超声造影引导下经皮微波凝固治疗肝脏活动性出血的实验研究
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摘要
实验一超声造影鉴别单纯肝血肿与肝血肿伴活动性出血的实验研究
目的:探讨超声造影在鉴别单纯肝血肿与肝血肿伴活动性出血中的应用价值。
方法:新西兰大白兔(n = 15;体重2.5 ~ 3.5 kg),实验动物经肝素化后,用自制小型撞击器撞击肝脏建立肝脏闭合性损伤模型,部分实验动物(n = 10)随后用活检枪在彩色多普勒超声引导下经皮穿入肝实质损伤肝动脉,制造肝脏活动性出血。动物模型建立后,分别用二维超声及超声造影扫查肝脏,观察是否存在肝血肿和肝活动性出血,及其位置。超声检查结束后对实验动物进行开腹探查,观察是否存在肝血肿和肝脏活动性出血,及其位置,并与超声诊断结果对比。
结果:共建立肝损伤动物模型15例,其中单纯肝血肿5例,肝血肿合并活动性出血10例。二维超声检测出肝血肿9例(9/15),未发现活动性出血存在(0/10)。超声造影检测出肝血肿15例(15/15),表现为造影剂灌注缺损区,与肝实质界限清晰,造影全部过程中未见造影剂外溢现象。其中10例经超声造影证实合并存在活动性出血(10/10),活动性出血在超声造影中表现为造影剂从肝损伤区域外溢。开腹探查结果显示肝血肿部位和大小与超声造影检查结果相符,活动性出血部位与超声造影检查结果相符。
结论:超声造影是一种快速、有效的鉴别肝脏单纯血肿与血肿合并活动性出血的方法,是否存在造影剂活动性外溢现象是二者的鉴别要点。
实验二快速微波凝固止血治疗肝脏活动性出血的可行性研究
目的:探讨微波快速凝固止血治疗肝脏活动性出血可行性。
方法:新西兰大白兔(n =12;体重2.5 ~ 3.5 kg)经麻醉后,开腹暴露肝脏。实验动物肝素化后,18G半自动活检针穿入肝实质约1 cm,彩色多普勒超声引导下击发活检针损伤肝脏小动脉,制造肝脏活动性出血。将实验动物随机分为80 W组、60 W组和对照组,每组三只动物。每只动物做3 ~ 5个活动性出血点,各组之间作点对点对照。对照组活动性出血点不做任何治疗。治疗组肝脏活动性出血点制造成功后,立即将微波针置于出血点凝固止血,功率分别选择80 W或60 W,以肉眼观察出血停止为标准停止微波止血。对比80 W组和60 W组凝固止血时间。微波止血完毕后,分别用纱布吸血对比凝固点与对照组出血点出血量的差异。
结果:肝脏活动性出血经微波凝固止血后,活动性出血立即停止或仅有少量渗血,原出血点可见圆形或椭圆形的微波凝固区,中心为微波针道。80 W组与60 W组的平均出血量均明显低于对照组(0.09±0.12 g vs 1.83±0.52 g,P < 0.05;0.10±0.10 g vs 1.83±0.52 g,P < 0.05),80 W组与60 W组对比,出血量无明显差异,P > 0.05。80 W止血速度快于60 W(13.1±4.2 s vs 18.3±7.9 s,P < 0.05)。80 W组凝固中心碳化率明显高于60 W组(81.25% vs 31.25%,P < 0.05)。
结论:微波凝固止血是一种快速、有效的治疗肝脏活动性出血的方法。60 W的微波功率可以有效止血并且无明显碳化,止血时间为10 s ~ 40 s。
实验三超声造影实时定位经皮微波凝固局部止血的应用价值
目的:探讨闭腹条件下,超声造影实时引导经皮微波凝固治疗对肝脏活动性出血的止血作用。
方法:用自制小型撞击器和活检枪建立腹部闭合伤合并肝脏活动性出血新西兰大白兔模型。经超声造影证实,成功建立20例腹部闭合伤伴肝脏活动性出血动物模型。将实验动物随机分为两组:微波治疗组(n = 10;超声造影引导下经皮微波凝固止血)和对照组(n = 10;不做治疗)。治疗完毕后(对照组空出相应时间),两组动物均静脉滴注平衡盐维持平均动脉压于70 mm Hg,观察1 h。记录平均动脉压和血Hct变化趋势。实验结束后,过量戊巴比妥钠处死实验动物,开腹探查记算腹腔失血量、液体总灌注量,观察肝脏微波作用部位。
结果:超声造影可明确活动性出血点的位置并引导微波经皮凝固止血。微波凝固后,超声造影显示活动性出血停止,并被一圆形或椭圆形的造影剂充盈缺损区所代替。微波治疗组的失血量明显低于对照组(28.5±6.2 vs 100.8±16.6 ml,P < 0.05),液体总灌注量也明显低于对照组(52.5±15.8 ml vs 167.0±40.8 ml,P < 0.05)。实验结束时微波治疗组的血Hct明显高于对照组(0.26±0.05 vs 0.19±0.04,P < 0.05)。
结论:在兔肝脏活动性出血模型中,闭腹条件下,超声造影实时引导经皮微波凝固治疗显著降低了实验动物的失血量。提示超声造影实时引导经皮微波凝固止血是一种简单、快速、有效、定位准确的治疗肝脏活动性出血的方法。
Part One: Differential Diagnosis of Hepatic Hematoma and Hepatic Hematoma with Active Bleeding by Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound
