基于超分子自组装的纳米空心球、胶束及树枝状大分子研究
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摘要
本论文以基于环糊精为主体分子的超分子自组装及天然聚多糖为研究对象,构筑了新颖的纳米空心微球、两亲性胶束及Dendrimer等高分子聚集体,并针对这些聚集体在酶固定化、微反应器和药物控释领域的应用进行了研究。主要内容如下：
第一章：基于主客体识别的大分子自组装
本章主要是对基于主客体识别的大分子自组装进行了综述,主-客体识别的作用力主要可以分为离子-偶极相互作用、氢键作用、范德华力和亲疏水相互作用、π-π堆叠作用等,本章主要从原理到应用对其进行了综述。此外本章根据不同作用机制还介绍了很多新颖的主体分子和与之匹配的客体分子以及它们在大分子自组装领域的应用潜力。
第二章：基于天然聚多糖的自组装空心微球之包裹行为和膜选择透过性研究
该章主要介绍了利用接枝到天然聚多糖海藻酸钠上的聚乙二醇(PEG)与α环糊精(α-CD)自组装形成的软-硬段(rod-coil)复合物在水中自组装得到的一类新颖纳米空心微球。针对此类纳米空心微球在酶包裹领域的应用研究表明：该体系具有良好的选择透过性能,Alg-g-mPEG/α-CD空心微球不但对模型酶L-天冬酰胺酶具有较高的包裹效率(80%左右)而且可以防止酶从空心微球内部泄漏出来；实验结果发现包裹的酶比自由酶具有更优良的稳定性,而且空心微球对酶的包裹会提高其与底物的亲和力；包裹后的酶与自由酶相比具有更宽的最适反应温度和pH区间,且在酸性条件下的稳定性也有了很大改进；通过包裹不同分子量和尺寸的探针分子我们得到空心微球膜的MMCO为20kDa-40kDa之间,此外,空心微球对酶的包裹容量研究表明在原料浓度恒定的情况下,空心微球对酶具有极限包裹容量且空心微球对酶的包裹行为具有对Alg-g-mPEG浓度和PEG接枝率的响应性。
第三章：胆固醇接枝的羧甲基魔芋葡甘聚糖自聚集体的制备、表征及作为药物载体的研究
我们成功利用胆固醇对羧甲基魔芋葡甘聚糖进行了疏水修饰,从而合成了一种新颖的基于天然聚多糖的两亲性聚合物(CHCKGMs)。CHCKGM的结构特征通过FTIR、1H NMR、TGA进行表征,并通过DLS、ZETA电位、TEM和荧光探针技术研究了CHCKGM在水中的自组装行为。CHCKGM两亲性聚合物与其它文献报道的两亲性聚合物相比其在水中的临界胶束浓度具有很大优势(2.59×10-3-5.89×10-3mg/ml),说明胆固醇片段对于形成聚集体非常有效。广谱抗癌药物依托泊苷通过超声方法被包裹到了CHCKGM纳米胶束中,体外释放结果显示包裹了依托泊苷的CHCKGM纳米胶束对药物有明显缓释作用。此外,CHCKGM纳米胶束在水中显示出对pH和离子强度的响应性,可以导致胶束粒径发生明显变化。
第四章：基于壳聚糖的自组装空心微球制备及作为蛋白质载体的研究
利用接枝到天然聚多糖壳聚糖上的PEG与α-CD形成软硬段(rod-coil)复合物在水中自组装得到了纳米空心微球。实验结果表明此类空心微球体系在蛋白质载药体系中具有很大优势；此类空心微球在水中显示出pH响应的性质,这种聚电解质胶囊的pH调控性能可以作为被包裹药物的控制释放开关。为了研究此类空心微球在分子马达蛋白方面的应用,我们从菠菜叶绿体中成功分离、纯化得到了有活性的CFoFl-ATP合酶。下一步的工作是拟将此蛋白构筑到脂质体中然后吸附到空心微球膜上,从而实现在空心微球内部人工合成ATP。
第五章：基于主-客体化学代替共价键构筑Dendrimer的研究
我们设计利用环糊精与客体分子之间的主客体识别作用代替传统共价键来构筑功能材料Dendrimer,此类Dendrimer功能材料的核、支化结构和表面基团全部用主客体作用来构筑,此类方法简单、高效,与传统的Dendrimer功能材料相比有很大优势。目前,各组装单元的合成工作已经基本完成,接下来的组装工作正在进行中。
Novel hollow nanospheres, amphipatic micelles and dendrimer were constructed and successfully applied in enzyme immobilization, microreactor and drug deleviery area. These systems all constructed via supramolecular self-assembly which based on the inclusion complexion between cycodextrins and various gurest molecules and some natural polysaccharides.
