聚醚砜酮预氧化机理及其炭膜制备工艺优化
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摘要
气体膜分离技术作为一种绿色分离技术,近年来得到了迅速的发展。聚合物膜由于难以超越Robesen上限,制约了其在气体分离领域的广泛应用。发现于上世纪六十年代的新型功能膜材料—碳膜,因其具有发达的可区分气体分子尺寸大小的纳米级超细微孔结构,良好的热稳定性和化学稳定性,在气体分离领域显示出巨大的潜力。然而,造价高,渗透性小,脆性大等问题给炭膜的大规模商业化及应用带来很大的困难。因此开发高性价比的前驱体,优化制膜工艺,通过改性提高炭膜的渗透选择性以及制备综合性能良好的复合炭膜是解决当前炭膜存在问题并促进炭膜向工业化迈进的重要途径。
本论文以价格相对低廉、具有我国独立知识产权的商用聚醚砜酮(PPESK)为前驱体进行气体分离炭膜制备工艺的优化,并采用廉价的煤基炭膜为支撑体进一步制备高性能的复合炭膜,以试图开辟一条低成本制备高性能气体分离炭膜的工艺技术路线,为解决当前制备炭膜工艺所存在的问题,早日实现炭膜的商业化应用提供有效途径。
作为热塑性高分子聚合物,预氧化处理是确保PPESK在炭化过程中结构稳定、制备出高性能炭膜的关键。本论文借助热重分析、红外光谱、X射线衍射、元素分析以及固体核磁等多种表征手段,对PPESK在预氧化过程中的热解和交联行为及化学结构的演变过程进行了深入研究,揭示了PPESK预氧化机理,为确定最佳的预氧化和炭化工艺条件打下了良好的基础。研究表明,PPESK的预氧化过程是一个自由基反应过程,始终伴随着芳香环质子和砜基官能团的脱除引发的自由基交联反应,脱出H_2O与SO_2;当预氧化温度超过460℃后,随着反应的进行,由羰基官能团分解引发的自由基交联反应开始发生,脱出CO_2,并最终形成了含有大量聚芳醚和联苯结构的稳定的三维空间网状结构,进而完成PPESK由热塑性材料向热固性材料的转化。最佳的预氧化条件为:温度为460℃,恒温时间为30 min。
以PPESK的预氧化处理为基础,确立了先预氧化再高温炭化制备PPESK基气体分离炭膜的工艺技术路线,并在最佳预氧化条件下研究探讨炭化工艺条件,考察了预氧化条件和炭化条件对炭膜孔结构、炭结构和气体分离性能的影响,优化了制备工艺,在一定程度上实现了炭膜渗透性和选择性的有效调控和高性能气体分离炭膜的可控制备。结果表明:PPESK前驱体经460℃,30 min预氧化处理,650℃炭化得到的炭膜气体渗透性最佳,H_2、CO_2、O_2、N_2的渗透系数分别达到了1016.4、710.3、187.8、14.0 Barrer(1 Barrer=10~(-10)cm~3(STP)·cm·cm~(-2)·s~(-1)·cmHg~(-1));经460℃,30 min预氧化处理,850℃炭化得到的炭膜气体选择性最佳,H_2/N_2、CO_2/N_2、O_2/N_2的分离系数分别达到了129.2、93.1、21.9。用制备得到的炭膜分离空气富集氧气,一次富集后氧气浓度最高可达86.4%。
采用具有规则有序孔道的Beta沸石分子筛对PPESK基炭膜进行掺杂改性研究,进一步提高炭膜的气体渗透性,改善渗透性与选择性之间的矛盾,进而制备出高通量、高分离选择性的气体分离炭膜。结果表明:当Beta分子筛添加量较低时,制备的炭膜其渗透性和选择性同时得到提高;Beta分子筛添加量较高时,其渗透性显著提高,分离选择性有所下降。当Beta/PPESK质量比由0.1增至0.2,炭膜的H_2、CO_2、O_2、N_2渗透系数增加了2倍,分别达到了2313.3,1566.8,276.5,31.9 Barrer。
提出了制备高性能复合炭膜的工艺技术路线。以廉价的煤基炭管为支撑体,采用高分子表面活性剂聚乙二醇(PEG)作为改性剂,制备了高性能的PEG/PPESK基支撑复合炭膜。研究表明:PEG在复合炭膜制备过程中发挥着改善前驱体PPESK与支撑体之间的复合效果和“造孔剂”双重作用,添加PEG后仅需一次涂覆即可制得具有分子筛功能的复合炭膜,简化了制备工艺。此外,与纯PPESK基复合炭膜相比,PEG/PPESK基复合炭膜不仅明显提高炭膜的气体渗透性,同时也使炭膜的分离选择性有一定的增加,特别是对H_2/N_2、O_2/N_2表现出良好的分离性能。其中H_2/N_2分离系数为40～105,O_2/N_2分离系数为4～14;H_2渗透率为0.075～0.75 MPU,O_2渗透率为0.01～0.08 MPU(1 MPU=1×10~(-8)mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·Pa~(-1))。
同文献报道的其他前驱体制备的复合炭膜相比,采用本论文提出的制备复合炭膜的工艺技术路线得到的PEG/PPESK基复合炭膜制造成本低,气体分离性能高,具有良好的工业化应用前景。
Gas separation membrane technology,as a green technology,has been developed rapidly in recent years.Polymeric membranes are limited widely application in the area of gas separation because they can't exceed the Robesen upper bound.Novel functional membrane materials—carbon membranes were found in the 1960s,which showed great potential in the area of gas separation for their super microporous distinguishing size of gas molecules,good thermal and chemical resistance.However,they are still commercially unavailable because of some problems,i.e.high-cost,low gas permeance and poor mechanism.Therefore,it is urgent to develop cheap precursors with good performance,optimize preparation technology, improve gas permeate and prepare supported carbon composite membranes and solve the problem in the field of carbon membranes.