Objective: To evaluate the value of contrast enhanced ultrasound in differential diagnosis of hepatic hematoma and hepatic hemotoma with active bleeding. Methods: After Rabbits (n = 15) were heparinized, a self-made impactor was used to impact liver to create the hepatic blunt injury model, and then an 18G semi-automatic biopsy needle was used to created hepatic active bleeding in 10 of the animals by injuring hepatic artery. After the procedure, both unenhanced and enhanced scans were performed to evaluate hepatic injury and search hematomas and active bleeding sites, and in an attempt to identify the specific location of the bleeding sites. After the sonographic studies were finished, each abdomen was opened to see if the injury of liver is identical with the results of sonographic studies.
Results: Totally 15 liver injury animal models were created. Unenhanced imaging confirmed 9 hematomas and/or fluids adjacent to liver (9/15), but failed to suggest the presence of active bleeding (0/10). While contrast enhanced imaging confirmed 15 hematomas (15/15), and identified 10 active bleeding (10/10). Active bleeding displays in contrast enhanced imaging as contrast agent extravasating from the injured liver parenchyma. The results of pathology studies were basically matched the results of sonographic studies.
Conclusions: Contrast enhanced ultrasound is a rapid and effective diagnosis method on differential diagnosis hepatic hematoma and hepatic hematoma with active bleeding. Contrast agent extravasating from the injured liver parenchyma is the key sign in their differential diagnosis.
Part Two: Feasibility Study on Rapidly Coagulation of Hepatic Active Bleeding Site with Microwave
Objective: To test the feasibility of using microwave to produce rapid hemostasis of liver active bleeding. Methods: New Zealand White rabbits (n = 12; weight, 2.5 ~ 3.5 kg) were anesthetized, and their livers were exposed. After the animals were heparinized, they were randomly into 80 W group, 60 W group and control group (3 animals in each group). An 18 G semi-automatic biopsy needle was inserted 1 cm into the hepatic parenchyma, injuring the hepatic small artery to create active bleeding. The microwave antenna was posed to the bleeding site worked with 80 W and 60 W. A corresponding site of active bleeding in another animal without application of microwave served as a control. There are about 3 ~ 5 hepatic active bleeding sites were created in one animal. Paired comparisons were performed among three groups. Blood loss was assessed by weighing surgical sponges with blood from each bleeding site. Significant differences in blood loss, hemostasis time and carbonization rate were tested.
