杂交茎瘤芥营养与施肥效应研究
摘要
茎瘤芥(Brassica juncea var. tumida Tsen et Lee)是榨菜的原料植物,以“涪陵榨菜”为代表的榨菜产业是重庆市尤其是涪陵区农业、农村、农民的重要经济支柱。茎瘤芥生产上,长期以来存在偏施氮肥、磷肥用量不足、钾肥用量极低、氮磷钾养分施用不平衡等问题,导致施肥量逐年增大、肥料面源污染日趋严重,土壤生态系统恶化,茎瘤芥品质下降,投入产出比呈递减趋势。
随茎瘤芥杂交种的问世,推动了榨菜产业的发展,但与杂交种配套的栽培技术,尤其是施肥对杂交茎瘤芥的影响,缺少研究。
本文针上述问题,采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了杂交茎瘤芥物质积累规律、氮磷钾吸收规律、不同施钾量和施磷量对杂交茎瘤芥产量和品质的影响,不同施肥水平对土壤脲酶活性的影响,目的在于探明杂交茎瘤芥营养规律及施肥对其产量和品质效应,了解不同施肥水平下,对土壤脲酶活性的影响,为杂交茎瘤芥丰产、优质施肥提供理论依据。
主要研究结果如下:
1、杂交茎瘤芥物质积累规律
茎瘤芥杂交种与常规种一样,各器官物质积累规律均符合Logistic生长曲线。根在14.9叶龄物质积累速度最大、茎在17.8叶龄、叶在14.7叶龄。根旺盛生长期在12.7—17.0叶龄,持续4.3叶龄,此期积累66.4%的干物质;叶旺盛生长期在12.6—16.8叶龄,持续4.2叶龄,此期积累67.2%的干物质。根和叶的旺盛生长期基本一致,在旺盛生长期积累的物质量在整个营养生长阶段所占的比例也较为接近。
茎旺盛生长期在15.3—20.2叶龄,持续4.9叶龄,此期积累85.4%的干物质;茎的旺盛生长期出现晚2.6—2.7个叶龄单位,但持续的时间却较根和叶长0.6-0.7个叶龄单位,旺盛生长期内物质积累占整个营养生长阶段的比例也较根和叶高18.2—19.0%。
2、杂交茎瘤芥氮磷钾营养规律
杂交茎瘤芥对氮、磷、钾的吸收是一个先慢后快,再逐渐减慢的过程。在12叶以前,氮、磷、钾的吸收量较小,氮36%、磷14%、钾16%左右;在13～18叶,各养分吸收量较大,氮59%,磷70%、钾73%左右;在后期对3种肥料的吸收量较小。杂交茎瘤芥对磷、钾的旺盛吸收期基本上在13～18叶龄,氮肥的旺盛吸收期偏早,基本上在11—16叶龄。旺盛吸收期对氮、磷、钾的吸收量占大田]营养生长阶段吸收总量的比例均较高,氮占68.9%、磷70.3%、钾72.7%,各肥料在旺盛吸收期吸收速率和吸收量有较大差异。
生产上,栽种667m2的杂交茎瘤芥,目标产量若定为3500kg,需消耗纯氮33.56kg、磷(P2O5)7.63kg、钾(K2O)25.47kg,其比例为1:0.23:0.76。在生产实际中,施肥量的确定还需根据土壤养分含量情况,进行相关计算。
3、钾肥对茎瘤芥产量和品质影响
在当前施肥水平下,增施钾肥能显著提高瘤茎产量,施钾量为12 kg/667m2时,产量最高,超过此水平,不再显著提高。
施钾在一定程度上能降低菜皮含量,改善瘤茎菜形指数,提高加工品质。提高瘤茎重要加工品质的施钾量为12.74kg/667m2。percentage
施钾与茎瘤芥瘤茎营养品质呈显著正相关,施钾能快速提升可溶性糖含量、粗蛋白含量、Vc的含量。提高瘤茎重要营养品质的施钾量为12.67kg/667m2。
适当增施钾肥,可降低硝酸盐含量,但过量施用钾肥则相反,当施钾量在12 kg/667m2时,硝酸盐约为1333mg/kg。
本研究认为,在灰棕紫泥土壤杂交茎瘤芥生产实际中,氮、磷施用相同的基础上,综合考虑产量和品质,施钾量(K2O)以12kg/667m2为最佳。
4、磷肥对茎瘤芥产量和品质影响
茎瘤芥栽培上施磷具有较好的增产效应,但高施磷量(>7.8 kg/667m2),将促进叶的生长而不利于瘤茎生长。
各营养品质中,可溶性糖含量与磷肥的呈正相关,低施磷量下粗蛋白质含量较高,高施磷量下粗蛋白质含量将大幅下降。在低于8.36 kg/667m2内,随施磷量的增加,Vc含量上升,即当施磷量超过8.36 kg/667m2后VC含量将下降。适当增施磷肥可降低硝酸盐含量,但过量施用磷肥则相反。
本研究认为,在灰棕紫泥土壤杂交茎瘤芥生产实际中,氮、钾施用相同的基础上,综合考虑产量和品质,推荐施磷量(P2O5)6.5 kg/667m2较能保障各品质。
5、施肥对茎瘤芥土壤脲酶活性的影响
本研究发现,施肥均会提高土壤脲酶活性,一般而论,除快速膨大期外,施肥水平越高,脲酶活性越强。茎瘤芥快速膨大期,高施肥处理土壤脲酶活性低于中施肥处理。快速膨大期到采收期脲酶活性的增量与瘤茎产量呈显著正相关。
Stem mustard is the material plants of preserved szechuan pickle, which is the important economic pillar industry of agriculture,country and former in Chongqing city, especially in Fuling area.Some problem in stem mustard production such as partial Long-term Nitrogen, lack of phosphate fertilizer , less of potassium fertilizer, imbalance of NPK nutrient, which lead to fertilizer rate ascend,fertilizer Non-point source Pollution worsen,soil eco-system deteriorated, stem mustard quality declined andinput-output ratio descended.
Hybrid Tumour stem mustard promote the develop of preserved szechuan pickle industry, the research on cultivati Techniques matching of hybird seed is scarcitied,especial the effect of fertilizer on hybird Stem mustard.