In this paper,novel cheaper poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone)(PPESK),with China's independently intellectual property rights,has been developed to prepare carbon membranes for gas separation.Coal-based carbon tube with low cost was used as the support to prepare carbon composite membranes.It is an important approach to design the technology route to prepare the carbon membranes with high performance.
As a kind of thermoplastic polymer,preoxidation is an effective method to ensure the structure stabilization of PPESK.The behaviors of thermal decomposition and cross-linking of PPESK during preoxidation were characterized by TG,FTIR,XRD,EA and NMR,and the preoxidation mechanism was concluded.The results showed that the preoxidation of PPESK was a free radicals reaction,which was initiated by the decomposition of proton in aromatic ring and sulfone functional group and the removal of H_2O and SO_2.When the preoxidation temperature was above 460℃,the radical reaction was initiated by the decomposition of ketone functional group and the removal of CO_2.At last,the three-demensional cross-linking structure containing polyaromatic ether and biphenyl was formed.PPESK was transformed from thermoplasticity to thermoset.The optimum preoxidation conditions are the temperature at 460℃and the duration time at 30min.
The PPESK-based carbon membranes were prepared by preoxidation of the polymeric membranes in air and then carbonization the oxidized membranes in argon.The effect of preoxidation and carbonization conditions on the microstructure and gas separation was investigated.It was found that gas permeability and ideal separation factor of the carbon membranes can be controlled by optimizing the experimental conditions.The results showed that the carbon membranes preoxidized at 460℃,30min,and carbonized at 650℃reached the highest permeability.The permeabilities of H_2,CO_2,O_2,N_2 were 1016.4、710.3、187.8、14.0 Barrer(1 Barrer=10~(-10)cm~3(STP)·cm·cm~2·s~(-1)·cmHg~(-1)),respectively.The carbon membranes preoxidized at 460℃,30 min,and carbonized at 850℃reached the highest selectivity.The ideal separation factors of H_2/N_2、CO_2/N_2,O_2/N_2 were 129.2、93.1、21.9、respectively.The derived carbon membranes were used to enrich the O_2 in air,and the O_2 concentration can reach 86.4%.
The carbon membranes were modified by blending Zeolite Beta in PPESK to improve the gas permeate and the trade-off of selectivity and permeability.When the weight ratio of Beta/PPESK was lower,the selectivity and permeability of the carbon membranes were increased at the same time.However,when the weight ratio of Beta/PPESK was higher,the permeability of the carbon membranes was increased and the selectivity was decreased obviously.With the increase of the weight ratio of Beta/PPESK from 0.1 to 0.2,the permeabilities of H_2,CO_2,O_2 and N_2 reached 2313.3、1566.8、276.5、31.9 barrer,respectively.
The technology route to prepare the carbon composite membranes with high performance was designed.The supported carbon composite membranes were prepared by coating the solution of PPESK blended with poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)on the cheaper coal-based carbon tubular supports.The results showed that PEG had the functions of improving the composite performance between PPESK and carbon tube and increasing porosity of the carbon composite membranes.The PEG/PPESK based carbon composite membranes with molecular sieving needed dip-coating only one time.Compared with the PPESK-based carbon composite membranes,the PEG/PPESK based carbon composite membranes had good permeation and selectivity.The ideal separation factors of H_2/N_2 and O_2/N_2 reached 40～105 and 4～14,respectively.The permeation rates of H_2 and O_2 were 0.075～0.75 MPU and 0.01～0.08 MPU(1 MPU=1×10~(-8)mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·Pa~(-1)),respectively.
