青少年足球运动员的群体凝聚力：结构及训练比赛满意感的关系
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摘要
本文以我国青少年足球运动员为调查对象,采用结构方程模型验证《群体环境问卷》、《运动成就动机量表》、《运动队人际沟通问卷》、《中国运动员应激应对量表》、《教练员领导方式量表》、《训练比赛满意感量表》等测量工具的信度和效度,利用这些工具对运动成就动机、人际沟通、应激应对、教练员领导方式和训练比赛满意感与群体凝聚力的关系进行考察得到如下结果：
1.通过主成分分析,影响青少年足球运动员凝聚力的因素是运动员与球队的关系、外界激励因子、球队内部特征因子、教练员素质因子和人际关系因子。男子足球运动员群体社交吸引明显高于比女子运动员。“15-16岁”组群体任务吸引及群体交往吸引明显高于“16-17岁”组。“15岁以下”和“15-16岁”组群体交往一致性均明显高于“16-17岁”组,“15-16岁”组明显高于“17-19岁组”。训练“3-4年”组群体任务一致性明显高于“4年以上”组。
2.男运动员集中解决问题应对明显高于女运动员。“15-16岁”组人际沟通明显好于“16-17岁”组。训练“1-2年”组和“3-4年”组人际沟通明显好于“4年以上”组。青少年足球运动员追求成功动机高于回避失败动机。女运动员避免失败动机明显高于男运动员。“15岁以下”组和“15-16岁”组知觉到的民主型领导方式明显高于“17-19岁”组。“15-16岁”组知觉到的专制型领导方式明显高于“15岁以下”组、“17-19岁”组明显高于“15岁以下”组及“16-17岁”组。男运动员训练比赛满意感明显高于女运动员。
3.男女运动员,集中解决问题的应对、集中处理情绪的应对和人际沟通可显著预测群体凝聚力。男运动员的群体社交吸引和群体社交一致性能够有效预测训练比赛满意感；女运动员群体社交吸引能够显著预测训练比赛满意感。
对男运动员而言,群体社交吸引是人际沟通和训练比赛满意感的中介因素；群体社交一致性是集中处理情绪应对、人际沟通、专制型领导方式和民主型领导方式的中介因素。对女运动员而言,群体社交吸引是集中处理情绪应对和专制型领导方式对训练比赛满意感的中介变量。男女运动员集中解决问题的应对和成就动机对训练比赛满意感都有直接的预测作用。
China Youth soccer players are the subject of the investigation, structural Equation Model was used to verify Group Environment Questionnaire, also, Sport Achievement Motivation Scale, Sports Teams Interpersonal Communication Questionnaire, Coping with Stress Scale, Coaches' Leadership Style Questionnaire, Training and competition Satisfaction Scale were used to measure reliability and validity of measurement tools, by using these tools the writer intended to draw conclusion of sports achievement motivation, interpersonal communication, stress response, the coaches'Leadership and training game satisfaction and group cohesion to inspect the following results:
Firstly, by principal component analysis, the factors affecting the cohesion of the Chinese youth soccer players are the relationship between athletes and teams, external motivating factors, the team internal characteristics factor, coaches'quality factors and interpersonal factors. Male soccer players in groups of social networking's attraction are significantly higher than women athletes'. The "15-16years "old group's task cohesion and group contacts cohesion dimension is significantly higher than the "16-17years "old group. In terms of group interaction consistency dimension the " under15"and the "15-16" group was significantly higher than the "16-17"group, the "15-16" group was significantly higher than the "17-19". Training for "3-4years" group'task consistency was significantly higher than the "4years above" group.
Secondly, Male athletes'ability of concentrating on solving the problem coping is significantly higher than female athletes'. The "15-16group's interpersonal communication is significantly better than the "16-17" group. The "1-2years" of the training group's and the "3-4years" group's interpersonal communication is significantly better than the group of "4years above". Youth soccer players act differently when pursuing success, but less differently when avoiding failure. Gender difference of youth soccer players has a significant difference on the motivation to avoid failure, female are more willing to avoid failure than male. The democratic leadership in "under15" age group and "15-16group perceived was significantly higher than the "17-19years "group. Autocratic style leadership perception of "15-16" group was significantly higher than the " under15" age group, the "17-19" group was significantly higher than "15years "of age group and the "16-17years" group. Male athlete training and competition Satisfaction was significantly higher than female athletes.
Thirdly, male and female athletes, the ability of focusing on problem-solving coping, on the emotional response and interpersonal communication can be a significant predictor of Group Cohesiveness. Male athletes' perception of the individual attractions to the group-social and the integration-social can effectively predict the satisfaction of training and competition; female athletes' perception of the individual attractions to the group-social are able to effectively predict training and competition satisfaction.