In this study, field experiment and laboratory analysis were combined to study for the law of stem mustard hybrid matter accumulation , absorption regularity N,P,K, the effect on yield and quality of Stem Mustard Hybrid by different potassium and phosphor ,and the effect on soil urease activity by different fertilization levels. The objectives were as follows: prove up the Nutrition law of stem mustard hybrid,the effect of yield and quality by fertilization,find out the effect on oil urease activity by different fertilization levels, in order to provide theoretical basis for high yield and high effective fertilization of stem mustard hybrid.
1、The law of stem mustard hybrid matter Accumulation
The law of the various apparatustem matter accumulation conform to the logistic growth curve in mustard hybrid matter, the same as conventional cultivar. The accumulating rate reached the maximum value at 14.9 leaf age for root,17.8 leaf age for stem, 14.7 leaf age for leaf.
Root reached the fast growth period in 12.7—17.0 leaf age and last for 4.3 leaf age,66.4%of dry matter were accumulated;leaf reached fast growth period in 12.6—16.8 leaf age and last for 4.2 leaf age,67.2% of dry matter were accumulated. The fast growth period of root was consisted with leaf,and the proportion of accumulation in fast growth period on vegetative growth phase in root was approach to leaf.
Stem reached the fast growth period in 15.3—20.2 leaf age and last for 4.9leaf age,85.4% of dry matter were accumulated; the fast growth period of stem was lated 2.6-2.7 leaf age than root and leaf,but the lasting time was longer than then about 0.6-0.7 leaf age.The proportion of accumulation in fast growth period on vegetative growth phase was higher than root and leaf about 18.2—19.0%.
2、The nutrition law of stem mustard hybrid to N,P,K
The absorption process of stem mustard hybrid to N,P,K was form slow to fast,and to slow. Absorbing capacity of N,P,K were low before 12 leaf age, which only accounted for 36%,14%,and 16%;absorbing capacity of N,P,K were higher in 13-18 leaf age,about 59%,70% and 73%; absorbing capacity of three elements were lower in late stage.The vigorous absorption period of stem mustard hybrid to P,K is in 13-18 leaf age,later than N ,which is in 11-16 leaf age. The proportion of absorping capacity of N,P,K in vigorous absorption period in field vegetative growth phase was higher,about 68.9%,70.3%,727.7%.The absorption of three element was different in absorption velocity and absorption capacity in vigorous absorption period.
was 3500kg,the consumption of pure nitrogen, P2O5, K2O was 33.56kg,7.63kg,25.47kg,with ratio of 1:0.23:0.76.
In actual production,the fertilizer rate need to be determined by soil nutrient and correlation calculation.
3、The effect of Potash on yield and quality of stem tumorous mustard
In the current fertilization level, applying potash fertilizer can increased the yield of tumorous stem significantly .The highest yield was 12 kg/667m~2 for Potash, but will not increased significantly when over the limit.
Applying potash fertilizer could reduce the content of fur of vegetable, improve tumorous stem index and processing quality. Potash fertilizer could impove the tumorous stem processing quality for 12.74kg/667m~2.
Potash fertilizer had significant positive correlation with nutritional quality of tumorous stem, Potash fertilizer could impove the content of soluble sugar, crude protein and Vc. Potash fertilizer impove the tumorous stem processing quality for 12.67kg/667m~2.
With applying Potash fertilizer reasonably could reduce the content of nitrate,excessive Potash did negative effects.When Potash was 12 kg/667m~2, nitrate was 1333mg/kg.
The results showed that, during the stem mustard hybrid practical production in grey brown purple soil, based on the same N and P fertilizer application, on the consideration of the effects of yield and quality, the properly potash rate was 12kg/667m~2 .
4、The effects of phosphate on yield and quality of stem tumorous mustard
With phosphate application, yield increasing effect of stem tumorous mustard would better,but high phosphate rate (7.8 kg/667m2)would promote the leaf growth and go against to tumorous mustard.
In various nutritional quality, the contents of soluble sugar positively correlated with phosphate rate, the contents of crude protein decreased under high level phosphate rate.Lower than 8.36 kg/667m2, Vc content would increase when phosphate fertilizer increaed,and decreased when phosphorus rate beyond 8.36 kg/667m2.
Properly application of phosphate fertilizer could decrease nitrate content and go against to excessive application.
The results showed that, during the stem mustard hybrid practical production in grey brown purple soil, based on the same N and P rate application, the properly phosphate rate(P2O5)was 6.5 kg/667m2.
5、The effect of fertilization on soil urease activity in tumorous stem mustard
The results showed that, fertilization would raise the soil urease activity.
In general,except fast swelling phase,the higher fertilization level was, the higher soil urease activity was.In fast swelling phase of tumorous stem mustard, soil urease activity in high-fertilizer was lower than in moderate-amount fertilizer. The incremental soil urease activity had a significant positive correlation with the yield of the tumorous stem between fast swelling phase to collection period.
