劳动力市场分割与农民工流动研究
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摘要
改革开放30年来，随着有中国特色的市场经济体制的逐步确立，市场机制在不同地区经济增长以及劳动力工资决定中发挥了更大的作用，劳动力市场地区分割越来越显著。由于体制和制度等原因，中国劳动力市场逐渐形成了一个身份特殊、数量庞大、流动性强的农民工群体。农民工群体的存在使中国劳动力市场有着特殊性，研究仍处在改革进程中的中国劳动力市场和农民工群体的发展变化有着重要的理论价值和现实意义。
2008年，金融危机引发了全国范围内的农民工返乡潮，引起了全社会的广泛关注，并成为当前中国经济研究的重点之一。金融危机造成总量约2000万的农民工失业返乡，在经济形势转暖之后，其中约1600万继续外出务工，约400万农民工则就地就业或创业成为返乡农民工。2008年金融危机，使得我们第一次能够具备相应的现实基础和获得充足的微观数据研究特定经济事件引发的特定劳动力在特定时间大规模跨劳动力市场流动，也为我们提供了一个在同一劳动力市场研究返乡农民工和本土农民工的机会。
本研究从劳动力市场分割理论出发，以2008年美国金融危机中国农民工返乡为背景，使用本人于2009年7月发起并组织的重庆市丰都县返乡农民工和本土农民工抽样调查大样本数据，从市场的角度研究了不同地区劳动力市场的农民工收入差距及收入决定机制，从农民工自身的角度探讨了影响农民工流动的决策因素。本研究一方面为进一步验证中国经济发展地区不平衡和由此带来的劳动力市场地区分割及其特性提供思路，另一方面也可以为进一步从劳动力市场分割理论研究农民工流动提供借鉴。
本研究的主要创新性工作包括：
①从劳动力市场分割理论和劳动力流动理论出发，从劳动力市场和劳动力市场供给方两个相对应的角度及其比较来研究农民工流动。对于当今基本是以劳动力市场为出发点来进行农民工流动的理论研究及实证研究，从劳动力市场供给方农民工自身的角度来研究农民工流动、流动决策和相关影响因素，为进一步研究农民工流动和农民工流动决策提供了新的思路和途径。从这两个角度的比较研究发现，劳动力市场配置机制和劳动力流动决策不一致，原因在于劳动力市场和劳动力决策的影响因素不同。同时，本研究将农民工群体分为返乡农民工和本土农民工两个子群体，通过对金融危机造成的返乡农民工和本土农民工在不同劳动力市场与相同劳动力市场的收入差距和影响因素的比较来研究我国劳动力市场地区分割和农民工流动，为研究劳动力市场分割和进一步研究农民工群体提供了新的借鉴。
②将劳动力市场分割理论和新古典人力资本理论相结合，研究了2008年金融危机造成的农民工失业和流动，研究发现劳动力市场分割理论关于流动障碍阻碍了劳动力在各子市场间的自由流动和劳动力市场是非出清的核心假说对我国特有的农民工劳动力群体不适用。农民工可以在不同地区的劳动力子市场之间流动，并且经济发达地区劳动力市场可以向经济欠发达地区劳动力市场出清，出清的人群是没有在经济发达地区劳动力市场积累人力资本的农民工群体。同时，运用Theil指数分解法，这个新的方法来验证了劳动力市场分割理论核心假说在我国的适用性，本研究的Theil指数分解结果验证了我国劳动力市场地区分割和不同子市场中的工资决定和劳动力配置机制各不相同，新古典人力资本理论在较低端子市场中的适用性不强。研究发现我国不同地区的劳动力市场存在着不同的工资决定和劳动力配置机制，以受教育程度为代表的人力资本积累是经济发达地区劳动力市场工资决定和劳动力配置机制的决定因素，以性别差异而导致的体力差异所代表的人力资本是经济欠发达地区劳动力市场工资决定和劳动力配置机制的决定因素。
③结合劳动力市场分割理论和劳动力流动理论，用Logit模型从劳动力市场的供给方农民工自身的角度来研究农民工流动决策和农民工流动决策影响因素，研究发现劳动力市场机制不能完全决定劳动力流动决策和劳动力流动，原因在于劳动力市场的配置机制和劳动力流动的决策机制存在着不一致。劳动力市场关注的是劳动力的受教育程度和性别差异所代表的人力资本积累，劳动力市场供给方农民工流动决策并不关注受教育程度和性别差异因素，农民工所关注的影响因素是婚姻状况所代表的生活压力、从事行业所代表的收入水平和短期收入与长期收入的权衡。
With30years’ reform and opening up, the market economic system with Chinesecharacteristics is gradually established. The market mechanism has been playing agreater role in the economic growth and wage determination in different regions, andthe labor market segmentation becomes increasingly evident. Due to institutionalreasons, the Chinese labor market has gradually formed a migrant-workers group, whichis of special status, large number and strong mobility. The presence of migrant-workersgroup makes Chinese labor market particular. Therefore, the study on development andchanges of Chinese labor market and migrant-workers group, which are still in theprocess of reforms, has important theoretical value and practical significance.
