求个人、团队和国家事业发展的统一。
     4.不同性别中学体育教师在职业认同程度上不存在显著性差异,说明在学校文化中更倾向于用“体育教师”而不是“女教师”来定位女体育教师,也反映了体育教师培养过程和工作环境的特征;不同收入的中学体育教师在职业认同程度上不存在显著性差异,体育教师对其所在学校“工资公平性不足”现象更为关注,反映了体育教师对教师价值不公平的态度;不同授课对象(高中、初中)的体育教师职业认同也不存在显著性差异;学历不同、学校所在地(城市、乡村)不同的中学体育教师职业认同之间存在着显著差异,说明教育背景和工作环境也是中学体育教师的职业认同的影响因素。
     5.中学体育教师职业认同的建构是从主体生活世界出发,并非本质化的角色采用。体育教师的职业生涯也是他们如何努力“活出自己”,“描绘自己”的经历。教师在不同场域、不同阶段都在关心“我是谁?”的问题,通过“我是如何成为一名体育教师?”“我是什么样的体育教师?”“面对学校行政和教学改革我该怎么办?”“我的未来是什么样?”展现其丰富的职业认同内涵。
     6.中学体育教师职业认同的来源很广,教师个人的特质、当学生时的体验、教师职前教育的经历、在教学实践中的反思、生命发展的体验、教学环境的感知都是职业认同的重要来源。多元的认同来源造成了体育教师职业认同的差异,甚至产生职业认同的冲突。
     7.关键事件对中学体育教师的职业认同发展有重要影响。它隐含了教师在经历关键事件时的自我职业形象和自我职业认同的抉择。能否成为关键事件并不取决于事件本身,而在于由其所引起的教师对自己过去职业生涯的反思、对职业未来走向的选择以及在目前如何实施职业行为的决策过程。
     8.体育教师职业认同时能动作用的发挥遵循了“觉醒─反思─行动”的模式。在适应期,“顺服”为教师采取的暂时性策略,并能够对教学实践展开反思,几乎没有能动的行为;在发展期,教师已逐渐适应教学环境,反思能力增强,但行动还比较有限;在成熟期,教师能够遵循“觉醒─反思─行动”模式,能够在结构与能动之间转换;进入专家期,教师则能够灵活把握结构和能动的关系,发展其职业认同。
Professional identity of teachers is defined as the overall concept of teachers themselves as teachers, that is, teachers’general view of values, emotions, ability and investment in the teaching profession formed in the ongoing activities of the individual and society. It refers to the fact that the teacher finds the heart-felt value, meaning and pleasure in the career of the individual teacher. It is the motivation of teachers in self-growth. It is a process as well as a state of mind that determines the attitude of teachers and their teaching behavior.
     With the gradual advancement of our quality education, school physical education is gaining increasing attention. People show more concern about and have a high expectation of the curriculum reform in physical education, and they also have higher requirements on the development of physical education teachers. The development of physical education (PE) teachers requires better external conditions and further systemic assurance, and it is also necessary to stimulate teachers’desire for development and their aspirations and self-awareness. Only by allowing teachers to appreciate, explore, reflect on their responsibilities and value can we provide assurance for their development and the smooth progress of reform of sports reform programs.
     Based on the analysis of the current research on teachers’professional identity at home and abroad, with the combination of the current basic education reform and PE teachers’development status, this paper follows the design of mixing research, with theory research, survey research and field study results supporting each other with mutual authentication. Through the systematic study and reflection of professional identity, this paper explores the structure, characteristics and formation process of the professional identity of secondary school PE teachers, thereby it has a positive theoretical meaning and reference value in terms of the improvement of the quality of PE teachers and the deepening of education reform.
     This paper is divided into three parts, focusing on the compiling of“professional identity scale of middle school PE teacher”, the analysis of the differences in professional identity of different groups of middle school PE teachers, and interviews with four teachers with different career lives. Based on the comprehensive results of this study, this author reaches the following conclusions: 1. School PE teachers’professional identity is a multi-dimensional structure composed of five elements: identity of value, identity of emotion, identity of ability, identity of sustainment and identity of dedication. The overall level of professional identity of school PE teachers is fairly high, but the level of the five factors is not balanced, the value identity level being the highest, while sustainment identity level being the lowest.
     2. The“professional identity scale of middle school PE teacher”this research composed shows good reliability and validity, and it can be an efffective measurement for school PE teachers’professional identity.
     3. The overall level of professional identity of school PE teachers at different stages of career (age, seniority, title) shows little conspicuous differences, but elements of internal structure and their focuses are different, showing stage characteristics of their professional identity. In the adaptation stage, the identity of emotion is high, and the identity of ability and sustainment is low, and teachers are more concerned about subject knowledge and skills and their adaptation to the working environment; in the development stage, professional identity dimensions have received a certain amount of development, teachers pay much attention to the teaching and learning process, and have higher requirements of their knowledge and skills; at maturity stage, the dedication identity and emotional identity experience some fluctuation, teachers put more stress on updating their teaching concepts and their influence on students’development; in expert stage, the internal strength of teachers’professional identity is not only high but also balanced, and teachers are very concerned about the integration of student development with educational concept and about the pursuit of the unity of personal and team development with national development.
     4. There are no significant differences in gender identity of school PE teachers, which is not in conformity with others’researches. This means that school culture is more inclined to define female PE teachers as“physical education teachers”instead of“female teachers”, and it also reflects the training process of PE teachers and the characteristics of their working environment; school PE teachers with different income do not show significant differences in the degree of professional identity, and yet PE teachers are more concerned about the phenomenon of“unequal pay for equal work”in their schools, reflecting PE teachers’attitudes toward their unequal value; is there is no significant difference in the professional identity of PE teachers teaching different subjects (high school, junior high school); The differences of PE teachers’education, school locations (urban, rural) result in conspicuous difference of their professional identity.
     5. The construction of middle school PE teachers’professional identity is started from the individual’s living world, not the nature of adoption of the role. PE teachers’career life is how they live a real life and how they describe their life experiences. In different fields and at different stages, teachers are always concerned with the problem“Who am I?”and they display the rich connotation of professional identity by asking such questions as“How I became a sports teacher?”“What type of PE teacher am I?”“What should I do when faced with administrative and teaching reform in my school?”“What is my future?”.
     6. The source of middle school PE teachers’professional identity is very broad, including teachers’personal qualities, learning experience, pre-career education experience, reflection in teaching practice, the experience of life development, perception of the teaching environment and so on. The multiple sources of identity result in differences in PE teachers’professional identity, and even generate conflicts.
     7. Critical incidents which school PE teachers experience have an important influence on the development of professional identity. It implies the choice-making in terms of self professional image and self professional identity when experiencing a critical incident. Whether a critical incident can be critical does not depend on its own, but rather on the teachers’reflection of their professional knowledge structure they already have, their choice of future professional goal and the decision-making process of how to implement their professional actions.
     8. PE teachers play active roles in professional identity by following the“awakening-reflection-action”mode. During the adaptation period,“submission”provides teachers with a temporary strategy, and thus enables teachers to reflect on their teaching practice, almost with no voluntary behavior; in the development stage, teachers have gradually adapted to the teaching environment, and their ability to reflect is increased, but the action is still relatively limited; in the maturity stage, teachers can follow the“awakening-reflection-action”mode, being able to switch between the structure and voluntariness; in the expert stage, teachers flexibly grasp the relationship between the structure and voluntariness and develop their professional identity.
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