随茎瘤芥杂交种的问世,推动了榨菜产业的发展,但与杂交种配套的栽培技术,尤其是施肥对杂交茎瘤芥的影响,缺少研究。
本文针上述问题,采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了杂交茎瘤芥物质积累规律、氮磷钾吸收规律、不同施钾量和施磷量对杂交茎瘤芥产量和品质的影响,不同施肥水平对土壤脲酶活性的影响,目的在于探明杂交茎瘤芥营养规律及施肥对其产量和品质效应,了解不同施肥水平下,对土壤脲酶活性的影响,为杂交茎瘤芥丰产、优质施肥提供理论依据。
主要研究结果如下:
1、杂交茎瘤芥物质积累规律
茎瘤芥杂交种与常规种一样,各器官物质积累规律均符合Logistic生长曲线。根在14.9叶龄物质积累速度最大、茎在17.8叶龄、叶在14.7叶龄。根旺盛生长期在12.7—17.0叶龄,持续4.3叶龄,此期积累66.4%的干物质;叶旺盛生长期在12.6—16.8叶龄,持续4.2叶龄,此期积累67.2%的干物质。根和叶的旺盛生长期基本一致,在旺盛生长期积累的物质量在整个营养生长阶段所占的比例也较为接近。
茎旺盛生长期在15.3—20.2叶龄,持续4.9叶龄,此期积累85.4%的干物质;茎的旺盛生长期出现晚2.6—2.7个叶龄单位,但持续的时间却较根和叶长0.6-0.7个叶龄单位,旺盛生长期内物质积累占整个营养生长阶段的比例也较根和叶高18.2—19.0%。
2、杂交茎瘤芥氮磷钾营养规律
杂交茎瘤芥对氮、磷、钾的吸收是一个先慢后快,再逐渐减慢的过程。在12叶以前,氮、磷、钾的吸收量较小,氮36%、磷14%、钾16%左右;在13～18叶,各养分吸收量较大,氮59%,磷70%、钾73%左右;在后期对3种肥料的吸收量较小。杂交茎瘤芥对磷、钾的旺盛吸收期基本上在13～18叶龄,氮肥的旺盛吸收期偏早,基本上在11—16叶龄。旺盛吸收期对氮、磷、钾的吸收量占大田]营养生长阶段吸收总量的比例均较高,氮占68.9%、磷70.3%、钾72.7%,各肥料在旺盛吸收期吸收速率和吸收量有较大差异。
生产上,栽种667m2的杂交茎瘤芥,目标产量若定为3500kg,需消耗纯氮33.56kg、磷(P2O5)7.63kg、钾(K2O)25.47kg,其比例为1:0.23:0.76。在生产实际中,施肥量的确定还需根据土壤养分含量情况,进行相关计算。
3、钾肥对茎瘤芥产量和品质影响
在当前施肥水平下,增施钾肥能显著提高瘤茎产量,施钾量为12 kg/667m2时,产量最高,超过此水平,不再显著提高。
施钾在一定程度上能降低菜皮含量,改善瘤茎菜形指数,提高加工品质。提高瘤茎重要加工品质的施钾量为12.74kg/667m2。percentage
施钾与茎瘤芥瘤茎营养品质呈显著正相关,施钾能快速提升可溶性糖含量、粗蛋白含量、Vc的含量。提高瘤茎重要营养品质的施钾量为12.67kg/667m2。
适当增施钾肥,可降低硝酸盐含量,但过量施用钾肥则相反,当施钾量在12 kg/667m2时,硝酸盐约为1333mg/kg。
本研究认为,在灰棕紫泥土壤杂交茎瘤芥生产实际中,氮、磷施用相同的基础上,综合考虑产量和品质,施钾量(K2O)以12kg/667m2为最佳。
4、磷肥对茎瘤芥产量和品质影响
茎瘤芥栽培上施磷具有较好的增产效应,但高施磷量(>7.8 kg/667m2),将促进叶的生长而不利于瘤茎生长。
各营养品质中,可溶性糖含量与磷肥的呈正相关,低施磷量下粗蛋白质含量较高,高施磷量下粗蛋白质含量将大幅下降。在低于8.36 kg/667m2内,随施磷量的增加,Vc含量上升,即当施磷量超过8.36 kg/667m2后VC含量将下降。适当增施磷肥可降低硝酸盐含量,但过量施用磷肥则相反。
本研究认为,在灰棕紫泥土壤杂交茎瘤芥生产实际中,氮、钾施用相同的基础上,综合考虑产量和品质,推荐施磷量(P2O5)6.5 kg/667m2较能保障各品质。
5、施肥对茎瘤芥土壤脲酶活性的影响
本研究发现,施肥均会提高土壤脲酶活性,一般而论,除快速膨大期外,施肥水平越高,脲酶活性越强。茎瘤芥快速膨大期,高施肥处理土壤脲酶活性低于中施肥处理。快速膨大期到采收期脲酶活性的增量与瘤茎产量呈显著正相关。
Stem mustard is the material plants of preserved szechuan pickle, which is the important economic pillar industry of agriculture,country and former in Chongqing city, especially in Fuling area.Some problem in stem mustard production such as partial Long-term Nitrogen, lack of phosphate fertilizer , less of potassium fertilizer, imbalance of NPK nutrient, which lead to fertilizer rate ascend,fertilizer Non-point source Pollution worsen,soil eco-system deteriorated, stem mustard quality declined andinput-output ratio descended.
Hybrid Tumour stem mustard promote the develop of preserved szechuan pickle industry, the research on cultivati Techniques matching of hybird seed is scarcitied,especial the effect of fertilizer on hybird Stem mustard.
In this study, field experiment and laboratory analysis were combined to study for the law of stem mustard hybrid matter accumulation , absorption regularity N,P,K, the effect on yield and quality of Stem Mustard Hybrid by different potassium and phosphor ,and the effect on soil urease activity by different fertilization levels. The objectives were as follows: prove up the Nutrition law of stem mustard hybrid,the effect of yield and quality by fertilization,find out the effect on oil urease activity by different fertilization levels, in order to provide theoretical basis for high yield and high effective fertilization of stem mustard hybrid.
1、The law of stem mustard hybrid matter Accumulation
The law of the various apparatustem matter accumulation conform to the logistic growth curve in mustard hybrid matter, the same as conventional cultivar. The accumulating rate reached the maximum value at 14.9 leaf age for root,17.8 leaf age for stem, 14.7 leaf age for leaf.
Root reached the fast growth period in 12.7—17.0 leaf age and last for 4.3 leaf age,66.4%of dry matter were accumulated;leaf reached fast growth period in 12.6—16.8 leaf age and last for 4.2 leaf age,67.2% of dry matter were accumulated. The fast growth period of root was consisted with leaf,and the proportion of accumulation in fast growth period on vegetative growth phase in root was approach to leaf.
Stem reached the fast growth period in 15.3—20.2 leaf age and last for 4.9leaf age,85.4% of dry matter were accumulated; the fast growth period of stem was lated 2.6-2.7 leaf age than root and leaf,but the lasting time was longer than then about 0.6-0.7 leaf age.The proportion of accumulation in fast growth period on vegetative growth phase was higher than root and leaf about 18.2—19.0%.
2、The nutrition law of stem mustard hybrid to N,P,K
The absorption process of stem mustard hybrid to N,P,K was form slow to fast,and to slow. Absorbing capacity of N,P,K were low before 12 leaf age, which only accounted for 36%,14%,and 16%;absorbing capacity of N,P,K were higher in 13-18 leaf age,about 59%,70% and 73%; absorbing capacity of three elements were lower in late stage.The vigorous absorption period of stem mustard hybrid to P,K is in 13-18 leaf age,later than N ,which is in 11-16 leaf age. The proportion of absorping capacity of N,P,K in vigorous absorption period in field vegetative growth phase was higher,about 68.9%,70.3%,727.7%.The absorption of three element was different in absorption velocity and absorption capacity in vigorous absorption period.
was 3500kg,the consumption of pure nitrogen, P2O5, K2O was 33.56kg,7.63kg,25.47kg,with ratio of 1:0.23:0.76.
