审美体验下的当代西方景观叙事研究
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摘要
作为人类物质活动与文化的有效载体，景观环境在承载人们现实需要的同时，也在默默地向置身其中的人们传递着历史与文化的信息。而此时的景观也恰如一篇小说，用自己特有的话语方式，向人们叙述着其间发生的故事与曾经的过往。20世纪60至70年代，伴随着当代西方哲学研究的语言学转向，一种被称为“后经典叙事学”的理论逐渐进入当代文艺研究领域，而此刻的景观学科也正在经历一个既有理念转变、思潮迭起的所谓后现代时期。可以讲，在当代西方景观的创造实践中，对于景观所具有的故事言说特征即景观的叙事表达，已经成为越来越多设计师的自觉行为。对于当代景观创作而言，叙事理论的介入使得景观设计师不仅可以利用各种形式语言塑造出更加具有时代特征与人文内涵的景观作品，同时也将人们对景观作品的关注从既往“如画”般的场景呈现转向了更具人文内涵和文化价值的“如话”场所建构。作为对当代景观这一重要转变现实的理论回应，本文以当代西方景观理论的叙事研究为切入点，借助后经典叙事学的相关理论与方法，通过对20世纪70年代以来的西方景观设计发展特征的历史解析，探究当代西方景观叙事所呈现出的独特话语特征与美学内涵。其最终目的在于结合当代西方景观叙事的深入思考与理论阐述，为当代中国快速城市化背景之下的景观建设与文化建构提供可资借鉴的理论方法和实践策略。
作为论文的理论基础与逻辑起点，本文结合叙事及叙事理论的经典文献解读，探讨与解析了景观与叙事理论的相互作用关系、历史渊源及当代发展。同时，论文通过对景观类语言特征的相关阐释，界定了景观叙事的概念内涵，即将景观视为一种承载人类现实生活与精神理想的独特话语系统，进而将景观环境的创作与感知看成是对某种特定叙事情节的审美体验进程。可以讲，借由西方景观叙事特征的当代美学阐释，不仅为景观理论研究的跨学科发展开拓了全新的研究视野，同时也为当代景观文化的建构提供了更具人文内涵的理论范式。
在论文主体研究内容的建构中，本文以当代西方景观叙事的审美体验进程为技术路线，从叙事话语表征、结构呈现与时间流程三个方面，阐述了当代西方景观的叙事特征及美学要旨。其中，话语表征即阐释当代景观作为类语言系统，其基本话语组成及言语表达的时代特征。可以讲，在多元审美观念与科技发展等因素的共同作用之下，当代景观已然实现了其基本话语组成的时代转换，进而呈现出更具文艺内涵的景观话语表征与叙事特质。而所谓的景观叙事结构呈现，即是将景观空间语汇结为整体进而构筑意义的叙事方式。在景观叙事结构的编排与组合之下，诸多空间话语单元整合成为具有完整故事情节的景观叙事世界。而对景观叙事时间特质的当代解析，也使得论文对西方景观叙事问题的思考不仅限于其空间实体的叙事表达，而是探究与实体环境共存并具有历史维度与时代跨度的时间叙事进程。可以讲，在景观叙事结构呈现与时间流程的共同作用之下，当代景观不仅建构出具有时空复合特质的景观叙事进程，同时也呈现出独特的美学特质与文化内涵。
此外，如果说本文有关景观叙事话语表征、结构呈现与时间流程的阐述，回答了当代景观如何借由具有时代特质的景观语言来讲述呈现多元审美旨趣的“时代故事”（即景观如何“讲故事”），那么景观叙事的意蕴探讨则将人们的关注重点引向了对景观叙事话语主体与叙事主旨的深入思考。或者换句话来讲，对于当代景观叙事表达的审美进程而言，人们更为关注由“什么人”来讲“什么故事”。与此同时我们也看到，在当代后经典叙事理论的相关研究中，对于叙事作品本身以外诸如叙述者与叙事视角等内容的解析，已然成为了其相关理论研究的热点问题。可以讲，本文有关当代景观叙事意蕴的相关研究，不仅将人们对当代景观叙事议题的审美感知，从具有实体外显特征“表象”体验转向对景观叙事内涵与意义的时代运思，同时也实现了后经典叙事学与当代景观叙事的理论映射。
通过对当代西方景观叙事理论建构研究，本文认为，借助景观叙事主体的审美体验与审美感知呈现的多元述求，当代西方景观不仅实现了从“宏大叙事”向“民间叙事”的时代演绎，同时也建构起其特有的话语内涵。在这一当代西方景观叙事表达的时代进程中，对生命的感悟以及对景观人文内涵的时代表达，成为了当代西方景观叙事的核心要旨。可以讲，在景观叙事内涵的时代言说中，当代西方景观不仅呈现出具有情节特征的“如话”场所意象，而且也用其特定的话语特征实现了景观学科发展的当代拓展。
As an effective carrier of human material and culture, landscape and environment in bearing people's real needs at the same time, also in silently to the people passing a historical and cultural information. The landscape is just as a story, with their own unique way of discourse, to the people in the story and the past. In twentieth Century60to70years, accompanied by the linguistic study of contemporary western philosophy, known as a "post classical narratology" theory gradually into the contemporary field of literary studies, and landscape subject at the moment is also experiencing a change in trend has idea, repeatedly called post modern period. Can say, in the contemporary western landscape creation practice, for the story of speech features of the landscape is the landscape narrative expression, has become the conscious action more and more designers. For the contemporary landscape creation, narrative theory makes the landscape designers can not only use various forms of language to create more has the characteristics of the times and the cultural connotation of landscape works, but also the people on the landscape works of concern from the previous "picturesque"-like scenes show to the more cultural connotation and cultural value of the "words such as" place construction. At the same time, the related research on the theory and method of narrative theory also provides a perspective and method of new in order to expand research vision of contemporary landscape subject. As to the contemporary landscape of this important shift in the real response to the theory, based on the narrative study of contemporary western landscape theory as the breakthrough point, related theories and