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社会资本、吸收能力对企业创新绩效的影响研究
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摘要
在知识经济时代,知识的总量迅速扩张、传播速度加快,知识的内涵与形态也发生重大变化,单个企业自身拥有或者积累的知识已经无法满足进行创新活动的需求,因此,企业竞争优势更多地取决于其获取、利用新知识的能力。由于知识的获取与开发是一个社会过程,因此,企业要通过知识获取与利用来赢得竞争优势就必须加强与外部组织的合作与交流以及内部成员间的知识共享。通过与外部行为主体的紧密相互作用,企业不仅可以获得所需的资金和信息,更重要的是能够增加知识交换的深度、广度与效率,换言之,通过促使企业成员之间更多地交流思想与感情,从而能够加快新知识在企业内部的传播与利用。因此,聚焦于社会资本和知识运动过程如何影响创新逐渐成为研究的趋势。
     在对所掌握的现有文献进行详细分析的基础上,本文对企业社会资本的各维度进行了提炼,并构建了企业社会资本与吸收能力对企业创新绩效影响的理论模型。本研究把企业社会资本划分成6个维度,分别是外部社会资本的结构维度、关系维度与认知维度以及内部社会资本的结构维度、关系维度与认知维度,同时,分别采用外部社会互动、基于认知的信任与共同语言以及内部社会互动、基于情感的信任与共同愿景来指代这些维度。这个理论模型包含了解释变量(企业社会资本)、中介变量(潜在吸收能力与现实吸收能力)、调节变量(知识内化)、被解释变量(企业创新绩效)与控制变量(企业性质、企业所在行业、企业规模、企业所在地区、企业成立年限和环境动态性)5类变量以及相应的路径关系。
     本研究的实证分析主要由三阶段构成,第一阶段主要是探索性因子分析,通过信度和效度分析来筛选测量题项并形成最终问卷;第二阶段是对被调查者的基本信息进行描述性统计分析,并运用验证性因子分析方法检验了469个样本的数据质量;第三阶段是利用结构方程建模和多元线性回归对前述理论模型和相关假设进行了验证。另外,本研究还选取一个典型企业进行了验证性案例分析。
     通过实证研究与案例研究,本文主要得到如下结论:
     (1)知识内化在知识获取对知识应用的影响中起到调节作用;
     (2)与共同语言相比较,基于认知的信任对知识识别的直接正向影响更大;
     (3)与共同语言相比较,外部社会互动对知识获取的直接正向影响更大;
     (4)与基于情感的信任相比较,共同愿景对知识共享的直接正向影响更大;
     (5)内部社会互动抑制知识共享;
     (6)基于情感的信任直接正向地影响知识应用;
     (7)吸收能力在社会资本对创新绩效的影响中起部分中介作用。
     最后本文系统地阐述了研究的主要理论进展以及对企业实践的指导,同时还指出了研究的局限性并为后续研究指明了方向。
In the era of knowledge economy, the total quantity of knowledge grows fast and the diffusion of knowledge accelerates dramatically. The content and form of knowledge changes importantly, and knowledge which is accumulated or owned by a single enterprise has been unable to meet the demand for innovation, therefore, competitive advantages of the enterprise more depend on its ability to access to and use new knowledge. Because acquisition and development of knowledge is a social process, enterprises must strengthen cooperation with outside organizations and knowledge sharing among internal members if they want to acquire and use knowledge to gain a competitive advantage. Through the close interaction with external actors, enterprises may gain the necessary fund and information, and more importantly they can increase the depth, scope and efficiency of knowledge exchange among internal members, in other words, by promoting exchange of ideas and feelings among members of them, enterprises able to speed up dissemination and use of new knowledge within the enterprises. Therefore, focusing on how social capital and knowledge activities influence innovation becomes trend of research gradually.
     On the basis of existing literatures, this thesis refines the dimensions of corporate social capital, and develops a model to deduce how corporate social capital and absorptive capacity impact the corporate innovation performance. In the thesis, corporate social capital is divided into six dimensions, namely the structural dimension, relational dimension and cognitive dimension of external social dimensions and structural dimensions, relational dimension and cognitive dimension of internal social capital, at the same time, external social interaction, cognition-based trust and shared language are the indicators of three dimensions of external social capital respectively, and internal social interaction, affect-based trust and shared vision are the indicators of three dimensions of external social capital respectively. This theoretical model includes explanatory variable(corporate social capital), intermediary variables(potential absorptive capacity and realized absorptive capacity), moderator variable(knowledge internalization), explained variable(corporate innovation performance), control variables(nature of the enterprises, industry, size, area, age and environmental dynamism) and corresponding paths.
     The empirical analysis of this thesis is mainly composed of three stages. In the first phase, exploratory factor analysis constitutes the major content, through analysis of the reliability and validity, items are sifted, and then the final questionnaire is formed; In the second phase, descriptive statistical analysis of respondents'basic information is performed, and confirmatory factor analysis is used to examine the quality of469samples; In the third stage, structural equation modeling and multiple linear regression are used to verify the theoretical model and the hypotheses. Besides, this thesis chooses a typical enterprise for the confirmatory case analysis.
     Based on the empirical study and case study, this thesis draws some conclusions:
     (1)There is moderating role of knowledge internalization on relation of knowledge acquisition to knowledge application;
     (2)Compared with shared language, cognition-based trust has more directly positive impact on knowledge identification;
     (3)Compared with shared language, external social interaction has more directly positive impact on knowledge acquisition;
     (4)Compared with affect-based trust, shared vision has more directly positive impact on knowledge sharing;
     (5)Internal social interaction restrains knowledge sharing;
     (6)Affect-based trust has directly positive impact on knowledge application;
     (7)Absorptive capacity partially mediates the influence of social capital on the innovation performance.
     Finally, this thesis systematically illustrates the theoretic progress of the research and directive significance to practices of the enterprises, and it also points out the limitations of the research and gives directions for the follow-up researches.
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