Compared with the carbon composite membranes derived from other precursors,the PEG/PPESK based carbon composite membranes reduced preparation costs and increased gas separation performance,which would have good prospects in industrial applications.
本论文以价格相对低廉、具有我国独立知识产权的商用聚醚砜酮(PPESK)为前驱体进行气体分离炭膜制备工艺的优化,并采用廉价的煤基炭膜为支撑体进一步制备高性能的复合炭膜,以试图开辟一条低成本制备高性能气体分离炭膜的工艺技术路线,为解决当前制备炭膜工艺所存在的问题,早日实现炭膜的商业化应用提供有效途径。
作为热塑性高分子聚合物,预氧化处理是确保PPESK在炭化过程中结构稳定、制备出高性能炭膜的关键。本论文借助热重分析、红外光谱、X射线衍射、元素分析以及固体核磁等多种表征手段,对PPESK在预氧化过程中的热解和交联行为及化学结构的演变过程进行了深入研究,揭示了PPESK预氧化机理,为确定最佳的预氧化和炭化工艺条件打下了良好的基础。研究表明,PPESK的预氧化过程是一个自由基反应过程,始终伴随着芳香环质子和砜基官能团的脱除引发的自由基交联反应,脱出H_2O与SO_2;当预氧化温度超过460℃后,随着反应的进行,由羰基官能团分解引发的自由基交联反应开始发生,脱出CO_2,并最终形成了含有大量聚芳醚和联苯结构的稳定的三维空间网状结构,进而完成PPESK由热塑性材料向热固性材料的转化。最佳的预氧化条件为:温度为460℃,恒温时间为30 min。
以PPESK的预氧化处理为基础,确立了先预氧化再高温炭化制备PPESK基气体分离炭膜的工艺技术路线,并在最佳预氧化条件下研究探讨炭化工艺条件,考察了预氧化条件和炭化条件对炭膜孔结构、炭结构和气体分离性能的影响,优化了制备工艺,在一定程度上实现了炭膜渗透性和选择性的有效调控和高性能气体分离炭膜的可控制备。结果表明:PPESK前驱体经460℃,30 min预氧化处理,650℃炭化得到的炭膜气体渗透性最佳,H_2、CO_2、O_2、N_2的渗透系数分别达到了1016.4、710.3、187.8、14.0 Barrer(1 Barrer=10~(-10)cm~3(STP)·cm·cm~(-2)·s~(-1)·cmHg~(-1));经460℃,30 min预氧化处理,850℃炭化得到的炭膜气体选择性最佳,H_2/N_2、CO_2/N_2、O_2/N_2的分离系数分别达到了129.2、93.1、21.9。用制备得到的炭膜分离空气富集氧气,一次富集后氧气浓度最高可达86.4%。
采用具有规则有序孔道的Beta沸石分子筛对PPESK基炭膜进行掺杂改性研究,进一步提高炭膜的气体渗透性,改善渗透性与选择性之间的矛盾,进而制备出高通量、高分离选择性的气体分离炭膜。结果表明:当Beta分子筛添加量较低时,制备的炭膜其渗透性和选择性同时得到提高;Beta分子筛添加量较高时,其渗透性显著提高,分离选择性有所下降。当Beta/PPESK质量比由0.1增至0.2,炭膜的H_2、CO_2、O_2、N_2渗透系数增加了2倍,分别达到了2313.3,1566.8,276.5,31.9 Barrer。
提出了制备高性能复合炭膜的工艺技术路线。以廉价的煤基炭管为支撑体,采用高分子表面活性剂聚乙二醇(PEG)作为改性剂,制备了高性能的PEG/PPESK基支撑复合炭膜。研究表明:PEG在复合炭膜制备过程中发挥着改善前驱体PPESK与支撑体之间的复合效果和“造孔剂”双重作用,添加PEG后仅需一次涂覆即可制得具有分子筛功能的复合炭膜,简化了制备工艺。此外,与纯PPESK基复合炭膜相比,PEG/PPESK基复合炭膜不仅明显提高炭膜的气体渗透性,同时也使炭膜的分离选择性有一定的增加,特别是对H_2/N_2、O_2/N_2表现出良好的分离性能。其中H_2/N_2分离系数为40～105,O_2/N_2分离系数为4～14;H_2渗透率为0.075～0.75 MPU,O_2渗透率为0.01～0.08 MPU(1 MPU=1×10~(-8)mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·Pa~(-1))。
同文献报道的其他前驱体制备的复合炭膜相比,采用本论文提出的制备复合炭膜的工艺技术路线得到的PEG/PPESK基复合炭膜制造成本低,气体分离性能高,具有良好的工业化应用前景。
Gas separation membrane technology,as a green technology,has been developed rapidly in recent years.Polymeric membranes are limited widely application in the area of gas separation because they can't exceed the Robesen upper bound.Novel functional membrane materials—carbon membranes were found in the 1960s,which showed great potential in the area of gas separation for their super microporous distinguishing size of gas molecules,good thermal and chemical resistance.However,they are still commercially unavailable because of some problems,i.e.high-cost,low gas permeance and poor mechanism.Therefore,it is urgent to develop cheap precursors with good performance,optimize preparation technology, improve gas permeate and prepare supported carbon composite membranes and solve the problem in the field of carbon membranes.
