连续秸秆还田与耕作方式轮换对土壤理化性状及水稻养分吸收和产量影响
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摘要
我国是农业大国,每年的农业生产都产生数以亿吨计的秸秆,但是由于人们生活水平的提高使秸秆这一资源大量闲置,又由于现阶段利用秸秆的技术与途径有限,致使焚烧秸秆现象十分严重,造成了天然资源的巨大浪费与环境污染。
本试验于2007年6月至2008年11月在江苏省沿江农科所水稻试验田进行,采用大田试验研究了稻麦两熟制不同耕作方式与连续秸秆还田对直播稻田土壤结构和养分含量连续变化、水稻生长及产量的影响,采用盆栽模拟试验研究不同耕作方式下不同秸秆还田深度对水稻养分吸收以及土层养分含量的影响,为实现作物可持续高产、高效、安全生产提供科学依据；为实现农业的可持续发展、农村生态环境保护和农业清洁化生产提供理论参考。试验得到的主要结果如下：
1秸秆还田与不同耕作方式对土壤理化性状的影响
秸秆还田能够显著增加土壤有机质含量,对土壤有机质含量影响随土层深度的增加而减小；土壤耕作方式能够显著影响土壤有机质垂直分布,在所有处理中,隔年旋耕+秸秆还田(NRS)、隔年浅翻耕+秸秆还田(NLS)增加土壤有机质含量效果最明显。秸秆还田可以显著增加土壤全氮含量,显著增加0-7cm土层土壤速效磷含量；不同耕作方式对土壤的全氮含量也有显著影响,但对土壤速效磷含量影响不显著。综合比较得出,连续两年旋耕+秸秆还田(RSⅡ)对增加土壤全土层全氮含量影响效果最显著。
秸秆还田能够显著降低土壤容重,提高土壤总孔隙度,增加土壤毛管孔隙度,显著提高土壤非毛管孔隙度；土壤耕作方式对土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度、土壤毛管孔隙度也有影响,并能显著提高土壤非毛管孔隙度。本次试验得出,隔年翻耕+秸秆还田比连续翻耕+秸秆还田更有效减小土壤容重；隔年浅翻耕+秸秆还田对增加土壤总孔隙度效果最好,隔年旋耕+秸秆还田以及隔年浅翻耕+秸秆还田处理对土壤毛管孔隙度的影响较明显,无论是隔年还是连续深翻耕都能显著提高秸秆分布层土壤非毛管孔隙度,但是秸秆不还田的深翻耕效果不理想。
2不同深度秸秆还田对水稻养分吸收的影响
秸秆掩埋使水稻对氮、磷的吸收显著高于无秸秆掩埋处理,其中,秸秆掩埋于0-20cm全土层处理使水稻各器官对氮素的吸收量达到所有处理中最大,但是水稻对磷素的吸收在秸秆掩埋处理组中没有显著差异,各器官对氮素吸收量随秸秆掩埋深度的增加而增加,秸秆全土层掩埋更能提高水稻对氮素的吸收量。有无秸秆掩埋对水稻穗、叶片以及茎鞘部位磷吸收影响显著,而秸秆掩埋不同深度对水稻各器官磷的吸收影响没有表现。
秸秆掩埋处理,各土层中全氮、速效磷以及有机质含量没有像无秸秆掩埋那样出现养分含量随土壤深度增加而增大的下渗规律,而出现5-10cm中间层或0-5cm上层养分含量高于下层的现象,说明秸秆掩埋对养分分布有影响,它对养分有吸附和截流作用。
3秸秆还田与耕作方式对稻麦轮作土壤理化性状连续变化的影响
秸秆还田与耕作方式轮换时间越长,土壤容重越小,土壤有机质、全氮以及速效磷含量也逐年增加。无论哪个指标,秸秆还田处理效果均优于秸秆不还田处理。连续两年深耕+秸秆还田处理(DSⅡ)和一年免耕一年深耕+秸秆还田处理(NDS)对土壤容重的降低最有效；一年免耕一年浅翻耕+秸秆还田处理(NLS)能有效增加土壤有机质含量,其次是一年免耕一年旋耕+秸秆还田处理(NRS)；一年免耕一年翻耕和旋耕(NRS、NLS、NDS)以及连续两年旋耕处理(RSⅡ)增加土壤全土层全氮含量效果明显；对于土壤速效磷含量,虽然秸秆还田处理全土层速效磷含量增加较明显,但是不同耕作方式对全土层速效磷含量影响不显著。
4秸秆还田与耕作方式对水稻生长特性和产量形成的影响
本试验是在秸秆两年还田处理后得出的结果,结果显示,秸秆还田会对水稻穗粒数、千粒重以及产量产生一定影响。对于穗粒数,秸秆还田处理比无秸秆还田处理平均减少12.14%；除了隔年深翻耕+秸秆还田NDS、隔年浅翻耕+秸秆还田NLS处理与对用不还田处理ND和NL理论产量差异不显著以外,秸秆还田使水稻理论产量显著小于没有秸秆还田处理；秸秆还田使水稻实际产量平均降低7.68%,连续旋耕处理对水稻减产影响较大,而隔年翻耕即一年免耕一年旋耕或者浅翻耕可以使水稻产量维持在较高水平。
China is a large agricultural country, with annual agricultural production of nearly 100 million tons of straw. Owing to the improvement of living standards as well as limited technology at this stage, a large number of straw are discarded and the phenomenon of straw burning become serious, which has resulted in a tremendous waste of natural resources and environmental pollution.