In actual production,the fertilizer rate need to be determined by soil nutrient and correlation calculation.
3、The effect of Potash on yield and quality of stem tumorous mustard
In the current fertilization level, applying potash fertilizer can increased the yield of tumorous stem significantly .The highest yield was 12 kg/667m~2 for Potash, but will not increased significantly when over the limit.
Applying potash fertilizer could reduce the content of fur of vegetable, improve tumorous stem index and processing quality. Potash fertilizer could impove the tumorous stem processing quality for 12.74kg/667m~2.
Potash fertilizer had significant positive correlation with nutritional quality of tumorous stem, Potash fertilizer could impove the content of soluble sugar, crude protein and Vc. Potash fertilizer impove the tumorous stem processing quality for 12.67kg/667m~2.
With applying Potash fertilizer reasonably could reduce the content of nitrate,excessive Potash did negative effects.When Potash was 12 kg/667m~2, nitrate was 1333mg/kg.
The results showed that, during the stem mustard hybrid practical production in grey brown purple soil, based on the same N and P fertilizer application, on the consideration of the effects of yield and quality, the properly potash rate was 12kg/667m~2 .
4、The effects of phosphate on yield and quality of stem tumorous mustard
With phosphate application, yield increasing effect of stem tumorous mustard would better,but high phosphate rate (7.8 kg/667m2)would promote the leaf growth and go against to tumorous mustard.
In various nutritional quality, the contents of soluble sugar positively correlated with phosphate rate, the contents of crude protein decreased under high level phosphate rate.Lower than 8.36 kg/667m2, Vc content would increase when phosphate fertilizer increaed,and decreased when phosphorus rate beyond 8.36 kg/667m2.
Properly application of phosphate fertilizer could decrease nitrate content and go against to excessive application.
The results showed that, during the stem mustard hybrid practical production in grey brown purple soil, based on the same N and P rate application, the properly phosphate rate(P2O5)was 6.5 kg/667m2.
5、The effect of fertilization on soil urease activity in tumorous stem mustard
The results showed that, fertilization would raise the soil urease activity.
In general,except fast swelling phase,the higher fertilization level was, the higher soil urease activity was.In fast swelling phase of tumorous stem mustard, soil urease activity in high-fertilizer was lower than in moderate-amount fertilizer. The incremental soil urease activity had a significant positive correlation with the yield of the tumorous stem between fast swelling phase to collection period.
引文
[1]刘佩英.中国芥菜[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996.
[2]陈材林,周光凡,杨以耕.中国芥菜起源探讨[J].西南农业学报.1992,5(3),6～11.
[3]杨以耕,陈材林,周光凡.芥菜分类研究[J].园艺学报,1989,2:115～121.
[4]李正积,付平都,庞在祥等.涪陵榨菜采头品质与地质背景关系的研究[J],四川地质学报,1994,14(2):149～160.
[5]张钟灵,刘红雨,陈朝轩.重庆市榨菜产业发展现状和对策(上)[C].产业论坛,2004.08.5～7.
[6]张钟灵,刘红雨,陈朝轩.重庆市榨菜产业发展现状和对策(下)[C].产业论坛,2004.09.10～11.
[7]汪莉.涪陵榨菜质量安全现状与应对对策和措施[C],2010年中国榨菜暨中国酱腌菜科技进步与产业发展高峰论坛论文集,2010.
[8]季显权,刘泽君.四川茎瘤芥主要种植土壤的肥料效应研究[J].土壤农化通报[J].1992,7(3):79～90.
[9]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥同化产物积累规律研究[J].土壤农化通报,1992(3),1～8.
[10]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥不同叶位同化产物积累变化规律及其与菜头生长的相关性研究[J].土壤农化通报,1992(3),9～37.
[11]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥吸收养分规律研究.土壤农化通报[J].1992,7(3):15～37.
[12]周建民,董爱平,俞国祯.榨菜需肥规律研究.土壤肥料,1993,(5):30～32.
[13]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥吸收养分规律研究IN吸收规律.土壤农化通报[J].1992,7(3):15～21.
[14]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥吸收养分规律研究IIIK吸收规律.土壤农化通报[J].1992,7(3):28～37.
[15]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥吸收养分规律研究IIP吸收规律[J].土壤农化通报.1992,7(3):22～28.
[16]唐将.涪陵榨菜不同器官元素含量分布特征[J].西南农业大学学报.2004(12):706～709.
[17]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥“蔺市草腰子的目标产量及其施肥量计算[J].土壤农化通报.1992,7(3):112～117.
[18]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥的追肥施肥时期研究[J].土壤农化通报.1992,7(3):94～97.
[19]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥菜头生长量与菜头品质的相关性研究[J].土壤农化通报.1992,7(3):74～78.
[20]季显权,刘泽君,刘华强.施肥对茎瘤芥菜头品质的影响研究[J].土壤农化通报.1992,7(3):65～73.
[21]李成琼,唐阵武,王正银等.肥料组合对茎瘤芥产量和营养品质的影响[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2004(2),95～99.
[22]曹子库,梅向阳.控制蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的主要途径[J].中国蔬菜,2007(4):52～53.
[23]沈明珠,翟宝杰,东惠茹.蔬菜硝酸盐累积的研究[I].不同蔬菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量评价.园艺学报,1982,(4):41～47.
[24]任祖金,邱孝煊,蔡元呈,等.施用化学氮肥对蔬菜硝酸盐的积累及其治理研究[J ].土壤通报,1999 ,30 (6) ;265～267.
[25]倪吾钟,林荣新,何念祖.钾肥对大白菜产量形成和叶球品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(2),62～67.
[26]张漱茗,阎华,江丽华等.钾肥对蔬菜产量品质和硝酸盐含量的影响[A].肥料与农业发展[C].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,1999.
[27]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京农业出版社,1986.
[28] Kiss I. The invertase activity of earthworm casts and soils from anthills [J]. Agrokem Talajtan, 1957, (6): 65～68.
[29] KrOmer S, Green D M. Acid and alkaline phosphatase dynamics and their relationship to soil microclimate in a semiarid woodland[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2000, 32: 179～188.
