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山区小流域洪水风险评估与预警技术研究
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摘要
我国位于欧亚大陆东南部,是世界著名的东亚季风气候区,夏季暴雨频发生。我国又是一个多山的国家,山区面积约占全国陆地面积的三分之二,远高于世界平均水平。我国也是一个人口大国,山丘区人口广布,约占全国总人口的三分之一,山丘区的社会经济是我国社会经济的重要组成部分。我国东亚季风气候区暴雨特性、复杂的山丘区地形和地质条件,以及山区社会经济的发展现状,导致我国山洪地质灾害发生频繁。山洪灾害不仅对我国山丘区的基础设施造成毁灭性破坏,而且对人民群众的生命安全构成极大的损害和威胁,已经成为山丘区经济社会可持续发展的重要制约因素之一
     洪水风险管理,是20世纪中期以后提出的新的防洪和治水理念。20世纪中期以来,世界上大多数受洪水灾害威胁的国家,纷纷实施了洪水风险管理战略。我国在1998年遭受洪水灾害以后,也开始了从“控制洪水”到“洪水管理”的战略转变。然而,当前我国洪水风险管理措施的实施,以及相关技术的研究,大多是针对大江大河及其中下游平原洪泛区的,针对山区小流域洪水风险管理的研究还比较少。山区小流域洪水具有与江河洪水显著不同的特性,在洪水风险分析、监测预警等技术方面也存在显著不同,因此,加强山区小流域洪水风险管理及相关技术研究,对于提高我国山区小流域洪水风险管理水平、切实减轻山洪灾害造成的人员伤亡和经济损失、提高山区社会的防洪安全保障,具有十分重要的现实意义。
     本文从我国山洪灾害防治工作现状出发,分析了我国山洪灾害防治面临的问题,提出了山区小流域洪水风险管理研究的必要性,综述了洪水风险管理实践和研究进展,分析了山区小流域洪水风险特性,并针对山区小流域洪水风险评估技术和监测预警技术进行了重点研究,并取得了如下创新性的成果:
     (1)剖析了我国山区小流域洪水风险特性。山区小流域洪水大多是由中小尺度强降雨引起的,具有突发性和暴涨暴落的特性,在时间和空间上均属于小尺度事件,与江河洪水具有显著不同的特征。山区社会经济具有人口分散、通达性差、发展落后等特征,而且,我国山区社会经济正处于“新农村”建设、城镇化、工业化等快速变革的时期。正是由于上述山区小流域洪水特性及山区社会经济特征,使得山区小流域洪水风险管理存在诸多难点,具体表现为,工程措施实施困难、防洪组织体系建设任重道远、缺乏相关的技术支撑等等。
     (2)研究了基于GIS的山区小流域及特征提取技术。小流域是山洪爆发的场所,是洪水风险分析和管理的基本单元。本文提出了基于固定出口和考虑防洪工程影响的小流域提取思路,基于GIS技术,采用高精度地形数据,考虑防洪工程的影响,提取防洪保护对象的汇流区域,为洪水风险评估以及预警技术的研究奠定基础。
     (3)研究了山区小流域洪水风险评估技术,建立了一套完整的山区小流域洪水风险评估与区划的技术和方法,编制了山区小流域洪水风险图,为我国今后山区小流域洪水风险图编制工作提供了实用可行的技术路线,为山区小流域土地利用规划、山洪防御措施制定等洪水风险管理措施的实施提供了技术支持手段。
     (4)分析了暴雨山洪监测预警技术难点和现状,提出了无资料地区设计暴雨洪水法推求暴雨山洪预警指标的方法。暴雨山洪在时间和空间上都属于小尺度事件,传统的水文气象观测和预报预警技术,在暴雨山洪监测预警中仍然存在较大的技术难度和不确定性。针对无资料地区山洪预警指标研究现状,采用设计暴雨洪水的方法,提出了由水位推求临界雨量的基本方法。
     (5)研究并提出了事件驱动的县级山洪监测预警应用系统设计思路。县级防汛指挥部门在山洪灾害防御中的重要责任,建立县级山洪监测预警应用系统,提高县级防汛指挥部门信息化水平,具有十分重要的作用。本文针对当前我国县级防汛指挥部门技术现状和我国防汛决策支持系统应用设计现状,提出了事件驱动的山洪监测预警应用设计思路,并开发了河南省栾川县山洪监测预警应用系统。与现有的按照信息内容分类组织的防汛信息服务系统不同,事件驱动的山洪监测预警应用系统,是以山洪告警事件为驱动源,针对告警事件提供与事件相关的雨情、水情、工情、社会经济等多方面的决策所需的综合信息,从而实现主动的、智能化的决策支持,不仅对我国县级山洪监测预警系统建设具有示范作用,对我国其它防汛应急指挥决策支持系统也具有重要的指导意义。
China, which is located in the southeastern part of Eurasia, is a world-renowned East Asian monsoon climate zone. Frequent rainstorms occur in the summer in China. China is a mountainous country with a large mountainous area about two-thirds of the national land area, far above the world average. China is also a populous country. Population in mountainous areas accounts for about one-third of the country's total population and the social economy of mountainous areas is an important part of the whole nation. Storm characteristics of China's East Asian monsoon climate zone, the complexity of the mountainous terrain and geological conditions, as well as mountain socio-economic development status, lead to the frequent occurrence of flash floods of geological disasters in China. Flood disasters not only cause devastating damage to the infrastructure of the country, and constitute a great deal of damage and threat to the safety of people's lives. Flood disasters have become one of the important constraints to the hilly and mountainous areas of economic and social sustainable development.