The research was made in Nantong Institute of Agricultural Science in Jiangsu Province, from June 2007 to November 2008. Changes of soil structure and nutrient content as well as rice growth and yield affected by rice-wheat cropping system and different farming methods with consistent straw returned were researched in farmland experiments. Potted rice were applied to observe the influence of different depth of straw returned in nutrient absorption of rice and soil nutrient content. Experiments were made in order to achieve sustainable, efficient, safe and high-yield crops plus sustainable agricultural development, ensuring rural eco-environmental protection and cleaner agriculture. The main conclusions are as follows:
1 the influence of straw returned with different tillage methods on soil physical and chemical properties
Straw returning significantly increased content of soil organic matter, as soil depth increasing, the influence on organic matter decreased. Soil tillage can significantly affect the vertical distribution of soil organic matter. Among all treatments, NRS and NLS are the most obvious in increasing the content of soil organic matter. Straw returning significantly increased content of total nitrogen, as well as available phosphorus in 0-7cm layer of soil. Different tillage significantly influence the content of total nitrogen, but for available phosphorus, case is different. Comparison showed that two years rotary+straw returning RSⅡcan significantly increased content of total nitrogen in every layer of soil.
Straw returned results in a significant reduction in soil bulk density, increasing the total porosity of soil, soil capillary porosity and soil non-capillary porosity; soil tillage practices can also influence soil bulk density, soil total porosity, capillary porosity as well as soil non-capillary porosity. The test indicated that Tillage+Straw returning in every other year is more effective to reduce soil bulk density than continual Tillage+Straw returning; Shallow tillage+Straw in every other year can most effectively increase total porosity of soil, while Rotary+Straw and Shallow tillage+Straw returning in every other year can increase the soil capillary porosity more obvious. No matter deep tillage in every other year or continually, both are obvious to improve the soil non-capillary porosity where straw distributed, but the result of deep tillage with no straw returning is not ideal.
2 the influence of different straw returned depths on nutrient uptake of rice
Nitrogen and phosphorus absorption of rice in straw buried plots were significantly higher than those in non straw-buried plots, different parts of rice had the largest capacity of nitrogen absorption in the treatment with straw burying in 0-20cm-wide layer of soil (TS), but the absorption of phosphorus showed no significant differences in plots under different treatments. Nitrogen uptake capacity of different parts of rice increased with the depth of straw buried deepened. Straw buried in every layer of soil can enhance the absorption of nitrogen better for rice. Whether to return the straw into soil significantly affects the absorption of phosphorus of spikes, leaves and stems, but different depths show little impact of phosphorus absorption in different parts of rice.
In straw buried plots, the regulation of infiltration changed with the depth in soil which included total nitrogen, available phosphorus and organic matter content did not show as evident as that in plots with non-straw buried. Straw buried in soil influenced the nutrients distribution mainly through the absorption of nutrients in soil and the nutrient closure as well.
3 the consistent influence of straw returned and farming methods on physical and chemical properties of rice-wheat rotating soil
As the period of straw returning with tillage lasting, soil bulk density decreasing while soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus content increasing. Different tillage practices had affection on soil bulk density, in which the results of continuous deep tillage or deep tillage in every other year were most evident. Light tillage and rotate in every other year could effectively increase soil organic matter content.
Among the straw returned treatments, the one-year no-tillage and one-year deep/light or rotary tillage, as well as two-year rotary tillage could effectively increase total nitrogen in soil; while for soil available phosphorus content, although straw returned to soil or not could affect available phosphorus content more significant, available phosphorus content of total soil were not significantly affected by different tillage methods.
4 the influence of straw returned and farming methods on the growth properties and yield of rice
The results indicated that straw returned had an impact on grain number, grain per 1000 weight and yield of rice. For grains per spike, straw returned treatments had an average reduction of 12.14% compared with straw-free treatments; Except of NDS, NLS and ND, NL with theoretical yield having no significant difference, the theoretical yield of rice in straw returned treatments were significantly less than that in straw-free treatments; the actual production of rice in straw returned treatments were lower by an average of 7.68 percent, continuous rotary tillage had a greater impact on rice reduction, and one-year no-tillage one-year rotary tillage or light tillage could maintained the rice production at a high level.