[30]李萍,徐雅梅.不同培肥措施对藏东南土壤酶活性的影响[J].土壤肥料,2002,33～35,41.
[31]陈大勋,陆集卿.福建省几种土壤类型酶活性的研究[J].福建农学院学,1986,15(1):73～85.
[32]杨武雄,陈宗献.武夷山不同林型土壤酶活性与林木生长关系的研究[J].福建林业科技,1994,4:1～12.
[33]白翠霞,耿玉清,梁伟.八达岭地区主要森林类型土壤脲酶活性研究[J].四川农业大学学报,2005, 23(4):424～427,481.
[34]李宝福,张金文,赖彦斌等.巨尾按根际与非根际土壤酶活性的研究[J].福建林业科技,1999,26(增刊):13～16.
[35] Verstraete W. Soil microbial and biochemical characteristics in relation to soil management and ferility[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1977,(9):253～258.
[36]杨丽娟,须晖,丘忠祥等.菜田土壤酶活性与黄瓜产量之间的关系[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(l):113～11.
[37]张银龙,林鹏.秋茄红树林土壤酶活性时空动态[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),1999, 38(1):129～136.
[38] Dick R P. Influence of long-term residue management on soil enzyme activity in relation to soil chemical properties of a wheat-fallow system [J]. Soil iology&Biochemistry, 1988, (6):159～164.
[39] Bandick A K, Dick R P. Field management effects on soil enzyme activities [J]. Soil Biol &Biochem, 1999,31: 1471～1479.
[40] Debosz K,Rasmussen P H,Pedersen A R.Temporal variations in microbial biomass C and cellulolytic enzyme activity in arable soils:effects of organic matter input[J].Appl Soil Ecol,1999,13:209～218.
[41] Albiach R,Canet R,Pomanes F,et al.Microbial biomass content and enzymatic activities after the application of organic amendments to a horticultural soil[J].Biore Technol,2000,75:43～48.
[42] Taylor J P,Wilson B,Mills M S,et al.Comparison of microbial numbers and enzymatic activities in surface and subsoils using various techniques[J] Soil Biol Biochem,2002,34:387～401.
[43]和文祥,来航线,武永军等.培肥对土壤酶活性影响的研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2001, 27(3): 265～268.
[44]邱莉萍,刘军.长期培肥对土壤酶活性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2003,21(4):44～47.
[45]李华,陈英旭.土壤脲酶活性对稻田田面水氮素转化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(1):55～58.
[46]姚晓华,闵航,袁海平.杀虫剂啶虫脒对旱地土壤酶活性及呼吸强度的影响[J].土壤学报, 2005, 42(6).
[47]王金花,朱鲁生.阿特拉津对两种不同施肥条件土壤脲酶的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(1).
[48]刘义华,周光凡,范永红.茎瘤芥杂种一代优势的研究[J].西南农业学报.2002(3):33～38.
[49]陈材林,周光凡,范永红等.茎瘤芥新品种涪杂1号的选育[J].中国蔬菜.2003(1):23～24.
[50]季显权,刘泽君,刘华强等.茎瘤芥优质丰产施肥原理及应用技术研究论文集[J].土壤农化通报. 1992(3).
[51] Shi R-H. 1988. Soil and Agrochemistry Analysis. Beijing:Agriculture Press.(in Chinese) 40-91,171～197.
[52]孙小红,刘华强,李昌满等.杂交茎瘤芥干物质和磷积累转运规律研究[J].西南农业学报,2003,2(49～52).
[53]殷明.杂交榨菜“涪杂一号”高产栽培技术.农业科技,2002,10.
[54]谢建昌.土壤钾素研究的现状与展望[J].土壤学进展,1981,9(1):1～16.
[55]金继运.土壤钾素研究进展[J].土壤学报,1993,30 (1):94～101.
[56]黄绍文,金继运.土坟钾形态及其植物有效性研究进展[J].土壤肥料,1995(5):23～29.
[57] SPAIKS D L. Potassium dynamics in soil [J].Advances in Soil Science,1987(6):1～6.
[58]杨振明,阎飞,韩丽梅.土壤钾素研究的新进展[J].吉林农业大学学报,1998,20 (3):99～1.
[59] Sardi K .and Csitari G .Potassium fixation of different soil types and nutrient Ievels .Commu.Soil Sci.Plant Anal.1998,29(11-14):1843～1850.
[60] Srinivasa Rao Ch, Subba Rao A. and Rupa T.R.Plant mobilization of soil reserve potassium from fifteen smectitic soils in relation to soil test potassium and minemlogy.Soil Sci.2000,165:578～586.
[61] Adhikari M.and Ghosh T.K.Threshold levels of potassium for intermediate potassium release in relation to clay mineralogy and specifically held potassium of soils.J.lndian Soc.Soil Sci.1993,41(4):663～666.
[62] Srinivasa Rao Ch.,Swarup A.Subba Rao A.and Gopal V.R.Kinctics of nonexchangeable potassium release from a tropaquept as influenced by long-term cropping,fertilization,and manuring.Aust.J.Soil Res. 1999, 37: 317～328.
[63] Bruckert S., Viliemin P.and Kubler B.Potassium forts in aerated and anoxic soils of diferent management and potassium fertilizer history.Plant and Soil, 1992,147:225～233.
[64] Olk D.C, Cassman K.G. and Carlson R.M. Kinetics of potassium fixation in vermiculitic soils under different moisture regimes.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J, 1995,59:423～429.
[65] Rahmatullah,Shaikh B.Z.,Gill M.A. and Salim M.Bioavailable potassium in river-bed sediments and release of interlayer potassium in irrigated acid soils.Soil Use Management,1994,10:43～46.
[66] Meyer D. and Jungk A. A new approach to quantify the utilization of non-exchangeable soil potassium by plants.Plant and Soil,1993,149:235～243.
[67] Springob G and Richter J. Measuring interlayer K release rates from soil materials. II.A percolation procedure to study the influence of the variable solute K in the range. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenemahrung and Bodenkunde. 1998,161:323～329.
[68] Moslehuddin A.Z.M. and Egashira K. Potassium chemistry in some important paddy soils of Bangladesh.Conunun.Soil Sci.Anal.1999, 30 (3&4):329～344.
[69] Auerswald K.,Kaina M.Angermuller S and Steindl H.Influence of exchangeable potassium on soil erodibility.Soil Use and Management, 1996,12:117～121.
