青藏高原草地变化及其对气候的响应
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摘要
青藏高原是我国最大的草地畜牧业生产基地和重要的生态屏障。受自然环境和社会条件的严重制约,草地资源是当地人民赖以生存和经济发展的物质基础。作为气候变化敏感区和生态脆弱区,显著的气候变化已经并将继续影响高原植被的生长,因此研究高原植被变化过程及其与气候变化的关系显得尤为重要。
本研究对1981-2010年青藏高原气候变化特征、草地植被变化动态和草地植被对气候变化的响应进行了系统的研究。研究结果表明：
1)1981-2010年青藏高原年平均气温每10年增加0.7℃,而降水量每10年增加12.4mm。青藏高原气温和降水年内分配不均,降水主要集中在5-9月。高原年平均气温仅为-0.92℃,空间差异明显,总体由南向北逐渐降低。年平均降水量为404mm,由东南向西北逐渐减少。高原气候整体上呈增暖趋势,降雨量微弱增加,但区域差异性明显,高海拔地区的增温幅度大于低海拔地区,降水偏少的地区降水量增加显著。
2)1981-2010年青藏高原草地生长季最大NDVI空间分布差异显著,存在明显的经向地带性,由西向东呈阶梯式上升趋势。山地草甸、热性草丛和沼泽生长季最大NDVI多年平均值较高,植被状况较好。青藏高原草地植被恶化区域面积略大于恢复面积,大部分草地30年间基本保持稳定不变。沼泽草地发生变化的区域面积最大,且以恶化趋势为主。生长季不同时期草地植被NDVI变化趋势的空间分布和面积比例均存在差异。
3)青藏高原草地生物量和盖度总体上有略微下降的趋势。不同草地类型之间变化趋势存在差异,温性草甸草原、高寒草甸草原、暖性草丛生物量和盖度有增加趋势,山地草甸、暖性灌草丛生物量和盖度有明显下降的趋势,其他草地类型无明显年际变化趋势。青藏高原草地生物量和盖度从5月份开始逐渐增加,到7、8月达到峰值。整个生长季中,沼泽草地生物量变化幅度最大。
4)自1986年以来,青藏高原部分地区草地出现了不同程度的退化现象,且以轻度和中度退化为主。退化草地面积比例由1986-1990年的44.43%增加到2001-2010年的49.05%。近25年以来退化草地面积增加不多,但是重度退化草地的比例明显增加,说明近年来青藏高原地区草地退化程度日趋严重。虽然青藏高原草地总体上退化程度在不断加剧,但是从空间分布上来讲,局部地区的草地也有恢复趋势。
5)在不同的季节,青藏高原草地植被对气温和降水的变化表现出不同的响应特征。冬季和春季NDVI与单月和多月平均气温的相关性高于夏季和秋季；夏季和秋季NDVI与单月和多月降水量的相关性普遍高于冬季和秋季。四季NDVI对降水变化的响应周期较气温长。高原西部地区春季NDVI受气温和降水的共同调控,而夏季NDVI主要受降水的调控,东部地区春季和夏季NDVI主要受气温调控；在高原东北部地区,降水对秋季NDVI的影响强于气温,其余地区气温的影响强于降水；高原北部和西南边缘地区,气温和降水对冬季NDVI有同样重要的作用,其他大部分地区主要受控于气温。四季NDVI对气温和降水变化响应的滞后期空间分布规律较弱。
The Tibetan Plateau is the largest production base of grassland animal husbandry and an important ecological barrier in china. Severely constrained by the natural environment and social conditions, grassland resources are the material basis of survival and economic development for local people. As climate change sensitive and ecologically fragile areas, significant climate change of Tibetan Plateau has been and will continue to affect the plateau vegetation growth. Accordingly, the study of the plateau vegetation change process and its relationship with climate change is particularly important.
In this study, the characteristics of climate change, dynamics of grassland vegetation and response of grassland vegetation to climate change were analyzed systematically on Tibetan Plateau from1981to2010. The results show that:
1) The annual average temperature and annual precipitation of the Tibetan Plateau increased by0.7℃and12.4mm every10years during1981to2010, respectively. The distribution of temperature and precipitation were uneven within the year on Tibetan Plateau, precipitation mainly concentrated in the period from May to September. The annual average temperature of Tibetan Plateau was only-0.92℃, and the spatial distribution of temperature was significant difference, decreasing gradually from south to north. The average annual precipitation was404mm, and decreasing from southeast to northwest. The overall trend of Tibetan Plateau climate was warmmer and more humid, but presenting significant regional differences. The increased range of temperature was greater in higher altitude area than that of in lower altitude area, and precipitation increased significantly in areas with little precipitation.