In this paper,novel cheaper poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone)(PPESK),with China's independently intellectual property rights,has been developed to prepare carbon membranes for gas separation.Coal-based carbon tube with low cost was used as the support to prepare carbon composite membranes.It is an important approach to design the technology route to prepare the carbon membranes with high performance.
As a kind of thermoplastic polymer,preoxidation is an effective method to ensure the structure stabilization of PPESK.The behaviors of thermal decomposition and cross-linking of PPESK during preoxidation were characterized by TG,FTIR,XRD,EA and NMR,and the preoxidation mechanism was concluded.The results showed that the preoxidation of PPESK was a free radicals reaction,which was initiated by the decomposition of proton in aromatic ring and sulfone functional group and the removal of H_2O and SO_2.When the preoxidation temperature was above 460℃,the radical reaction was initiated by the decomposition of ketone functional group and the removal of CO_2.At last,the three-demensional cross-linking structure containing polyaromatic ether and biphenyl was formed.PPESK was transformed from thermoplasticity to thermoset.The optimum preoxidation conditions are the temperature at 460℃and the duration time at 30min.
The PPESK-based carbon membranes were prepared by preoxidation of the polymeric membranes in air and then carbonization the oxidized membranes in argon.The effect of preoxidation and carbonization conditions on the microstructure and gas separation was investigated.It was found that gas permeability and ideal separation factor of the carbon membranes can be controlled by optimizing the experimental conditions.The results showed that the carbon membranes preoxidized at 460℃,30min,and carbonized at 650℃reached the highest permeability.The permeabilities of H_2,CO_2,O_2,N_2 were 1016.4、710.3、187.8、14.0 Barrer(1 Barrer=10~(-10)cm~3(STP)·cm·cm~2·s~(-1)·cmHg~(-1)),respectively.The carbon membranes preoxidized at 460℃,30 min,and carbonized at 850℃reached the highest selectivity.The ideal separation factors of H_2/N_2、CO_2/N_2,O_2/N_2 were 129.2、93.1、21.9、respectively.The derived carbon membranes were used to enrich the O_2 in air,and the O_2 concentration can reach 86.4%.
The carbon membranes were modified by blending Zeolite Beta in PPESK to improve the gas permeate and the trade-off of selectivity and permeability.When the weight ratio of Beta/PPESK was lower,the selectivity and permeability of the carbon membranes were increased at the same time.However,when the weight ratio of Beta/PPESK was higher,the permeability of the carbon membranes was increased and the selectivity was decreased obviously.With the increase of the weight ratio of Beta/PPESK from 0.1 to 0.2,the permeabilities of H_2,CO_2,O_2 and N_2 reached 2313.3、1566.8、276.5、31.9 barrer,respectively.
The technology route to prepare the carbon composite membranes with high performance was designed.The supported carbon composite membranes were prepared by coating the solution of PPESK blended with poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)on the cheaper coal-based carbon tubular supports.The results showed that PEG had the functions of improving the composite performance between PPESK and carbon tube and increasing porosity of the carbon composite membranes.The PEG/PPESK based carbon composite membranes with molecular sieving needed dip-coating only one time.Compared with the PPESK-based carbon composite membranes,the PEG/PPESK based carbon composite membranes had good permeation and selectivity.The ideal separation factors of H_2/N_2 and O_2/N_2 reached 40～105 and 4～14,respectively.The permeation rates of H_2 and O_2 were 0.075～0.75 MPU and 0.01～0.08 MPU(1 MPU=1×10~(-8)mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·Pa~(-1)),respectively.
Compared with the carbon composite membranes derived from other precursors,the PEG/PPESK based carbon composite membranes reduced preparation costs and increased gas separation performance,which would have good prospects in industrial applications.
引文
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