The tide of migrant workers’ home-return triggered by financial crisis in2008hasaroused a widespread concern in whole society, also becomes one focus of China'seconomic studies today. The financial crisis had caused a total of about20millionunemployed migrant workers returning home, of which about16million continue to goout finding jobs after the warming of economic situation, while the other400millionstay at home getting employed or self-employed and become returned migrant workers.The financial crisis of2008, not only provides us a realistic basis and adequatemicro-data to study the specific inter-market labor flow with large-scale triggered byspecific economic events at a specific time for the first time, but also makes it possibleto study returned migrant workers and local migrant workers within the same labormarket.
Based on the background of Chinese migrant workers’ home-return tide in2008financial crisis, employing the theory of labor market segmentation, and using thelarge-sample data from a survey about returned migrant workers and local migrantworkers, which was initiated and organized by me at Fengdu County, ChongqingMunicipality in July2009, this study analyzes the income gap between migrant workersand income pricing mechanism in different parts of labor market from the aspect ofmarket research, as well as explores the decision-making factors affecting the flow ofmigrant workers from the perspective of migrant workers themselves. This study couldprovide ideas to verify the regional imbalance in China's economic development and theresulting labor market segmentation as well as the income determination mechanism.Besides, it could also provide a reference for the following study on the flow of migrant workers.
The innovative work of this study includes:
①Starting from the labor market segmentation theory and labor migration theory,the paper studies the flow of migrant workers from the two corresponding angles oflabor market and labor market supply side as well as their comparison. For today'stheoretical studies and empirical research of the flow of migrant workers usually takeslabor market as a starting point, and current research on the flow of migrant workers, itsdecision-making and related factors from the perspective of labor market supply side,i.e. the migrant workers themselves, this study provides new ideas and ways for thestudy of the flow of migrant workers and its decision-making as well. By dividing themigrant-workers group into returned migrant workers and local migrant workers thesetwo sub-groups, also through the comparison of income disparity and influencingfactors of returned migrant workers and local migrant workers in different labor marketor same labor market owing to the financial crisis, the studies on China’s labor marketsegmentation as well as flow of migrant workers in this paper do benefits to thefollowing research on labor market segmentation and migrant workers.
②Combined the theory of labor market segmentation and neo-classical humancapital theory, the paper studies the unemployment and movement of migrant workerscaused by2008financial crisis, and the results show that the labor market segmentationtheory, detailed as barriers to the movement hinder the free movement of labor forcebetween sub-markets, as well as the core hypothesis of labor market non-clearing do notapply to China's migrant-workers group. Migrant workers can move among the laborsub-markets in different areas, and the labor market of the economically developedareas can clear the labor market of economically less developed areas, by clearing themigrant-workers group without the accumulation of human capital. Furthermore, thestudies find that there exist different mechanisms for income determination and laborallocation in China's labor markets of different regions. The human capital accumulation,represented by level of education, is the determining factor of the income determinationand labor allocation mechanism for the labor market in economically developed areas,while the manpower capital represented by physical differences resulted from genderdifferences determines the income decision and labor allocation mechanism in the labormarket of economically less developed areas.
③Combined the theory of labor market segmentation and labor migration theory,the paper studies the decision-making of the flow of migrant workers and its influencing factors by Logit model from the perspective of the supply side of labor market, i.e.migrant workers themselves, and the results show that labor market mechanism cannotbe completely determined the decision-making of labor migration or labor mobility, andthe allocation mechanism of labor market is inconsistent with the decision-makingmechanism of labor mobility. That labor market is concerned about the education levelof labor force and manpower accumulation represented by gender, while thedecision-making of flow of migrant workers of labor market supply-side is concernedabout the life stress represented by marital status, the income level represented byindustry as well as the balance of short-term income and long-term income.