methods by means of post classical narratology, through the western landscape design development characteristic of the nineteen seventies since the historical analysis, unique discourse features and essence of contemporary western narrative inquiry landscape show. The ultimate goal is to combine a thorough thinking and theory of contemporary western landscape narrative description, to provide theoretical methods and practical principles which can be used as reference for landscape construction and culture under the background of modern Chinese fast city construction. The full text is divided into six chapters, the main contents of each chapter are as follows:
The first chapter and the second chapter as the foundation and logical start point, the contemporary landscape architecture discipline described as the premise, combined with the historical narrative and the narrative theory analysis, define the scope of the study and the technical route of the thesis, the landscape as a unique discourse system bearing the human social and cultural life and spiritual ideal, then the landscape creation and aesthetic process as for a particular plot experience and perception process. In this process, the emphasis is on the60of the last century to70years, very different landscape concept and aesthetic field of landscape design of the period and Western modernism.
The third chapter to the fifth chapter is the main part of the paper, three aspects from the discourse representation, presents the structure, the time processes described in the external features and internal spirit of the contemporary western landscape narrative for. Among them, discourse representation is displayed language features its own landscape through the landscape elements, and revealed in the landscape narrative process of specific connotation, the basic elements of discourse system architecture with landscape narrative is an important basis for the inner meaning expression. Presents the structure of the discourse system of explicit integration with organic order organized for landscape style complete, and indirectly present landscape narrative to express deep meaning. If the above two reflects the landscape has characteristics of space time process, so this chapter is in time for the media landscape and narrative really together, at the same time, space-time composite on the landscape and the external material form perception into the deep spirit connotation recourse. Discourse representation structure, presentation and time flow three chapters construct the modern western landscape narrative theory main research contents.
The sixth chapter is based on the analysis and discussion of the preceding chapters, apart from the contemporary western landscape narrative research subject, discusses the implications of the study for the concern is not only the works themselves, but extended to work outside of the content, namely who tells the story and what the story have told you. The contemporary western landscape narrative is different from the traditional classical gardens in informing and interpretation process, but a break the previous passive reading behavior, the process leading to enlighten the public into self narrative. At the same time, the contemporary western landscape narrative also unconscious narrative from the traditional gardens in walked out, into the conscious action of the designer, and then become an important means of expression of design thinking. The landscape like language, narrative text as an integral part of people's daily life.