Chapter 1:Macromolecular Self-assembly via Host-Guest Inclusion
Rencent progress in macromolecular self-assembly based on host-guest inclusion have been reviewed according to various intereactions in host-guest inclusion process, which include metal-dipole intereactions, hydrogen bond, vander Waals interactions, hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity intereactions andπ-πintereactions. In addition, some novel host molecules and guest molecules were discussed according to various mechansim of action and their potential applications of the resultant assemblies.
Chapter 2:Self-assembly Hollow Nanosphere for Enzyme Encapsulation and Selective Membrane Permeability Properties of Self-assembly Hollow Nanospheres
This chapter describes a kind of hollow nanosphere prepared by self-assembly of rod-coil complexes, in which the rod-like segments were formed by inclusion a-cyclodextrins (a-CDs) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains grafted on alginate-graft-PEG (Alg-g-PEG). The Alg-g-PEG/a-CD hollow spheres were extended to investigate the encapsulation behavior of enzyme. It was found that the hollow spheres not only enable a high loading of enzyme, but also show semi-permeability which could prevent the enzyme from leaving while allowing substrates and products to pass through. Although protected in hollow spheres, the encapsulated enzyme can still exert its activity and the affinity between the substrate and encapsulated enzyme was lightly increased. Furthermore, the encapsulation of L-asparaginase widened the optimum reactive temperature and pH range of the enzyme, and the encapsulated L-asparaginase showed significantly higher stability in an acidic environment as compared to the native enzyme. The permeability properties of Alg-g-PEG/a-CD hollow nanospheres were investigated by encapsulating different probes. Results showed that the molar mass cutoff (MMCO) of these hollow nanospheres was between 20 and 40 kDa. The encapsulation capability of Alg-g-PEG/a-CD hollow nanospheres was also investigated, the results indicated a maximal values for L-asparaginase encapsulation is 4 mg per 4 mL Alg-g-PEG/a-CD (0.25%/6%) solution. Furthermore, the encapsulation behavior for L-asparaginase showed PEG graft density (GD) dependence.
Chapter 3:Self-aggregates of Cholesterol-modified Carboxymethyl Konjac Glucomannan Conjugate:Preparation, Characterization, and Preliminary Assessment as a Carrier of Etoposide
In this chapter, various cholesterol (CH) bearing carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan (CKGM) amphiphilic conjugates (denoted CHCKGM) were synthesized using CKGM and CH as hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments. Structural characteristics of these CHCKGM conjugates were investigated using FTIR,1H NMR and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The properties of these self-aggregates were analysed by dynamic laser light-scattering (DLS), zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the fluorescence probe technologies. The critical aggregation concentration (cac) of CHCKGM conjugates (2.59×0-3-5.89×10-3 mg/ml) was comparatively low, suggesting that the cholesterol fragment was very effective for forming aggregates. Etoposide was physically entrapped into the CHCKGM nanoparticles by sonication method. The in vitro release behavior of etoposide from CHCKGM nanoparticles revealed a sustained release property. Furthermore, these self-aggregated nanoparticles showed pH-and ionic strength-dependent properties which caused a considerable change in their radius.
Chapter 4:Self-assembled Hollow Spheres Based on Chitosan and the Preliminary Application as a Protein Carrier
In this chapter we present a convenient approach to construct hollow spheres with chiostan as the backbone. The strategy for fabrication based on the self-assembly of rod-coil complexes, in which the rod-like segments were formed by inclusion a-cyclodextrins (a-CDs) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains grafted on chiostan-graft-PEG(CS-g-PEG). The hollow sphere indicates great promise in the area of protein delivery systems. Those self-aggregated hollow spheres showed pH-dependent properties. This pH-switchable control of the polyelectrolyte envelopes can be used to trigger the release of encapsulated drugs. To further investigate the potential of CS-g-PEG/a-CD hollow spheres in bionic area, the CFoFl-ATPase was isolated, purified successfully from spinach leaves. The reconstitution of CFoFl-ATPase onto membrane of the hollow spheres to functionalize the enzyme is in progress.
Chapter 5:Dendrimers Based on Host-Guest Chemistry
The inclusion between cyclodextrins and different guest molecules are designed to construct dendrimers in place of traditional covalent bond. The surface functional groups, tailored sanctuary and dendrimer core are all constructed by host-guest inclusion in this dendrimer. Obviously, this method is simple, straightforward and have great advantages compared to traditional dendrimer. Now, the work of self-assembly between each unit was in progress.