[71] Zubillaage N.M.and Conti M.Importance of the textural fraction and its mineralogic characteristics in the potassium contents of diferent Argentine soils.Connmun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 1994,25(5&6):479～487.
[72] Niches J.,Dufey J.E.Jaitard Band Hinsinger P.Release of nonexchangeable potassium from different size fractions of two highly K-fertilized soils in the thizosphere of rape(Brassica napus vc Drakkar).Plant and Soil,1993, 155/156 :403～406.
[73] Shen S.and Stucki J. W.Effect of iron oxidation state on the fate and behavior of potassium in soils.SSSA special publication.1994,(40):173～185.
[74] Zhou, J.M.and Huang,P.M. Kinetics of monoammonium phosphate-induced potassium release from selected soils.Canadian J.Soil Sci.1995,75(2): 197～203.
[75] Springob C. Blocking the release of potassium from clay interlayers by small concentrations of NH4+, and Cs+.Europ.J.Soil Sci.1999,50(4):665～674.
[76] Aide M.T.,Cwick G.J. and Curmnings M.F.Clay mineralogy and potassium status of selected soils in the glacial Lake Agassiz region of central Manitoba.Can.J.Soil Sci.1999,79:141～148.
[77]胡笃敬,董任瑞,葛旦之.植物钾营养的理论与实战[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社1993.
[78]李玉影,金继运.钾肥用量对面包强筋小麦产量和品质的影响[J].土壤肥料,2002,(2):20～22.
[79]朱本岳,马狄兰,孙韧.等.氮磷钾肥不同用量和配比对番茄产量及品质的影响[J].浙江农业科学,1992,(3):131～134.
[80]林多,黄丹枫.钾素水平对基质培网纹甜瓜光合及品质的影响[J].园艺学报.2003,30(2):221～223.
[81]郭熙盛,刘才宇,王文军等.钾肥对洋葱产量、品质及养分吸收的影响[J].中国蔬菜,1999,(2):12～14.
[82]施岗陵,范风荣,宋国菡.钾肥对大棚栽培西瓜品质和产量的影响[J].山东农业大学学报,1987,18 (3) :69～73.
[83]艾希珍,崔志峰,曲静然等.施肥水平对生姜品质的影响[J].山东农业大学学报.1998,29(2):183～188.
[84]倪吾钟,林荣新,何念祖.钾肥对大白菜产量形成和叶球品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报.1996,2(2),62～67.
[85]张漱茗,阎华,江丽华等.钾肥对蔬菜产量品质和硝酸盐含量的影响[A].肥料与农业发展[C].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社.1999.482～486.
[86]关佩聪,杨底,陈玉娣.氮钾营养与花椰菜氮索代谢和产量的初步研究[J].华南农业大学学报.194,15(1):85～90.
[87]马娟娟,胡全才,王申贵.钾、锌肥与氮肥配施对油菜体内硝酸盐累积的影响[J].山西农业科学.2000,28(2):3～6.
[88]高祖明,张耀栋,唐为民等.氮素形态和NO3--N与NH4+-N配比对菠菜生长和品质的影响[J].南京农业大学学报.1990,3.
[89]张宪政.作物生理研究法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1992.
[90]罗雪华,蔡秀娟.紫外分光光度法测定蔬菜硝酸盐含量[J].华南热带农业大学学报,2004(3):13～16.
[91]丁伟,曲文章.钾营养对甜菜光合速率及同化产物动转的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,1999,30(3):214～220.
[92]李合生植物生理学[M]北京:高等教育出版社,2002.
[93] Cieslik E,Sikora E. Correlation between the levels of nitrates and nitrites and the contents of potassium,calcium and magnesium in potato tubers.Food Chemistry,1998,63(4):525～528.
[94]丁玉川.不同大豆品种磷的吸收和利用[J].西北植物学报,2005,5(9):791～797.
[95]黄绍文,孙桂芳,金继运等.氮、磷和钾营养对优质玉米子粒产量和营养品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报.2004,10(3):225～230.
[96]赵华,徐芳森,石磊等.植物根系形态对低磷胁迫应答的研究进展[J].植物学通报.2006,23(4):4O9～417.
[97] Lynch,Andre Land Emanuel E. Crop Physiology&Metabolism. Crop Science. 1991,31:380～387.
[98] Brenman R. F. Effect of Take-all and Phosphorus Fertilizer on the Dry Matter and Yield of Wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 1995,18(6):1159～1176.
[99]蔡文江.蔬菜施用磷肥,产量品质双提高[J],西南园艺,2004(2).
[100]李远新,李进辉,何莉莉等.氮磷钾配施对保护地番茄产量和品质的影响.中国蔬菜.1997, (4): 10～13.
[101]朱亚萍,石孝军,赵治书.番茄配方施肥研究.西北农业大学学报.1999, 21 (2 ):167～169.
[101]唐湘如,余铁桥.磷钾肥对饲用稻产量和蛋白质含量的影响及其机理研究[J].中国农业科学.2002, 35 (4): 372～377.
[102]李俊良,崔德杰,孟祥霞等.山东寿光保护地蔬菜施肥现状及问题的研究[J].土壤通报.2002,33(2):126～128.
[103]李冬梅,魏珉,张海森等.氮、磷、钾用量和配比对温室黄瓜叶片相关代谢酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报.2006,12(3):382～387.
[104]林咸永,章永松,蔡妙珍等.磷、钾营养对柑桔果实产量、品质和贮藏性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(1):82～88.
[105]朱洪勋,张翔.西瓜需肥特点与平衡施肥研究[J].园艺学报,1996,23(2):145～149.
[106]陈钢,王宏太,周谟兵.西瓜矿质营养与施肥研究综述[J].长江蔬菜.2006,(3):37～39.
[107]俞正旺.西瓜营养与施肥[J].北方园艺,1994(4):21～23.
[108]孟利娟.西瓜需肥特点及高产高效施肥模型[J].现代农业,1999,(11):14～16.
[109]王立颖,杨福林.平衡施肥可以提高蔬菜产量和品质[J],河北农业,2002(3).12～16.
[110]曹子库,梅向阳.控制蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的主要途径[J],中国蔬菜,2007(4):52～53.
[111]周根娣.磷钾肥、光照、贮藏加工对蔬菜硝酸盐含量的影响[J].上海农业学报,1991,7(2):53～56.
[112]王迪轩.无公害蔬菜磷肥施用技术.农村实用技术,2002(12):26～28.