Through the study, the contemporary western landscape narrative theory according to this paper, multivariate the aesthetic experience and aesthetic perception with landscape narrative subject presentation for Contemporary Western landscape, not only realize the deduction from the "grand narrative" to "the folk narrative" of the times, but also constructs its unique discourse connotation. In the expression of the contemporary western landscape narrative time in the process, the expression of life and times on the landscape of the humanities connotation, has become the core of modern western landscape narrative. Can say, in the era of speech landscape narration in Contemporary Western landscape, not only produces a plot features "words such as" place image, but also with its specific discourse features of the contemporary construction of landscape architecture discipline.
作为论文的理论基础与逻辑起点，本文结合叙事及叙事理论的经典文献解读，探讨与解析了景观与叙事理论的相互作用关系、历史渊源及当代发展。同时，论文通过对景观类语言特征的相关阐释，界定了景观叙事的概念内涵，即将景观视为一种承载人类现实生活与精神理想的独特话语系统，进而将景观环境的创作与感知看成是对某种特定叙事情节的审美体验进程。可以讲，借由西方景观叙事特征的当代美学阐释，不仅为景观理论研究的跨学科发展开拓了全新的研究视野，同时也为当代景观文化的建构提供了更具人文内涵的理论范式。
在论文主体研究内容的建构中，本文以当代西方景观叙事的审美体验进程为技术路线，从叙事话语表征、结构呈现与时间流程三个方面，阐述了当代西方景观的叙事特征及美学要旨。其中，话语表征即阐释当代景观作为类语言系统，其基本话语组成及言语表达的时代特征。可以讲，在多元审美观念与科技发展等因素的共同作用之下，当代景观已然实现了其基本话语组成的时代转换，进而呈现出更具文艺内涵的景观话语表征与叙事特质。而所谓的景观叙事结构呈现，即是将景观空间语汇结为整体进而构筑意义的叙事方式。在景观叙事结构的编排与组合之下，诸多空间话语单元整合成为具有完整故事情节的景观叙事世界。而对景观叙事时间特质的当代解析，也使得论文对西方景观叙事问题的思考不仅限于其空间实体的叙事表达，而是探究与实体环境共存并具有历史维度与时代跨度的时间叙事进程。可以讲，在景观叙事结构呈现与时间流程的共同作用之下，当代景观不仅建构出具有时空复合特质的景观叙事进程，同时也呈现出独特的美学特质与文化内涵。
此外，如果说本文有关景观叙事话语表征、结构呈现与时间流程的阐述，回答了当代景观如何借由具有时代特质的景观语言来讲述呈现多元审美旨趣的“时代故事”（即景观如何“讲故事”），那么景观叙事的意蕴探讨则将人们的关注重点引向了对景观叙事话语主体与叙事主旨的深入思考。或者换句话来讲，对于当代景观叙事表达的审美进程而言，人们更为关注由“什么人”来讲“什么故事”。与此同时我们也看到，在当代后经典叙事理论的相关研究中，对于叙事作品本身以外诸如叙述者与叙事视角等内容的解析，已然成为了其相关理论研究的热点问题。可以讲，本文有关当代景观叙事意蕴的相关研究，不仅将人们对当代景观叙事议题的审美感知，从具有实体外显特征“表象”体验转向对景观叙事内涵与意义的时代运思，同时也实现了后经典叙事学与当代景观叙事的理论映射。
通过对当代西方景观叙事理论建构研究，本文认为，借助景观叙事主体的审美体验与审美感知呈现的多元述求，当代西方景观不仅实现了从“宏大叙事”向“民间叙事”的时代演绎，同时也建构起其特有的话语内涵。在这一当代西方景观叙事表达的时代进程中，对生命的感悟以及对景观人文内涵的时代表达，成为了当代西方景观叙事的核心要旨。可以讲，在景观叙事内涵的时代言说中，当代西方景观不仅呈现出具有情节特征的“如话”场所意象，而且也用其特定的话语特征实现了景观学科发展的当代拓展。
As an effective carrier of human material and culture, landscape and environment in bearing people's real needs at the same time, also in silently to the people passing a historical and cultural information. The landscape is just as a story, with their own unique way of discourse, to the people in the story and the past. In twentieth Century60to70years, accompanied by the linguistic study of contemporary western philosophy, known as a "post classical narratology" theory gradually into the contemporary field of literary studies, and landscape subject at the moment is also experiencing a change in trend has idea, repeatedly called post modern period. Can say, in the contemporary western landscape creation practice, for the story of speech features of the landscape is the landscape narrative expression, has become the conscious action more and more designers. For the contemporary landscape creation, narrative theory makes the landscape designers can not only use various forms of language to create more has the characteristics of the times and the cultural connotation of landscape works, but also the people on the landscape works of concern from the previous "picturesque"-like scenes show to the more cultural connotation and cultural value of the "words such as" place construction. At the same time, the related research on the theory and method of narrative theory also provides a perspective and method of new in order to expand research vision of contemporary landscape subject. As to the contemporary landscape of this important shift in the real response to the theory, based on the narrative study of contemporary western landscape theory as the breakthrough point, related theories and methods by means of post classical narratology, through the western landscape design development characteristic of the nineteen seventies since the historical analysis, unique discourse features and essence of contemporary western narrative inquiry landscape show. The ultimate goal is to combine a thorough thinking and theory of contemporary western landscape narrative description, to provide theoretical methods and practical principles which can be used as reference for landscape construction and culture under the background of modern Chinese fast city construction. The full text is divided into six chapters, the main contents of each chapter are as follows:
