陇西黄土高原祖厉河流域分布式水文模拟研究
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摘要
作为生态系统物质循环与能量流动的主要载体,水的形成演化具有一定的时空规律。这种规律与水文循环的自然或人为影响因素之间存在着格局数量上的互动调控,并且与生态系统其它资源的分布变迁息息相关。因此,考虑环境变量时空异质性的水文模型构建,是水文过程乃至其它资源过程研究的基础性工作。
上世纪八、九十年代至今,在地理信息系统、遥感和全球定位系统等先进地学技术的支撑下,水文模型的构建以“分布式”为主流和前沿。分布式水文模型有助于水文规律探索的空间化,其应用有利于区域自然资源规划管理的“分布式”展开。研发分布式水文模型有着理论研究和实践应用的双重效益,前景良好。
历年来,在黄土高原实施以调整土地利用结构、恢复植被为重点的生态建设使该地区产水产沙条件发生显著改变,对区域生态水文系统内水量平衡各要素的对比关系以及暴雨洪水与土壤侵蚀过程产生显著影响。为定量研究上述影响及变化的时空特性,论文选题于导师冯兆东教授主持的教育部重大项目“陇西黄土高原植被恢复与重建过程中水文-植被-大气耦合过程研究”,以甘肃陇西黄土高原祖厉河流域为研究区,在水文学研究与地理信息系统整合方案讨论的基础上,针对不同时间尺度,就环境要素时空变化情景下分布式水文模型构建的方式方法进行探索性研究,得到以下几点初步结论。
1.空间离散是分布式水文模型构建的基础;地理信息系统强大的空间分析能力能够满足不同时空尺度的建模需求。以测站为控制进行流域离散,有利于实现传统水文学方法和分布式水文模型理论框架与概念体系的有机结合,使区域尺度分布式水文模型的率定效率得以提高;同时,在资料充分利用的情况下,有助于模拟精度的改善;
2.SCS产流模型能够体现下垫面异质性对水文过程的影响;以流域面积治理比为参量进行净雨调控计算,能够反映流域综合治理对降水的宏观截蓄效应。上述方法使区域尺度净雨的分布式计算得到实现,净雨总量得到控制,径流模拟精度得到提高;
3.传统单位线方法是解决大尺度汇流计算问题的有效手段。小步长模拟要考虑子流域汇流,在测站稀少地区,采用地貌瞬时单位线方法比较可行;而考虑汇流计算的大步长模拟,Clark方法具有模式相对稳定,率定容易实现的优点,模拟精度比较可靠;
4.针对不同时期典型年份降水和下垫面因素影响年径流总量形成的数据实验表明,降水变化对黄土高原区域尺度径流形成的影响复杂而深远,但其河道贡献效应是随着流域治理程度的提高而削弱的,两种因素共同作用,致使1970年代以来祖厉河流域年径流总量呈现总体衰减趋势。
研究取得的主要进展:
1.基于数据实验求证了SCS产流模型应用于黄土高原区域尺度水文计算的适宜性,是时空尺度变化情形下SCS模型在应用方面的提高和改进;
2.实现了时-面曲线推求和GIS空间分析算法的有机结合。等流时面基于地形分异和流长分级进行划分。与传统方法相比,使区域尺度时.面曲线计算的问题得到较好解决,且精度和效率得到一定程度的提高;
3.就黄土高原地区大尺度流域分布式水文模型构建的方式方法进行探索性研究,丰富和发展了区域尺度分布式水文模型研究的内容;
4.基于DEM构建黄土高原区域尺度分布式水文模型,提高了水文模拟的空间分辨率,使水文环境变量的过程异质性得以体现,可为黄土高原区域尺度与水有关的其它资源过程模式的研究提供模式借鉴。
Land-use readjustments and ecological restoration in Chinese Loess Plateau are the most important stratagems for the social and ecological development. Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) and the precipitation variations in this have brought spatial and temporal changes in hydrological and environmental factors such as storm characteristics, flood process, soil erosion, and so on. To spatially quantify the changes in aforementioned factors, a spatially-distributed hydrological modeling should be adopted. Spatially-distributed hydrological modeling takes a full consideration of spatial heterogeneity of all factors that contribute to the concerned hydrological issues. This research focuses on Zuli River basin, a typical watershed in the Chinese Loess Plateau, to spatially model the runoff generation and routing processes. The followings are the main conclusions of this dissertation:1. With GIS support, the spatial distribution of the hydrological modeling-required parameters can be easily obtained based on point-station observations. The spatially-distributed parameters can be effectively partitioned into the well-established hydrological models and the accuracy of the water-balance calculation can be considerably improved2. SCS model is used for simulating the impact of land-use and land-cover changes on hydrologic processes under different soil conditions. By taking consideration of spatial variability in LULC and soil conditions in SCS model, the runoff generation and water interception and retention in soil-plant systems can be more accurately estimated.3. This research demonstrates