2) The spatial distribution of maximum NDVI of grassland in growing seasons was significant difference on Tibetan Plateau from1981to2010. The spatial distribution of NDVI had remarkable longitude zonal ity that presented a stairs type to continuously rise from west to east. The long time average value of growing season maximum NDVI for mountain meadow, hot herbosa and marsh were higher. Deterioration area of grassland was slightly larger than that of the recovery area, and most area of grassland remained stable on whole Tibetan Plateau during past30years. The deterioration area of marsh was largest in the all grassland types. The spatial distribution and area ratio of variation trend of grassland vegetation NDVI were significant differences in different periods of growing season.
3) The biomass and coverage of grassland on Tibetan Plateau with a slight downward trend. The variation trends were diverse among the different grassland types, biomass and coverage of temperate meadow steppe, alpine meadow steppe and warm temperate herbosahad had an interannual increasing trend, while mountain meadow and warm temperate brush herbosa had a significant decreasing trend. There had no significant interannual variation trends in other grassland types. The grassland biomass and coverage increased gradually from May, and biomass peak appeared in July or August. Throughout the whole growing season, the biomass variation range of marsh was the greatest.
4) Since1986, parts of the Tibetan Plateau grassland appeared varying degrees of degradation, the mainly degradation degrees were slight and moderate levels. The area ratio of degraded grassland was increased from44.43%during1986-1990to49.05%during2001-2010. The area of degraded grassland increased slightly over the past25years, but the proportion of severely degraded grassland was significant increased on Tibetan Plateau, it is indicated that the degradation degree of Tibetan Plateau grassland was increasingly serious. The overall degradation degree of grassland has been increasing, but the grassland also had a recovery trend in part of regions.
5) The response of vegetation to temperature and precipitation changes showed different characteristics in different seasons. The correlation relationships between NDVI and temperature in winter and spring were better than that in summer and autumn, when correlation between NDVI and precipitation in summer and autumn were better than that in winter and spring. The response time of NDVI to precipitation was longer than that of to temperature for all seasons. The spring NDVI was mainly influenced by temperature and precipitation in the western part of Tibetan Plateau while summer NDVI was mainly affected by precipitation, the spring and summer NDVI were mainly affected by temperature in the eastern part of Plateau. In the northeast of the plateau, the major impact facotor of autumn NDVI was precipitation, in the rest area the major impact factor was temperature; winter NDVI was mainly affected by temperature and precipitation in the northern part and southwestern edge of the plateau, while it was mainly influenced by temperature in much of the rest area of the Tibetan Plateau. The response lag of seasonal NDVI to temperature and precipitation had no obvious spatial distribution regulation.
本研究对1981-2010年青藏高原气候变化特征、草地植被变化动态和草地植被对气候变化的响应进行了系统的研究。研究结果表明：
1)1981-2010年青藏高原年平均气温每10年增加0.7℃,而降水量每10年增加12.4mm。青藏高原气温和降水年内分配不均,降水主要集中在5-9月。高原年平均气温仅为-0.92℃,空间差异明显,总体由南向北逐渐降低。年平均降水量为404mm,由东南向西北逐渐减少。高原气候整体上呈增暖趋势,降雨量微弱增加,但区域差异性明显,高海拔地区的增温幅度大于低海拔地区,降水偏少的地区降水量增加显著。
2)1981-2010年青藏高原草地生长季最大NDVI空间分布差异显著,存在明显的经向地带性,由西向东呈阶梯式上升趋势。山地草甸、热性草丛和沼泽生长季最大NDVI多年平均值较高,植被状况较好。青藏高原草地植被恶化区域面积略大于恢复面积,大部分草地30年间基本保持稳定不变。沼泽草地发生变化的区域面积最大,且以恶化趋势为主。生长季不同时期草地植被NDVI变化趋势的空间分布和面积比例均存在差异。
3)青藏高原草地生物量和盖度总体上有略微下降的趋势。不同草地类型之间变化趋势存在差异,温性草甸草原、高寒草甸草原、暖性草丛生物量和盖度有增加趋势,山地草甸、暖性灌草丛生物量和盖度有明显下降的趋势,其他草地类型无明显年际变化趋势。青藏高原草地生物量和盖度从5月份开始逐渐增加,到7、8月达到峰值。整个生长季中,沼泽草地生物量变化幅度最大。
4)自1986年以来,青藏高原部分地区草地出现了不同程度的退化现象,且以轻度和中度退化为主。退化草地面积比例由1986-1990年的44.43%增加到2001-2010年的49.05%。近25年以来退化草地面积增加不多,但是重度退化草地的比例明显增加,说明近年来青藏高原地区草地退化程度日趋严重。虽然青藏高原草地总体上退化程度在不断加剧,但是从空间分布上来讲,局部地区的草地也有恢复趋势。
5)在不同的季节,青藏高原草地植被对气温和降水的变化表现出不同的响应特征。冬季和春季NDVI与单月和多月平均气温的相关性高于夏季和秋季；夏季和秋季NDVI与单月和多月降水量的相关性普遍高于冬季和秋季。四季NDVI对降水变化的响应周期较气温长。高原西部地区春季NDVI受气温和降水的共同调控,而夏季NDVI主要受降水的调控,东部地区春季和夏季NDVI主要受气温调控；在高原东北部地区,降水对秋季NDVI的影响强于气温,其余地区气温的影响强于降水；高原北部和西南边缘地区,气温和降水对冬季NDVI有同样重要的作用,其他大部分地区主要受控于气温。四季NDVI对气温和降水变化响应的滞后期空间分布规律较弱。
The Tibetan Plateau is the largest production base of grassland animal husbandry and an important ecological barrier in china. Severely constrained by the natural environment and social conditions, grassland resources are the material basis of survival and economic development for local people. As climate change sensitive and ecologically fragile areas, significant climate change of Tibetan Plateau has been and will continue to affect the plateau vegetation growth. Accordingly, the study of the plateau vegetation change process and its relationship with climate change is particularly important.