Results: 80 W and 60 W groups showed significantly less mean blood loss than control group (0.09±0.12 g vs 1.83±0.52 g, P < 0.05;0.10±0.10 g vs 1.83±0.52 g, P < 0.05; within 1 min). There was no significant difference of blood loss between 80 W group and 60 W group, P > 0.05. 80 W has less hemostasis time than 60 W group (13.1±4.2 s vs 18.3±7.9 s, P < 0.05), but has higher carbonization rate than 60 W group (81.25% vs 31.25%, P < 0.05). After microwave coagulation, active bleeding was reduced or arrested, and a round or oval coagulated zone around the microwave antenna tract was visual instead. Conclusions: Coagulation with microwave is a rapid and effective method of arresting hepatic active bleeding. 60 W could effectively induce hemostasis without significant carbonization, and the time duration is 10 s to 40 s.
Part Three: Application Study on Hemostasis of Active Bleeding from Liver Using Percutaneous Microwave Coagulation Therapy under Real-time Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound Guidance
Objective: To investigate in a close setting, the feasibility of real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound guided percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy controlling active bleeding made in rabbit livers.
Methods: 20 liver active bleeding Rabbits model, which were produced with an 18 gauge semi-automatic biopsy needle and self-made impactor. They were confirmed with contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and randomly into two groups: percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy group (n = 10; the microwave antenna was placed into the bleeding site under ultrasonography guidance and worked with 60 W 30 s in average), and control group (n = 10; the active bleeding site was not treated). Lactated Ringer’s solution resuscitation was then given to in both groups to maintain the mean arterial pressure at 70 mm Hg for 1 hour. The Intraperitoneal blood loss, total resuscitation fluid, mean arterial pressure and hematocrit were recorded. Macroscopic examinations were performed at the end of the study.
Results: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound located the active bleeding site with the sign of contrast agent extravasation. After percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy, the former bleeding site showed in contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging as a round or oval contrast agent absent area. Percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy group had a lower blood loss (28.5±6.2 versus 100.8±16.6 ml, P < 0.05) and a lower total resuscitation volume (52.5±15.8 ml versus 167.0±40.8 ml, P < 0.05) than control group. The mean hematocrit value in percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy group was significantly higher than control group (0.26±0.05 versus 0.19±0.04, P < 0.05) at the end of the experiment. Conclusions: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound guided percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy significantly decreased blood loss in a rabbit model of liver active bleeding. It provides a simple, quick, effective and accurate method to control blood loss in liver injury with active bleeding model.