第一章：基于主客体识别的大分子自组装
本章主要是对基于主客体识别的大分子自组装进行了综述,主-客体识别的作用力主要可以分为离子-偶极相互作用、氢键作用、范德华力和亲疏水相互作用、π-π堆叠作用等,本章主要从原理到应用对其进行了综述。此外本章根据不同作用机制还介绍了很多新颖的主体分子和与之匹配的客体分子以及它们在大分子自组装领域的应用潜力。
第二章：基于天然聚多糖的自组装空心微球之包裹行为和膜选择透过性研究
该章主要介绍了利用接枝到天然聚多糖海藻酸钠上的聚乙二醇(PEG)与α环糊精(α-CD)自组装形成的软-硬段(rod-coil)复合物在水中自组装得到的一类新颖纳米空心微球。针对此类纳米空心微球在酶包裹领域的应用研究表明：该体系具有良好的选择透过性能,Alg-g-mPEG/α-CD空心微球不但对模型酶L-天冬酰胺酶具有较高的包裹效率(80%左右)而且可以防止酶从空心微球内部泄漏出来；实验结果发现包裹的酶比自由酶具有更优良的稳定性,而且空心微球对酶的包裹会提高其与底物的亲和力；包裹后的酶与自由酶相比具有更宽的最适反应温度和pH区间,且在酸性条件下的稳定性也有了很大改进；通过包裹不同分子量和尺寸的探针分子我们得到空心微球膜的MMCO为20kDa-40kDa之间,此外,空心微球对酶的包裹容量研究表明在原料浓度恒定的情况下,空心微球对酶具有极限包裹容量且空心微球对酶的包裹行为具有对Alg-g-mPEG浓度和PEG接枝率的响应性。
第三章：胆固醇接枝的羧甲基魔芋葡甘聚糖自聚集体的制备、表征及作为药物载体的研究
我们成功利用胆固醇对羧甲基魔芋葡甘聚糖进行了疏水修饰,从而合成了一种新颖的基于天然聚多糖的两亲性聚合物(CHCKGMs)。CHCKGM的结构特征通过FTIR、1H NMR、TGA进行表征,并通过DLS、ZETA电位、TEM和荧光探针技术研究了CHCKGM在水中的自组装行为。CHCKGM两亲性聚合物与其它文献报道的两亲性聚合物相比其在水中的临界胶束浓度具有很大优势(2.59×10-3-5.89×10-3mg/ml),说明胆固醇片段对于形成聚集体非常有效。广谱抗癌药物依托泊苷通过超声方法被包裹到了CHCKGM纳米胶束中,体外释放结果显示包裹了依托泊苷的CHCKGM纳米胶束对药物有明显缓释作用。此外,CHCKGM纳米胶束在水中显示出对pH和离子强度的响应性,可以导致胶束粒径发生明显变化。
第四章：基于壳聚糖的自组装空心微球制备及作为蛋白质载体的研究
利用接枝到天然聚多糖壳聚糖上的PEG与α-CD形成软硬段(rod-coil)复合物在水中自组装得到了纳米空心微球。实验结果表明此类空心微球体系在蛋白质载药体系中具有很大优势；此类空心微球在水中显示出pH响应的性质,这种聚电解质胶囊的pH调控性能可以作为被包裹药物的控制释放开关。为了研究此类空心微球在分子马达蛋白方面的应用,我们从菠菜叶绿体中成功分离、纯化得到了有活性的CFoFl-ATP合酶。下一步的工作是拟将此蛋白构筑到脂质体中然后吸附到空心微球膜上,从而实现在空心微球内部人工合成ATP。
第五章：基于主-客体化学代替共价键构筑Dendrimer的研究
我们设计利用环糊精与客体分子之间的主客体识别作用代替传统共价键来构筑功能材料Dendrimer,此类Dendrimer功能材料的核、支化结构和表面基团全部用主客体作用来构筑,此类方法简单、高效,与传统的Dendrimer功能材料相比有很大优势。目前,各组装单元的合成工作已经基本完成,接下来的组装工作正在进行中。
Novel hollow nanospheres, amphipatic micelles and dendrimer were constructed and successfully applied in enzyme immobilization, microreactor and drug deleviery area. These systems all constructed via supramolecular self-assembly which based on the inclusion complexion between cycodextrins and various gurest molecules and some natural polysaccharides.