The first chapter and the second chapter as the foundation and logical start point, the contemporary landscape architecture discipline described as the premise, combined with the historical narrative and the narrative theory analysis, define the scope of the study and the technical route of the thesis, the landscape as a unique discourse system bearing the human social and cultural life and spiritual ideal, then the landscape creation and aesthetic process as for a particular plot experience and perception process. In this process, the emphasis is on the60of the last century to70years, very different landscape concept and aesthetic field of landscape design of the period and Western modernism.
The third chapter to the fifth chapter is the main part of the paper, three aspects from the discourse representation, presents the structure, the time processes described in the external features and internal spirit of the contemporary western landscape narrative for. Among them, discourse representation is displayed language features its own landscape through the landscape elements, and revealed in the landscape narrative process of specific connotation, the basic elements of discourse system architecture with landscape narrative is an important basis for the inner meaning expression. Presents the structure of the discourse system of explicit integration with organic order organized for landscape style complete, and indirectly present landscape narrative to express deep meaning. If the above two reflects the landscape has characteristics of space time process, so this chapter is in time for the media landscape and narrative really together, at the same time, space-time composite on the landscape and the external material form perception into the deep spirit connotation recourse. Discourse representation structure, presentation and time flow three chapters construct the modern western landscape narrative theory main research contents.
The sixth chapter is based on the analysis and discussion of the preceding chapters, apart from the contemporary western landscape narrative research subject, discusses the implications of the study for the concern is not only the works themselves, but extended to work outside of the content, namely who tells the story and what the story have told you. The contemporary western landscape narrative is different from the traditional classical gardens in informing and interpretation process, but a break the previous passive reading behavior, the process leading to enlighten the public into self narrative. At the same time, the contemporary western landscape narrative also unconscious narrative from the traditional gardens in walked out, into the conscious action of the designer, and then become an important means of expression of design thinking. The landscape like language, narrative text as an integral part of people's daily life.
Through the study, the contemporary western landscape narrative theory according to this paper, multivariate the aesthetic experience and aesthetic perception with landscape narrative subject presentation for Contemporary Western landscape, not only realize the deduction from the "grand narrative" to "the folk narrative" of the times, but also constructs its unique discourse connotation. In the expression of the contemporary western landscape narrative time in the process, the expression of life and times on the landscape of the humanities connotation, has become the core of modern western landscape narrative. Can say, in the era of speech landscape narration in Contemporary Western landscape, not only produces a plot features "words such as" place image, but also with its specific discourse features of the contemporary construction of landscape architecture discipline.
引文
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