that the unit hydrograph (UH) method is suitable for conflux calculation on a regional scale. The geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) is suitable for a short-time step hydrologic simulation, while for long-time step hydrologic simulation, the Clark UH method is more suitable.4. This research also demonstrated that the temporal and spatial variations in precipitation have very complicated and profound impact on runoff-generation processes and the gross runoff production. The ultimate water contributions to the outlets of hydrological stations have been declining since 1970s primarily because various engineering measures have been taken to alleviate the water loess in the watershed.To sum up, this research validated the suitability of the SCS model for long-step time hydrologic simulation. This research successfully incorporated the time-area curve (TAC) into GIS platform and this empowered TAC method with GIS-supported spatial analysis functions. As a result, the precision and efficiency of the TAC computation for regional-scale runoff production are effectively improved. The most pronounced feature of this research is GIS-assisted spatial modeling of watershed-scale runoff production. This approach utilized DEM as the datum in GIS environments to spatially distribute the point-observed data with a full condition of the spatial heterogeneity of all parameters that contribute to the watershed runoff production. This lays a solid foundation for future studies of water resources and water-resource management in this regions and other hydrologically similar regions.
上世纪八、九十年代至今,在地理信息系统、遥感和全球定位系统等先进地学技术的支撑下,水文模型的构建以“分布式”为主流和前沿。分布式水文模型有助于水文规律探索的空间化,其应用有利于区域自然资源规划管理的“分布式”展开。研发分布式水文模型有着理论研究和实践应用的双重效益,前景良好。
历年来,在黄土高原实施以调整土地利用结构、恢复植被为重点的生态建设使该地区产水产沙条件发生显著改变,对区域生态水文系统内水量平衡各要素的对比关系以及暴雨洪水与土壤侵蚀过程产生显著影响。为定量研究上述影响及变化的时空特性,论文选题于导师冯兆东教授主持的教育部重大项目“陇西黄土高原植被恢复与重建过程中水文-植被-大气耦合过程研究”,以甘肃陇西黄土高原祖厉河流域为研究区,在水文学研究与地理信息系统整合方案讨论的基础上,针对不同时间尺度,就环境要素时空变化情景下分布式水文模型构建的方式方法进行探索性研究,得到以下几点初步结论。
1.空间离散是分布式水文模型构建的基础;地理信息系统强大的空间分析能力能够满足不同时空尺度的建模需求。以测站为控制进行流域离散,有利于实现传统水文学方法和分布式水文模型理论框架与概念体系的有机结合,使区域尺度分布式水文模型的率定效率得以提高;同时,在资料充分利用的情况下,有助于模拟精度的改善;
2.SCS产流模型能够体现下垫面异质性对水文过程的影响;以流域面积治理比为参量进行净雨调控计算,能够反映流域综合治理对降水的宏观截蓄效应。上述方法使区域尺度净雨的分布式计算得到实现,净雨总量得到控制,径流模拟精度得到提高;
3.传统单位线方法是解决大尺度汇流计算问题的有效手段。小步长模拟要考虑子流域汇流,在测站稀少地区,采用地貌瞬时单位线方法比较可行;而考虑汇流计算的大步长模拟,Clark方法具有模式相对稳定,率定容易实现的优点,模拟精度比较可靠;
4.针对不同时期典型年份降水和下垫面因素影响年径流总量形成的数据实验表明,降水变化对黄土高原区域尺度径流形成的影响复杂而深远,但其河道贡献效应是随着流域治理程度的提高而削弱的,两种因素共同作用,致使1970年代以来祖厉河流域年径流总量呈现总体衰减趋势。
研究取得的主要进展:
1.基于数据实验求证了SCS产流模型应用于黄土高原区域尺度水文计算的适宜性,是时空尺度变化情形下SCS模型在应用方面的提高和改进;
2.实现了时-面曲线推求和GIS空间分析算法的有机结合。等流时面基于地形分异和流长分级进行划分。与传统方法相比,使区域尺度时.面曲线计算的问题得到较好解决,且精度和效率得到一定程度的提高;
3.就黄土高原地区大尺度流域分布式水文模型构建的方式方法进行探索性研究,丰富和发展了区域尺度分布式水文模型研究的内容;
4.基于DEM构建黄土高原区域尺度分布式水文模型,提高了水文模拟的空间分辨率,使水文环境变量的过程异质性得以体现,可为黄土高原区域尺度与水有关的其它资源过程模式的研究提供模式借鉴。