2008年，金融危机引发了全国范围内的农民工返乡潮，引起了全社会的广泛关注，并成为当前中国经济研究的重点之一。金融危机造成总量约2000万的农民工失业返乡，在经济形势转暖之后，其中约1600万继续外出务工，约400万农民工则就地就业或创业成为返乡农民工。2008年金融危机，使得我们第一次能够具备相应的现实基础和获得充足的微观数据研究特定经济事件引发的特定劳动力在特定时间大规模跨劳动力市场流动，也为我们提供了一个在同一劳动力市场研究返乡农民工和本土农民工的机会。
本研究从劳动力市场分割理论出发，以2008年美国金融危机中国农民工返乡为背景，使用本人于2009年7月发起并组织的重庆市丰都县返乡农民工和本土农民工抽样调查大样本数据，从市场的角度研究了不同地区劳动力市场的农民工收入差距及收入决定机制，从农民工自身的角度探讨了影响农民工流动的决策因素。本研究一方面为进一步验证中国经济发展地区不平衡和由此带来的劳动力市场地区分割及其特性提供思路，另一方面也可以为进一步从劳动力市场分割理论研究农民工流动提供借鉴。
本研究的主要创新性工作包括：
①从劳动力市场分割理论和劳动力流动理论出发，从劳动力市场和劳动力市场供给方两个相对应的角度及其比较来研究农民工流动。对于当今基本是以劳动力市场为出发点来进行农民工流动的理论研究及实证研究，从劳动力市场供给方农民工自身的角度来研究农民工流动、流动决策和相关影响因素，为进一步研究农民工流动和农民工流动决策提供了新的思路和途径。从这两个角度的比较研究发现，劳动力市场配置机制和劳动力流动决策不一致，原因在于劳动力市场和劳动力决策的影响因素不同。同时，本研究将农民工群体分为返乡农民工和本土农民工两个子群体，通过对金融危机造成的返乡农民工和本土农民工在不同劳动力市场与相同劳动力市场的收入差距和影响因素的比较来研究我国劳动力市场地区分割和农民工流动，为研究劳动力市场分割和进一步研究农民工群体提供了新的借鉴。
②将劳动力市场分割理论和新古典人力资本理论相结合，研究了2008年金融危机造成的农民工失业和流动，研究发现劳动力市场分割理论关于流动障碍阻碍了劳动力在各子市场间的自由流动和劳动力市场是非出清的核心假说对我国特有的农民工劳动力群体不适用。农民工可以在不同地区的劳动力子市场之间流动，并且经济发达地区劳动力市场可以向经济欠发达地区劳动力市场出清，出清的人群是没有在经济发达地区劳动力市场积累人力资本的农民工群体。同时，运用Theil指数分解法，这个新的方法来验证了劳动力市场分割理论核心假说在我国的适用性，本研究的Theil指数分解结果验证了我国劳动力市场地区分割和不同子市场中的工资决定和劳动力配置机制各不相同，新古典人力资本理论在较低端子市场中的适用性不强。研究发现我国不同地区的劳动力市场存在着不同的工资决定和劳动力配置机制，以受教育程度为代表的人力资本积累是经济发达地区劳动力市场工资决定和劳动力配置机制的决定因素，以性别差异而导致的体力差异所代表的人力资本是经济欠发达地区劳动力市场工资决定和劳动力配置机制的决定因素。
③结合劳动力市场分割理论和劳动力流动理论，用Logit模型从劳动力市场的供给方农民工自身的角度来研究农民工流动决策和农民工流动决策影响因素，研究发现劳动力市场机制不能完全决定劳动力流动决策和劳动力流动，原因在于劳动力市场的配置机制和劳动力流动的决策机制存在着不一致。劳动力市场关注的是劳动力的受教育程度和性别差异所代表的人力资本积累，劳动力市场供给方农民工流动决策并不关注受教育程度和性别差异因素，农民工所关注的影响因素是婚姻状况所代表的生活压力、从事行业所代表的收入水平和短期收入与长期收入的权衡。
With30years’ reform and opening up, the market economic system with Chinesecharacteristics is gradually established. The market mechanism has been playing agreater role in the economic growth and wage determination in different regions, andthe labor market segmentation becomes increasingly evident. Due to institutionalreasons, the Chinese labor market has gradually formed a migrant-workers group, whichis of special status, large number and strong mobility. The presence of migrant-workersgroup makes Chinese labor market particular. Therefore, the study on development andchanges of Chinese labor market and migrant-workers group, which are still in theprocess of reforms, has important theoretical value and practical significance.