     Flood risk management, is a new concept of flood control proposed after the mid-20th century. Since the mid-20th century most countries and zones in the world threatened by the flood, have implemented flood risk management strategy. China also started a strategic shift from flood control to flood management after the flood in1989. However, current implementation and research of flood risk management measures, and related technologies, are mostly for the middle and lower floodplains of major rivers. Research on flood risk management for the small mountain watershed receives relatively little focus. The flood risk in the small mountain watershed has significantly different characteristics with that in the middle and lower floodplain of the major river. Therefore, it has a very important practical significance to research flood risk management and related technology in the small mountain watershed for improving flood risk management in the small mountain watershed, effectively reducing casualties and economic losses caused by flood disasters.
     This paper starts from the status quo of the flash flood control work in China, analyzes the problems in the flash flood control in China, proposes the need for study on flood risk management in the mountain watershed. The basic concept and theory of flood risk management is first illustrated, and then the different characteristics of flood risk in the small mountain watershed are analyzed. Aiming at the technology difficulties facing by the flood risk management in the small mountain watershed, flood risk assessment techniques and monitoring and early warning technology are specifically studied. Specific research and results are as follows:
     (1) On the basis of a comprehensive exposition of the basic theory of flood risk management, the characteristics of flood risk in small mountain watershed are analyzed. Nowadays socio-economy in mountainous areas is in rapid changes of urbanization and industrialization, which, on the one hand change the structure and characteristics of flood risk in the mountainous areas, and change the original low-risk areas into a high-risk areas; and on the other hand put forward higher requirements on the flood control security. The small mountain watershed flood mostly caused by the mesoscale heavy rainfall has a sudden surge characteristic and is a small scale event in time and space. The characteristics of flood risk in the small mountain watersheds leads to big technical difficulty and uncertainty in flood risk assessment and early warning of the small mountain watershed flood.
     (2) The extraction techniques of small mountain watersheds and their features are studied based on GIS. The small mountain watershed is the place of flash floods and is the basic unit of flood risk analysis and management. In this paper, the idea of the small watershed extraction based on a fixed point and considering the impact of flood control projects is put forward. This work provides an important basis for the flood risk analysis and management in the small mountain watershed.
     (3) The small mountain watershed flood risk assessment techniques are studied. Mountain watershed flood occurs mostly in remote mountain areas and so lack of effective observation of hydrological data that the hydrological model is difficult to be established. The technology roadmap for flood risk assessment and map of the small mountain watershed is studied and established. This research has much practical value to improving the flood risk management in small mountain watersheds.
     (4) The technological difficulties in monitoring and early warning of floods in the small watershed are analyzed and the heavy rain flash flood warning indicators are researched. Rainstorm flash floods in the small mountain watershed are always small-scale events in time and space, so that the traditional hydro-meteorological observation and forecasting and early warning still exists large technical difficulties and uncertainties. A new method to determine the rainfall criteria leading to the flash flood in the small mountain watershed are put forward in the paper.
     (5)The County-level Flash Flood Monitoring and Early Warning system (CFFMEWS) is introduced. The County Flood Control Department is an important responsibility in the defense of flash flood disasters in the small mountain watershed. Therefore CFFMEWS has a very important role to improve operational capacity of County Flood Control Department in monitoring and early warning of flash flood. An event-driven County-level Flash Flood Monitoring and Early Warning system is put forward and is applied in Luanchuan, a county of Henan province.
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