In this study, the characteristics of climate change, dynamics of grassland vegetation and response of grassland vegetation to climate change were analyzed systematically on Tibetan Plateau from1981to2010. The results show that:
1) The annual average temperature and annual precipitation of the Tibetan Plateau increased by0.7℃and12.4mm every10years during1981to2010, respectively. The distribution of temperature and precipitation were uneven within the year on Tibetan Plateau, precipitation mainly concentrated in the period from May to September. The annual average temperature of Tibetan Plateau was only-0.92℃, and the spatial distribution of temperature was significant difference, decreasing gradually from south to north. The average annual precipitation was404mm, and decreasing from southeast to northwest. The overall trend of Tibetan Plateau climate was warmmer and more humid, but presenting significant regional differences. The increased range of temperature was greater in higher altitude area than that of in lower altitude area, and precipitation increased significantly in areas with little precipitation.
2) The spatial distribution of maximum NDVI of grassland in growing seasons was significant difference on Tibetan Plateau from1981to2010. The spatial distribution of NDVI had remarkable longitude zonal ity that presented a stairs type to continuously rise from west to east. The long time average value of growing season maximum NDVI for mountain meadow, hot herbosa and marsh were higher. Deterioration area of grassland was slightly larger than that of the recovery area, and most area of grassland remained stable on whole Tibetan Plateau during past30years. The deterioration area of marsh was largest in the all grassland types. The spatial distribution and area ratio of variation trend of grassland vegetation NDVI were significant differences in different periods of growing season.
3) The biomass and coverage of grassland on Tibetan Plateau with a slight downward trend. The variation trends were diverse among the different grassland types, biomass and coverage of temperate meadow steppe, alpine meadow steppe and warm temperate herbosahad had an interannual increasing trend, while mountain meadow and warm temperate brush herbosa had a significant decreasing trend. There had no significant interannual variation trends in other grassland types. The grassland biomass and coverage increased gradually from May, and biomass peak appeared in July or August. Throughout the whole growing season, the biomass variation range of marsh was the greatest.
4) Since1986, parts of the Tibetan Plateau grassland appeared varying degrees of degradation, the mainly degradation degrees were slight and moderate levels. The area ratio of degraded grassland was increased from44.43%during1986-1990to49.05%during2001-2010. The area of degraded grassland increased slightly over the past25years, but the proportion of severely degraded grassland was significant increased on Tibetan Plateau, it is indicated that the degradation degree of Tibetan Plateau grassland was increasingly serious. The overall degradation degree of grassland has been increasing, but the grassland also had a recovery trend in part of regions.
5) The response of vegetation to temperature and precipitation changes showed different characteristics in different seasons. The correlation relationships between NDVI and temperature in winter and spring were better than that in summer and autumn, when correlation between NDVI and precipitation in summer and autumn were better than that in winter and spring. The response time of NDVI to precipitation was longer than that of to temperature for all seasons. The spring NDVI was mainly influenced by temperature and precipitation in the western part of Tibetan Plateau while summer NDVI was mainly affected by precipitation, the spring and summer NDVI were mainly affected by temperature in the eastern part of Plateau. In the northeast of the plateau, the major impact facotor of autumn NDVI was precipitation, in the rest area the major impact factor was temperature; winter NDVI was mainly affected by temperature and precipitation in the northern part and southwestern edge of the plateau, while it was mainly influenced by temperature in much of the rest area of the Tibetan Plateau. The response lag of seasonal NDVI to temperature and precipitation had no obvious spatial distribution regulation.
引文
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