本试验于2007年6月至2008年11月在江苏省沿江农科所水稻试验田进行,采用大田试验研究了稻麦两熟制不同耕作方式与连续秸秆还田对直播稻田土壤结构和养分含量连续变化、水稻生长及产量的影响,采用盆栽模拟试验研究不同耕作方式下不同秸秆还田深度对水稻养分吸收以及土层养分含量的影响,为实现作物可持续高产、高效、安全生产提供科学依据；为实现农业的可持续发展、农村生态环境保护和农业清洁化生产提供理论参考。试验得到的主要结果如下：
1秸秆还田与不同耕作方式对土壤理化性状的影响
秸秆还田能够显著增加土壤有机质含量,对土壤有机质含量影响随土层深度的增加而减小；土壤耕作方式能够显著影响土壤有机质垂直分布,在所有处理中,隔年旋耕+秸秆还田(NRS)、隔年浅翻耕+秸秆还田(NLS)增加土壤有机质含量效果最明显。秸秆还田可以显著增加土壤全氮含量,显著增加0-7cm土层土壤速效磷含量；不同耕作方式对土壤的全氮含量也有显著影响,但对土壤速效磷含量影响不显著。综合比较得出,连续两年旋耕+秸秆还田(RSⅡ)对增加土壤全土层全氮含量影响效果最显著。
秸秆还田能够显著降低土壤容重,提高土壤总孔隙度,增加土壤毛管孔隙度,显著提高土壤非毛管孔隙度；土壤耕作方式对土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度、土壤毛管孔隙度也有影响,并能显著提高土壤非毛管孔隙度。本次试验得出,隔年翻耕+秸秆还田比连续翻耕+秸秆还田更有效减小土壤容重；隔年浅翻耕+秸秆还田对增加土壤总孔隙度效果最好,隔年旋耕+秸秆还田以及隔年浅翻耕+秸秆还田处理对土壤毛管孔隙度的影响较明显,无论是隔年还是连续深翻耕都能显著提高秸秆分布层土壤非毛管孔隙度,但是秸秆不还田的深翻耕效果不理想。
2不同深度秸秆还田对水稻养分吸收的影响
秸秆掩埋使水稻对氮、磷的吸收显著高于无秸秆掩埋处理,其中,秸秆掩埋于0-20cm全土层处理使水稻各器官对氮素的吸收量达到所有处理中最大,但是水稻对磷素的吸收在秸秆掩埋处理组中没有显著差异,各器官对氮素吸收量随秸秆掩埋深度的增加而增加,秸秆全土层掩埋更能提高水稻对氮素的吸收量。有无秸秆掩埋对水稻穗、叶片以及茎鞘部位磷吸收影响显著,而秸秆掩埋不同深度对水稻各器官磷的吸收影响没有表现。
秸秆掩埋处理,各土层中全氮、速效磷以及有机质含量没有像无秸秆掩埋那样出现养分含量随土壤深度增加而增大的下渗规律,而出现5-10cm中间层或0-5cm上层养分含量高于下层的现象,说明秸秆掩埋对养分分布有影响,它对养分有吸附和截流作用。
3秸秆还田与耕作方式对稻麦轮作土壤理化性状连续变化的影响
秸秆还田与耕作方式轮换时间越长,土壤容重越小,土壤有机质、全氮以及速效磷含量也逐年增加。无论哪个指标,秸秆还田处理效果均优于秸秆不还田处理。连续两年深耕+秸秆还田处理(DSⅡ)和一年免耕一年深耕+秸秆还田处理(NDS)对土壤容重的降低最有效；一年免耕一年浅翻耕+秸秆还田处理(NLS)能有效增加土壤有机质含量,其次是一年免耕一年旋耕+秸秆还田处理(NRS)；一年免耕一年翻耕和旋耕(NRS、NLS、NDS)以及连续两年旋耕处理(RSⅡ)增加土壤全土层全氮含量效果明显；对于土壤速效磷含量,虽然秸秆还田处理全土层速效磷含量增加较明显,但是不同耕作方式对全土层速效磷含量影响不显著。
4秸秆还田与耕作方式对水稻生长特性和产量形成的影响
本试验是在秸秆两年还田处理后得出的结果,结果显示,秸秆还田会对水稻穗粒数、千粒重以及产量产生一定影响。对于穗粒数,秸秆还田处理比无秸秆还田处理平均减少12.14%；除了隔年深翻耕+秸秆还田NDS、隔年浅翻耕+秸秆还田NLS处理与对用不还田处理ND和NL理论产量差异不显著以外,秸秆还田使水稻理论产量显著小于没有秸秆还田处理；秸秆还田使水稻实际产量平均降低7.68%,连续旋耕处理对水稻减产影响较大,而隔年翻耕即一年免耕一年旋耕或者浅翻耕可以使水稻产量维持在较高水平。
China is a large agricultural country, with annual agricultural production of nearly 100 million tons of straw. Owing to the improvement of living standards as well as limited technology at this stage, a large number of straw are discarded and the phenomenon of straw burning become serious, which has resulted in a tremendous waste of natural resources and environmental pollution.