[113]蔡柏岩等.施磷水平对不同基因型大豆叶片及子粒可溶性蛋白质的影响[J],植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(6):1185～1188.
[114]陈刚.不同供磷水平对西瓜产量和品质的影响,植物营养与肥料学报[J],2007.13(6):1189～1192.
[115]王朝辉.磷肥影响蔬菜硝态氮累积的机理.第八次国际钾素讨论会论文集[C],河海大学出版社,1997:217～222.
[116]周礼恺.土壤酶学[M],北京:科学出版社,1987.
[117] Mulvancy R L, Bremner J M. Soil Biochemistry[M], Marce Dekker, New york,1981, 153～195.
[118] Reynolds C M, Wolf D C, Armbruster J A. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. ], 1985, 49(1):104～106.
[119] Skiba U, Wainwright M. Plant and soil[M], 1984, 82(1):117～123.
[120] Nelson D W. Nitrogen in agricultural soils[M], Madison, wisconsin USA, 1982,327～363.
[121] Kumar V, Yadav D S, Singh M. Aust, J. Soil Res[J]., 1988, 26 (2) :367～37.
[122]周礼恺.土壤酶活性的总体在评价土壤肥力水平中的作用[J].土壤学报.1983,20(4):413～417.
[123]邱莉萍,刘军,王益权等.土壤酶活性与土壤肥力的关系研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(3):277～280.
[124]樊军,郝明德.长期施用化肥对黑垆土酶活性影响[J].土壤肥料,2003,5:34～37.
[125]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版)[M].北京:农业出版社,2000.12.
[126]严昶升.土壤肥力研究方法[M].北京:农业出版社,19888.
[127]和文祥,朱铭莪,张一平.温度对汞镉与土脲酶活性关系的影响[J].西北农业学报,2001, 10(3)51～55.
[2]陈材林,周光凡,杨以耕.中国芥菜起源探讨[J].西南农业学报.1992,5(3),6～11.
[3]杨以耕,陈材林,周光凡.芥菜分类研究[J].园艺学报,1989,2:115～121.
[4]李正积,付平都,庞在祥等.涪陵榨菜采头品质与地质背景关系的研究[J],四川地质学报,1994,14(2):149～160.
[5]张钟灵,刘红雨,陈朝轩.重庆市榨菜产业发展现状和对策(上)[C].产业论坛,2004.08.5～7.
[6]张钟灵,刘红雨,陈朝轩.重庆市榨菜产业发展现状和对策(下)[C].产业论坛,2004.09.10～11.
[7]汪莉.涪陵榨菜质量安全现状与应对对策和措施[C],2010年中国榨菜暨中国酱腌菜科技进步与产业发展高峰论坛论文集,2010.
[8]季显权,刘泽君.四川茎瘤芥主要种植土壤的肥料效应研究[J].土壤农化通报[J].1992,7(3):79～90.
[9]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥同化产物积累规律研究[J].土壤农化通报,1992(3),1～8.
[10]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥不同叶位同化产物积累变化规律及其与菜头生长的相关性研究[J].土壤农化通报,1992(3),9～37.
[11]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥吸收养分规律研究.土壤农化通报[J].1992,7(3):15～37.
[12]周建民,董爱平,俞国祯.榨菜需肥规律研究.土壤肥料,1993,(5):30～32.
[13]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥吸收养分规律研究IN吸收规律.土壤农化通报[J].1992,7(3):15～21.
[14]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥吸收养分规律研究IIIK吸收规律.土壤农化通报[J].1992,7(3):28～37.
[15]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥吸收养分规律研究IIP吸收规律[J].土壤农化通报.1992,7(3):22～28.
[16]唐将.涪陵榨菜不同器官元素含量分布特征[J].西南农业大学学报.2004(12):706～709.
[17]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥“蔺市草腰子的目标产量及其施肥量计算[J].土壤农化通报.1992,7(3):112～117.
[18]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥的追肥施肥时期研究[J].土壤农化通报.1992,7(3):94～97.
[19]季显权,刘泽君.茎瘤芥菜头生长量与菜头品质的相关性研究[J].土壤农化通报.1992,7(3):74～78.
[20]季显权,刘泽君,刘华强.施肥对茎瘤芥菜头品质的影响研究[J].土壤农化通报.1992,7(3):65～73.
[21]李成琼,唐阵武,王正银等.肥料组合对茎瘤芥产量和营养品质的影响[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2004(2),95～99.
[22]曹子库,梅向阳.控制蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的主要途径[J].中国蔬菜,2007(4):52～53.
[23]沈明珠,翟宝杰,东惠茹.蔬菜硝酸盐累积的研究[I].不同蔬菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量评价.园艺学报,1982,(4):41～47.
[24]任祖金,邱孝煊,蔡元呈,等.施用化学氮肥对蔬菜硝酸盐的积累及其治理研究[J ].土壤通报,1999 ,30 (6) ;265～267.
[25]倪吾钟,林荣新,何念祖.钾肥对大白菜产量形成和叶球品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(2),62～67.
[26]张漱茗,阎华,江丽华等.钾肥对蔬菜产量品质和硝酸盐含量的影响[A].肥料与农业发展[C].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,1999.
[27]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京农业出版社,1986.
[28] Kiss I. The invertase activity of earthworm casts and soils from anthills [J]. Agrokem Talajtan, 1957, (6): 65～68.
[29] KrOmer S, Green D M. Acid and alkaline phosphatase dynamics and their relationship to soil microclimate in a semiarid woodland[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2000, 32: 179～188.
[30]李萍,徐雅梅.不同培肥措施对藏东南土壤酶活性的影响[J].土壤肥料,2002,33～35,41.
[31]陈大勋,陆集卿.福建省几种土壤类型酶活性的研究[J].福建农学院学,1986,15(1):73～85.
[32]杨武雄,陈宗献.武夷山不同林型土壤酶活性与林木生长关系的研究[J].福建林业科技,1994,4:1～12.
[33]白翠霞,耿玉清,梁伟.八达岭地区主要森林类型土壤脲酶活性研究[J].四川农业大学学报,2005, 23(4):424～427,481.
[34]李宝福,张金文,赖彦斌等.巨尾按根际与非根际土壤酶活性的研究[J].福建林业科技,1999,26(增刊):13～16.