目的:探讨超声造影在鉴别单纯肝血肿与肝血肿伴活动性出血中的应用价值。
方法:新西兰大白兔(n = 15;体重2.5 ~ 3.5 kg),实验动物经肝素化后,用自制小型撞击器撞击肝脏建立肝脏闭合性损伤模型,部分实验动物(n = 10)随后用活检枪在彩色多普勒超声引导下经皮穿入肝实质损伤肝动脉,制造肝脏活动性出血。动物模型建立后,分别用二维超声及超声造影扫查肝脏,观察是否存在肝血肿和肝活动性出血,及其位置。超声检查结束后对实验动物进行开腹探查,观察是否存在肝血肿和肝脏活动性出血,及其位置,并与超声诊断结果对比。
结果:共建立肝损伤动物模型15例,其中单纯肝血肿5例,肝血肿合并活动性出血10例。二维超声检测出肝血肿9例(9/15),未发现活动性出血存在(0/10)。超声造影检测出肝血肿15例(15/15),表现为造影剂灌注缺损区,与肝实质界限清晰,造影全部过程中未见造影剂外溢现象。其中10例经超声造影证实合并存在活动性出血(10/10),活动性出血在超声造影中表现为造影剂从肝损伤区域外溢。开腹探查结果显示肝血肿部位和大小与超声造影检查结果相符,活动性出血部位与超声造影检查结果相符。
结论:超声造影是一种快速、有效的鉴别肝脏单纯血肿与血肿合并活动性出血的方法,是否存在造影剂活动性外溢现象是二者的鉴别要点。
实验二快速微波凝固止血治疗肝脏活动性出血的可行性研究
目的:探讨微波快速凝固止血治疗肝脏活动性出血可行性。
方法:新西兰大白兔(n =12;体重2.5 ~ 3.5 kg)经麻醉后,开腹暴露肝脏。实验动物肝素化后,18G半自动活检针穿入肝实质约1 cm,彩色多普勒超声引导下击发活检针损伤肝脏小动脉,制造肝脏活动性出血。将实验动物随机分为80 W组、60 W组和对照组,每组三只动物。每只动物做3 ~ 5个活动性出血点,各组之间作点对点对照。对照组活动性出血点不做任何治疗。治疗组肝脏活动性出血点制造成功后,立即将微波针置于出血点凝固止血,功率分别选择80 W或60 W,以肉眼观察出血停止为标准停止微波止血。对比80 W组和60 W组凝固止血时间。微波止血完毕后,分别用纱布吸血对比凝固点与对照组出血点出血量的差异。
结果:肝脏活动性出血经微波凝固止血后,活动性出血立即停止或仅有少量渗血,原出血点可见圆形或椭圆形的微波凝固区,中心为微波针道。80 W组与60 W组的平均出血量均明显低于对照组(0.09±0.12 g vs 1.83±0.52 g,P < 0.05;0.10±0.10 g vs 1.83±0.52 g,P < 0.05),80 W组与60 W组对比,出血量无明显差异,P > 0.05。80 W止血速度快于60 W(13.1±4.2 s vs 18.3±7.9 s,P < 0.05)。80 W组凝固中心碳化率明显高于60 W组(81.25% vs 31.25%,P < 0.05)。
结论:微波凝固止血是一种快速、有效的治疗肝脏活动性出血的方法。60 W的微波功率可以有效止血并且无明显碳化,止血时间为10 s ~ 40 s。
实验三超声造影实时定位经皮微波凝固局部止血的应用价值
目的:探讨闭腹条件下,超声造影实时引导经皮微波凝固治疗对肝脏活动性出血的止血作用。
方法:用自制小型撞击器和活检枪建立腹部闭合伤合并肝脏活动性出血新西兰大白兔模型。经超声造影证实,成功建立20例腹部闭合伤伴肝脏活动性出血动物模型。将实验动物随机分为两组:微波治疗组(n = 10;超声造影引导下经皮微波凝固止血)和对照组(n = 10;不做治疗)。治疗完毕后(对照组空出相应时间),两组动物均静脉滴注平衡盐维持平均动脉压于70 mm Hg,观察1 h。记录平均动脉压和血Hct变化趋势。实验结束后,过量戊巴比妥钠处死实验动物,开腹探查记算腹腔失血量、液体总灌注量,观察肝脏微波作用部位。
结果:超声造影可明确活动性出血点的位置并引导微波经皮凝固止血。微波凝固后,超声造影显示活动性出血停止,并被一圆形或椭圆形的造影剂充盈缺损区所代替。微波治疗组的失血量明显低于对照组(28.5±6.2 vs 100.8±16.6 ml,P < 0.05),液体总灌注量也明显低于对照组(52.5±15.8 ml vs 167.0±40.8 ml,P < 0.05)。实验结束时微波治疗组的血Hct明显高于对照组(0.26±0.05 vs 0.19±0.04,P < 0.05)。
结论:在兔肝脏活动性出血模型中,闭腹条件下,超声造影实时引导经皮微波凝固治疗显著降低了实验动物的失血量。提示超声造影实时引导经皮微波凝固止血是一种简单、快速、有效、定位准确的治疗肝脏活动性出血的方法。
Part One: Differential Diagnosis of Hepatic Hematoma and Hepatic Hematoma with Active Bleeding by Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound
Objective: To evaluate the value of contrast enhanced ultrasound in differential diagnosis of hepatic hematoma and hepatic hemotoma with active bleeding. Methods: After Rabbits (n = 15) were heparinized, a self-made impactor was used to impact liver to create the hepatic blunt injury model, and then an 18G semi-automatic biopsy needle was used to created hepatic active bleeding in 10 of the animals by injuring hepatic artery. After the procedure, both unenhanced and enhanced scans were performed to evaluate hepatic injury and search hematomas and active bleeding sites, and in an attempt to identify the specific location of the bleeding sites. After the sonographic studies were finished, each abdomen was opened to see if the injury of liver is identical with the results of sonographic studies.