The research was made in Nantong Institute of Agricultural Science in Jiangsu Province, from June 2007 to November 2008. Changes of soil structure and nutrient content as well as rice growth and yield affected by rice-wheat cropping system and different farming methods with consistent straw returned were researched in farmland experiments. Potted rice were applied to observe the influence of different depth of straw returned in nutrient absorption of rice and soil nutrient content. Experiments were made in order to achieve sustainable, efficient, safe and high-yield crops plus sustainable agricultural development, ensuring rural eco-environmental protection and cleaner agriculture. The main conclusions are as follows:
1 the influence of straw returned with different tillage methods on soil physical and chemical properties
Straw returning significantly increased content of soil organic matter, as soil depth increasing, the influence on organic matter decreased. Soil tillage can significantly affect the vertical distribution of soil organic matter. Among all treatments, NRS and NLS are the most obvious in increasing the content of soil organic matter. Straw returning significantly increased content of total nitrogen, as well as available phosphorus in 0-7cm layer of soil. Different tillage significantly influence the content of total nitrogen, but for available phosphorus, case is different. Comparison showed that two years rotary+straw returning RSⅡcan significantly increased content of total nitrogen in every layer of soil.
Straw returned results in a significant reduction in soil bulk density, increasing the total porosity of soil, soil capillary porosity and soil non-capillary porosity; soil tillage practices can also influence soil bulk density, soil total porosity, capillary porosity as well as soil non-capillary porosity. The test indicated that Tillage+Straw returning in every other year is more effective to reduce soil bulk density than continual Tillage+Straw returning; Shallow tillage+Straw in every other year can most effectively increase total porosity of soil, while Rotary+Straw and Shallow tillage+Straw returning in every other year can increase the soil capillary porosity more obvious. No matter deep tillage in every other year or continually, both are obvious to improve the soil non-capillary porosity where straw distributed, but the result of deep tillage with no straw returning is not ideal.
2 the influence of different straw returned depths on nutrient uptake of rice
Nitrogen and phosphorus absorption of rice in straw buried plots were significantly higher than those in non straw-buried plots, different parts of rice had the largest capacity of nitrogen absorption in the treatment with straw burying in 0-20cm-wide layer of soil (TS), but the absorption of phosphorus showed no significant differences in plots under different treatments. Nitrogen uptake capacity of different parts of rice increased with the depth of straw buried deepened. Straw buried in every layer of soil can enhance the absorption of nitrogen better for rice. Whether to return the straw into soil significantly affects the absorption of phosphorus of spikes, leaves and stems, but different depths show little impact of phosphorus absorption in different parts of rice.
In straw buried plots, the regulation of infiltration changed with the depth in soil which included total nitrogen, available phosphorus and organic matter content did not show as evident as that in plots with non-straw buried. Straw buried in soil influenced the nutrients distribution mainly through the absorption of nutrients in soil and the nutrient closure as well.
3 the consistent influence of straw returned and farming methods on physical and chemical properties of rice-wheat rotating soil
As the period of straw returning with tillage lasting, soil bulk density decreasing while soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus content increasing. Different tillage practices had affection on soil bulk density, in which the results of continuous deep tillage or deep tillage in every other year were most evident. Light tillage and rotate in every other year could effectively increase soil organic matter content.
Among the straw returned treatments, the one-year no-tillage and one-year deep/light or rotary tillage, as well as two-year rotary tillage could effectively increase total nitrogen in soil; while for soil available phosphorus content, although straw returned to soil or not could affect available phosphorus content more significant, available phosphorus content of total soil were not significantly affected by different tillage methods.
4 the influence of straw returned and farming methods on the growth properties and yield of rice
The results indicated that straw returned had an impact on grain number, grain per 1000 weight and yield of rice. For grains per spike, straw returned treatments had an average reduction of 12.14% compared with straw-free treatments; Except of NDS, NLS and ND, NL with theoretical yield having no significant difference, the theoretical yield of rice in straw returned treatments were significantly less than that in straw-free treatments; the actual production of rice in straw returned treatments were lower by an average of 7.68 percent, continuous rotary tillage had a greater impact on rice reduction, and one-year no-tillage one-year rotary tillage or light tillage could maintained the rice production at a high level.
引文
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