The tide of migrant workers’ home-return triggered by financial crisis in2008hasaroused a widespread concern in whole society, also becomes one focus of China'seconomic studies today. The financial crisis had caused a total of about20millionunemployed migrant workers returning home, of which about16million continue to goout finding jobs after the warming of economic situation, while the other400millionstay at home getting employed or self-employed and become returned migrant workers.The financial crisis of2008, not only provides us a realistic basis and adequatemicro-data to study the specific inter-market labor flow with large-scale triggered byspecific economic events at a specific time for the first time, but also makes it possibleto study returned migrant workers and local migrant workers within the same labormarket.
Based on the background of Chinese migrant workers’ home-return tide in2008financial crisis, employing the theory of labor market segmentation, and using thelarge-sample data from a survey about returned migrant workers and local migrantworkers, which was initiated and organized by me at Fengdu County, ChongqingMunicipality in July2009, this study analyzes the income gap between migrant workersand income pricing mechanism in different parts of labor market from the aspect ofmarket research, as well as explores the decision-making factors affecting the flow ofmigrant workers from the perspective of migrant workers themselves. This study couldprovide ideas to verify the regional imbalance in China's economic development and theresulting labor market segmentation as well as the income determination mechanism.Besides, it could also provide a reference for the following study on the flow of migrant workers.
The innovative work of this study includes:
①Starting from the labor market segmentation theory and labor migration theory,the paper studies the flow of migrant workers from the two corresponding angles oflabor market and labor market supply side as well as their comparison. For today'stheoretical studies and empirical research of the flow of migrant workers usually takeslabor market as a starting point, and current research on the flow of migrant workers, itsdecision-making and related factors from the perspective of labor market supply side,i.e. the migrant workers themselves, this study provides new ideas and ways for thestudy of the flow of migrant workers and its decision-making as well. By dividing themigrant-workers group into returned migrant workers and local migrant workers thesetwo sub-groups, also through the comparison of income disparity and influencingfactors of returned migrant workers and local migrant workers in different labor marketor same labor market owing to the financial crisis, the studies on China’s labor marketsegmentation as well as flow of migrant workers in this paper do benefits to thefollowing research on labor market segmentation and migrant workers.
②Combined the theory of labor market segmentation and neo-classical humancapital theory, the paper studies the unemployment and movement of migrant workerscaused by2008financial crisis, and the results show that the labor market segmentationtheory, detailed as barriers to the movement hinder the free movement of labor forcebetween sub-markets, as well as the core hypothesis of labor market non-clearing do notapply to China's migrant-workers group. Migrant workers can move among the laborsub-markets in different areas, and the labor market of the economically developedareas can clear the labor market of economically less developed areas, by clearing themigrant-workers group without the accumulation of human capital. Furthermore, thestudies find that there exist different mechanisms for income determination and laborallocation in China's labor markets of different regions. The human capital accumulation,represented by level of education, is the determining factor of the income determinationand labor allocation mechanism for the labor market in economically developed areas,while the manpower capital represented by physical differences resulted from genderdifferences determines the income decision and labor allocation mechanism in the labormarket of economically less developed areas.
③Combined the theory of labor market segmentation and labor migration theory,the paper studies the decision-making of the flow of migrant workers and its influencing factors by Logit model from the perspective of the supply side of labor market, i.e.migrant workers themselves, and the results show that labor market mechanism cannotbe completely determined the decision-making of labor migration or labor mobility, andthe allocation mechanism of labor market is inconsistent with the decision-makingmechanism of labor mobility. That labor market is concerned about the education levelof labor force and manpower accumulation represented by gender, while thedecision-making of flow of migrant workers of labor market supply-side is concernedabout the life stress represented by marital status, the income level represented byindustry as well as the balance of short-term income and long-term income.
引文
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