Chapter 1:Macromolecular Self-assembly via Host-Guest Inclusion
Rencent progress in macromolecular self-assembly based on host-guest inclusion have been reviewed according to various intereactions in host-guest inclusion process, which include metal-dipole intereactions, hydrogen bond, vander Waals interactions, hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity intereactions andπ-πintereactions. In addition, some novel host molecules and guest molecules were discussed according to various mechansim of action and their potential applications of the resultant assemblies.
Chapter 2:Self-assembly Hollow Nanosphere for Enzyme Encapsulation and Selective Membrane Permeability Properties of Self-assembly Hollow Nanospheres
This chapter describes a kind of hollow nanosphere prepared by self-assembly of rod-coil complexes, in which the rod-like segments were formed by inclusion a-cyclodextrins (a-CDs) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains grafted on alginate-graft-PEG (Alg-g-PEG). The Alg-g-PEG/a-CD hollow spheres were extended to investigate the encapsulation behavior of enzyme. It was found that the hollow spheres not only enable a high loading of enzyme, but also show semi-permeability which could prevent the enzyme from leaving while allowing substrates and products to pass through. Although protected in hollow spheres, the encapsulated enzyme can still exert its activity and the affinity between the substrate and encapsulated enzyme was lightly increased. Furthermore, the encapsulation of L-asparaginase widened the optimum reactive temperature and pH range of the enzyme, and the encapsulated L-asparaginase showed significantly higher stability in an acidic environment as compared to the native enzyme. The permeability properties of Alg-g-PEG/a-CD hollow nanospheres were investigated by encapsulating different probes. Results showed that the molar mass cutoff (MMCO) of these hollow nanospheres was between 20 and 40 kDa. The encapsulation capability of Alg-g-PEG/a-CD hollow nanospheres was also investigated, the results indicated a maximal values for L-asparaginase encapsulation is 4 mg per 4 mL Alg-g-PEG/a-CD (0.25%/6%) solution. Furthermore, the encapsulation behavior for L-asparaginase showed PEG graft density (GD) dependence.
Chapter 3:Self-aggregates of Cholesterol-modified Carboxymethyl Konjac Glucomannan Conjugate:Preparation, Characterization, and Preliminary Assessment as a Carrier of Etoposide
In this chapter, various cholesterol (CH) bearing carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan (CKGM) amphiphilic conjugates (denoted CHCKGM) were synthesized using CKGM and CH as hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments. Structural characteristics of these CHCKGM conjugates were investigated using FTIR,1H NMR and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The properties of these self-aggregates were analysed by dynamic laser light-scattering (DLS), zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the fluorescence probe technologies. The critical aggregation concentration (cac) of CHCKGM conjugates (2.59×0-3-5.89×10-3 mg/ml) was comparatively low, suggesting that the cholesterol fragment was very effective for forming aggregates. Etoposide was physically entrapped into the CHCKGM nanoparticles by sonication method. The in vitro release behavior of etoposide from CHCKGM nanoparticles revealed a sustained release property. Furthermore, these self-aggregated nanoparticles showed pH-and ionic strength-dependent properties which caused a considerable change in their radius.
Chapter 4:Self-assembled Hollow Spheres Based on Chitosan and the Preliminary Application as a Protein Carrier
In this chapter we present a convenient approach to construct hollow spheres with chiostan as the backbone. The strategy for fabrication based on the self-assembly of rod-coil complexes, in which the rod-like segments were formed by inclusion a-cyclodextrins (a-CDs) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains grafted on chiostan-graft-PEG(CS-g-PEG). The hollow sphere indicates great promise in the area of protein delivery systems. Those self-aggregated hollow spheres showed pH-dependent properties. This pH-switchable control of the polyelectrolyte envelopes can be used to trigger the release of encapsulated drugs. To further investigate the potential of CS-g-PEG/a-CD hollow spheres in bionic area, the CFoFl-ATPase was isolated, purified successfully from spinach leaves. The reconstitution of CFoFl-ATPase onto membrane of the hollow spheres to functionalize the enzyme is in progress.
Chapter 5:Dendrimers Based on Host-Guest Chemistry
The inclusion between cyclodextrins and different guest molecules are designed to construct dendrimers in place of traditional covalent bond. The surface functional groups, tailored sanctuary and dendrimer core are all constructed by host-guest inclusion in this dendrimer. Obviously, this method is simple, straightforward and have great advantages compared to traditional dendrimer. Now, the work of self-assembly between each unit was in progress.
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