Results: Totally 15 liver injury animal models were created. Unenhanced imaging confirmed 9 hematomas and/or fluids adjacent to liver (9/15), but failed to suggest the presence of active bleeding (0/10). While contrast enhanced imaging confirmed 15 hematomas (15/15), and identified 10 active bleeding (10/10). Active bleeding displays in contrast enhanced imaging as contrast agent extravasating from the injured liver parenchyma. The results of pathology studies were basically matched the results of sonographic studies.
Conclusions: Contrast enhanced ultrasound is a rapid and effective diagnosis method on differential diagnosis hepatic hematoma and hepatic hematoma with active bleeding. Contrast agent extravasating from the injured liver parenchyma is the key sign in their differential diagnosis.
Part Two: Feasibility Study on Rapidly Coagulation of Hepatic Active Bleeding Site with Microwave
Objective: To test the feasibility of using microwave to produce rapid hemostasis of liver active bleeding. Methods: New Zealand White rabbits (n = 12; weight, 2.5 ~ 3.5 kg) were anesthetized, and their livers were exposed. After the animals were heparinized, they were randomly into 80 W group, 60 W group and control group (3 animals in each group). An 18 G semi-automatic biopsy needle was inserted 1 cm into the hepatic parenchyma, injuring the hepatic small artery to create active bleeding. The microwave antenna was posed to the bleeding site worked with 80 W and 60 W. A corresponding site of active bleeding in another animal without application of microwave served as a control. There are about 3 ~ 5 hepatic active bleeding sites were created in one animal. Paired comparisons were performed among three groups. Blood loss was assessed by weighing surgical sponges with blood from each bleeding site. Significant differences in blood loss, hemostasis time and carbonization rate were tested.
Results: 80 W and 60 W groups showed significantly less mean blood loss than control group (0.09±0.12 g vs 1.83±0.52 g, P < 0.05;0.10±0.10 g vs 1.83±0.52 g, P < 0.05; within 1 min). There was no significant difference of blood loss between 80 W group and 60 W group, P > 0.05. 80 W has less hemostasis time than 60 W group (13.1±4.2 s vs 18.3±7.9 s, P < 0.05), but has higher carbonization rate than 60 W group (81.25% vs 31.25%, P < 0.05). After microwave coagulation, active bleeding was reduced or arrested, and a round or oval coagulated zone around the microwave antenna tract was visual instead. Conclusions: Coagulation with microwave is a rapid and effective method of arresting hepatic active bleeding. 60 W could effectively induce hemostasis without significant carbonization, and the time duration is 10 s to 40 s.
Part Three: Application Study on Hemostasis of Active Bleeding from Liver Using Percutaneous Microwave Coagulation Therapy under Real-time Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound Guidance
Objective: To investigate in a close setting, the feasibility of real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound guided percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy controlling active bleeding made in rabbit livers.
Methods: 20 liver active bleeding Rabbits model, which were produced with an 18 gauge semi-automatic biopsy needle and self-made impactor. They were confirmed with contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and randomly into two groups: percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy group (n = 10; the microwave antenna was placed into the bleeding site under ultrasonography guidance and worked with 60 W 30 s in average), and control group (n = 10; the active bleeding site was not treated). Lactated Ringer’s solution resuscitation was then given to in both groups to maintain the mean arterial pressure at 70 mm Hg for 1 hour. The Intraperitoneal blood loss, total resuscitation fluid, mean arterial pressure and hematocrit were recorded. Macroscopic examinations were performed at the end of the study.
Results: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound located the active bleeding site with the sign of contrast agent extravasation. After percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy, the former bleeding site showed in contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging as a round or oval contrast agent absent area. Percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy group had a lower blood loss (28.5±6.2 versus 100.8±16.6 ml, P < 0.05) and a lower total resuscitation volume (52.5±15.8 ml versus 167.0±40.8 ml, P < 0.05) than control group. The mean hematocrit value in percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy group was significantly higher than control group (0.26±0.05 versus 0.19±0.04, P < 0.05) at the end of the experiment. Conclusions: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound guided percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy significantly decreased blood loss in a rabbit model of liver active bleeding. It provides a simple, quick, effective and accurate method to control blood loss in liver injury with active bleeding model.
引文
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