For male athletes, the individual attractions to the group-social are mediating factors of interpersonal communication and the satisfaction of training and competition; the group integration-social is to focus on emotional response, interpersonal communication, the intermediary factors of the authoritarian style of leadership and democratic leadership. For female athletes, the individual attractions to the group-social are the focus on the mediating variables of emotional response and the authoritarian style of leadership satisfaction of training and competition. Both men and women athletes'focusing on problem-solving coping and achievement motivation has a direct role in forecasting the satisfaction of training and competition.
1.通过主成分分析,影响青少年足球运动员凝聚力的因素是运动员与球队的关系、外界激励因子、球队内部特征因子、教练员素质因子和人际关系因子。男子足球运动员群体社交吸引明显高于比女子运动员。“15-16岁”组群体任务吸引及群体交往吸引明显高于“16-17岁”组。“15岁以下”和“15-16岁”组群体交往一致性均明显高于“16-17岁”组,“15-16岁”组明显高于“17-19岁组”。训练“3-4年”组群体任务一致性明显高于“4年以上”组。
2.男运动员集中解决问题应对明显高于女运动员。“15-16岁”组人际沟通明显好于“16-17岁”组。训练“1-2年”组和“3-4年”组人际沟通明显好于“4年以上”组。青少年足球运动员追求成功动机高于回避失败动机。女运动员避免失败动机明显高于男运动员。“15岁以下”组和“15-16岁”组知觉到的民主型领导方式明显高于“17-19岁”组。“15-16岁”组知觉到的专制型领导方式明显高于“15岁以下”组、“17-19岁”组明显高于“15岁以下”组及“16-17岁”组。男运动员训练比赛满意感明显高于女运动员。
3.男女运动员,集中解决问题的应对、集中处理情绪的应对和人际沟通可显著预测群体凝聚力。男运动员的群体社交吸引和群体社交一致性能够有效预测训练比赛满意感；女运动员群体社交吸引能够显著预测训练比赛满意感。
对男运动员而言,群体社交吸引是人际沟通和训练比赛满意感的中介因素；群体社交一致性是集中处理情绪应对、人际沟通、专制型领导方式和民主型领导方式的中介因素。对女运动员而言,群体社交吸引是集中处理情绪应对和专制型领导方式对训练比赛满意感的中介变量。男女运动员集中解决问题的应对和成就动机对训练比赛满意感都有直接的预测作用。
China Youth soccer players are the subject of the investigation, structural Equation Model was used to verify Group Environment Questionnaire, also, Sport Achievement Motivation Scale, Sports Teams Interpersonal Communication Questionnaire, Coping with Stress Scale, Coaches' Leadership Style Questionnaire, Training and competition Satisfaction Scale were used to measure reliability and validity of measurement tools, by using these tools the writer intended to draw conclusion of sports achievement motivation, interpersonal communication, stress response, the coaches'Leadership and training game satisfaction and group cohesion to inspect the following results:
Firstly, by principal component analysis, the factors affecting the cohesion of the Chinese youth soccer players are the relationship between athletes and teams, external motivating factors, the team internal characteristics factor, coaches'quality factors and interpersonal factors. Male soccer players in groups of social networking's attraction are significantly higher than women athletes'. The "15-16years "old group's task cohesion and group contacts cohesion dimension is significantly higher than the "16-17years "old group. In terms of group interaction consistency dimension the " under15"and the "15-16" group was significantly higher than the "16-17"group, the "15-16" group was significantly higher than the "17-19". Training for "3-4years" group'task consistency was significantly higher than the "4years above" group.
Secondly, Male athletes'ability of concentrating on solving the problem coping is significantly higher than female athletes'. The "15-16group's interpersonal communication is significantly better than the "16-17" group. The "1-2years" of the training group's and the "3-4years" group's interpersonal communication is significantly better than the group of "4years above". Youth soccer players act differently when pursuing success, but less differently when avoiding failure. Gender difference of youth soccer players has a significant difference on the motivation to avoid failure, female are more willing to avoid failure than male. The democratic leadership in "under15" age group and "15-16group perceived was significantly higher than the "17-19years "group. Autocratic style leadership perception of "15-16" group was significantly higher than the " under15" age group, the "17-19" group was significantly higher than "15years "of age group and the "16-17years" group. Male athlete training and competition Satisfaction was significantly higher than female athletes.
Thirdly, male and female athletes, the ability of focusing on problem-solving coping, on the emotional response and interpersonal communication can be a significant predictor of Group Cohesiveness. Male athletes' perception of the individual attractions to the group-social and the integration-social can effectively predict the satisfaction of training and competition; female athletes' perception of the individual attractions to the group-social are able to effectively predict training and competition satisfaction.
For male athletes, the individual attractions to the group-social are mediating factors of interpersonal communication and the satisfaction of training and competition; the group integration-social is to focus on emotional response, interpersonal communication, the intermediary factors of the authoritarian style of leadership and democratic leadership. For female athletes, the individual attractions to the group-social are the focus on the mediating variables of emotional response and the authoritarian style of leadership satisfaction of training and competition. Both men and women athletes'focusing on problem-solving coping and achievement motivation has a direct role in forecasting the satisfaction of training and competition.
引文
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