Land-use readjustments and ecological restoration in Chinese Loess Plateau are the most important stratagems for the social and ecological development. Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) and the precipitation variations in this have brought spatial and temporal changes in hydrological and environmental factors such as storm characteristics, flood process, soil erosion, and so on. To spatially quantify the changes in aforementioned factors, a spatially-distributed hydrological modeling should be adopted. Spatially-distributed hydrological modeling takes a full consideration of spatial heterogeneity of all factors that contribute to the concerned hydrological issues. This research focuses on Zuli River basin, a typical watershed in the Chinese Loess Plateau, to spatially model the runoff generation and routing processes. The followings are the main conclusions of this dissertation:1. With GIS support, the spatial distribution of the hydrological modeling-required parameters can be easily obtained based on point-station observations. The spatially-distributed parameters can be effectively partitioned into the well-established hydrological models and the accuracy of the water-balance calculation can be considerably improved2. SCS model is used for simulating the impact of land-use and land-cover changes on hydrologic processes under different soil conditions. By taking consideration of spatial variability in LULC and soil conditions in SCS model, the runoff generation and water interception and retention in soil-plant systems can be more accurately estimated.3. This research demonstrates that the unit hydrograph (UH) method is suitable for conflux calculation on a regional scale. The geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) is suitable for a short-time step hydrologic simulation, while for long-time step hydrologic simulation, the Clark UH method is more suitable.4. This research also demonstrated that the temporal and spatial variations in precipitation have very complicated and profound impact on runoff-generation processes and the gross runoff production. The ultimate water contributions to the outlets of hydrological stations have been declining since 1970s primarily because various engineering measures have been taken to alleviate the water loess in the watershed.To sum up, this research validated the suitability of the SCS model for long-step time hydrologic simulation. This research successfully incorporated the time-area curve (TAC) into GIS platform and this empowered TAC method with GIS-supported spatial analysis functions. As a result, the precision and efficiency of the TAC computation for regional-scale runoff production are effectively improved. The most pronounced feature of this research is GIS-assisted spatial modeling of watershed-scale runoff production. This approach utilized DEM as the datum in GIS environments to spatially distribute the point-observed data with a full condition of the spatial heterogeneity of all parameters that contribute to the watershed runoff production. This lays a solid foundation for future studies of water resources and water-resource management in this regions and other hydrologically similar regions.
引文
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