[35] Verstraete W. Soil microbial and biochemical characteristics in relation to soil management and ferility[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1977,(9):253～258.
[36]杨丽娟,须晖,丘忠祥等.菜田土壤酶活性与黄瓜产量之间的关系[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(l):113～11.
[37]张银龙,林鹏.秋茄红树林土壤酶活性时空动态[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),1999, 38(1):129～136.
[38] Dick R P. Influence of long-term residue management on soil enzyme activity in relation to soil chemical properties of a wheat-fallow system [J]. Soil iology&Biochemistry, 1988, (6):159～164.
[39] Bandick A K, Dick R P. Field management effects on soil enzyme activities [J]. Soil Biol &Biochem, 1999,31: 1471～1479.
[40] Debosz K,Rasmussen P H,Pedersen A R.Temporal variations in microbial biomass C and cellulolytic enzyme activity in arable soils:effects of organic matter input[J].Appl Soil Ecol,1999,13:209～218.
[41] Albiach R,Canet R,Pomanes F,et al.Microbial biomass content and enzymatic activities after the application of organic amendments to a horticultural soil[J].Biore Technol,2000,75:43～48.
[42] Taylor J P,Wilson B,Mills M S,et al.Comparison of microbial numbers and enzymatic activities in surface and subsoils using various techniques[J] Soil Biol Biochem,2002,34:387～401.
[43]和文祥,来航线,武永军等.培肥对土壤酶活性影响的研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2001, 27(3): 265～268.
[44]邱莉萍,刘军.长期培肥对土壤酶活性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2003,21(4):44～47.
[45]李华,陈英旭.土壤脲酶活性对稻田田面水氮素转化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(1):55～58.
[46]姚晓华,闵航,袁海平.杀虫剂啶虫脒对旱地土壤酶活性及呼吸强度的影响[J].土壤学报, 2005, 42(6).
[47]王金花,朱鲁生.阿特拉津对两种不同施肥条件土壤脲酶的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(1).
[48]刘义华,周光凡,范永红.茎瘤芥杂种一代优势的研究[J].西南农业学报.2002(3):33～38.
[49]陈材林,周光凡,范永红等.茎瘤芥新品种涪杂1号的选育[J].中国蔬菜.2003(1):23～24.
[50]季显权,刘泽君,刘华强等.茎瘤芥优质丰产施肥原理及应用技术研究论文集[J].土壤农化通报. 1992(3).
[51] Shi R-H. 1988. Soil and Agrochemistry Analysis. Beijing:Agriculture Press.(in Chinese) 40-91,171～197.
[52]孙小红,刘华强,李昌满等.杂交茎瘤芥干物质和磷积累转运规律研究[J].西南农业学报,2003,2(49～52).
[53]殷明.杂交榨菜“涪杂一号”高产栽培技术.农业科技,2002,10.
[54]谢建昌.土壤钾素研究的现状与展望[J].土壤学进展,1981,9(1):1～16.
[55]金继运.土壤钾素研究进展[J].土壤学报,1993,30 (1):94～101.
[56]黄绍文,金继运.土坟钾形态及其植物有效性研究进展[J].土壤肥料,1995(5):23～29.
[57] SPAIKS D L. Potassium dynamics in soil [J].Advances in Soil Science,1987(6):1～6.
[58]杨振明,阎飞,韩丽梅.土壤钾素研究的新进展[J].吉林农业大学学报,1998,20 (3):99～1.
[59] Sardi K .and Csitari G .Potassium fixation of different soil types and nutrient Ievels .Commu.Soil Sci.Plant Anal.1998,29(11-14):1843～1850.
[60] Srinivasa Rao Ch, Subba Rao A. and Rupa T.R.Plant mobilization of soil reserve potassium from fifteen smectitic soils in relation to soil test potassium and minemlogy.Soil Sci.2000,165:578～586.
[61] Adhikari M.and Ghosh T.K.Threshold levels of potassium for intermediate potassium release in relation to clay mineralogy and specifically held potassium of soils.J.lndian Soc.Soil Sci.1993,41(4):663～666.
[62] Srinivasa Rao Ch.,Swarup A.Subba Rao A.and Gopal V.R.Kinctics of nonexchangeable potassium release from a tropaquept as influenced by long-term cropping,fertilization,and manuring.Aust.J.Soil Res. 1999, 37: 317～328.
[63] Bruckert S., Viliemin P.and Kubler B.Potassium forts in aerated and anoxic soils of diferent management and potassium fertilizer history.Plant and Soil, 1992,147:225～233.
[64] Olk D.C, Cassman K.G. and Carlson R.M. Kinetics of potassium fixation in vermiculitic soils under different moisture regimes.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J, 1995,59:423～429.
[65] Rahmatullah,Shaikh B.Z.,Gill M.A. and Salim M.Bioavailable potassium in river-bed sediments and release of interlayer potassium in irrigated acid soils.Soil Use Management,1994,10:43～46.
[66] Meyer D. and Jungk A. A new approach to quantify the utilization of non-exchangeable soil potassium by plants.Plant and Soil,1993,149:235～243.
[67] Springob G and Richter J. Measuring interlayer K release rates from soil materials. II.A percolation procedure to study the influence of the variable solute K in the range. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenemahrung and Bodenkunde. 1998,161:323～329.
[68] Moslehuddin A.Z.M. and Egashira K. Potassium chemistry in some important paddy soils of Bangladesh.Conunun.Soil Sci.Anal.1999, 30 (3&4):329～344.
[69] Auerswald K.,Kaina M.Angermuller S and Steindl H.Influence of exchangeable potassium on soil erodibility.Soil Use and Management, 1996,12:117～121.
[71] Zubillaage N.M.and Conti M.Importance of the textural fraction and its mineralogic characteristics in the potassium contents of diferent Argentine soils.Connmun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 1994,25(5&6):479～487.
[72] Niches J.,Dufey J.E.Jaitard Band Hinsinger P.Release of nonexchangeable potassium from different size fractions of two highly K-fertilized soils in the thizosphere of rape(Brassica napus vc Drakkar).Plant and Soil,1993, 155/156 :403～406.
[73] Shen S.and Stucki J. W.Effect of iron oxidation state on the fate and behavior of potassium in soils.SSSA special publication.1994,(40):173～185.
[74] Zhou, J.M.and Huang,P.M. Kinetics of monoammonium phosphate-induced potassium release from selected soils.Canadian J.Soil Sci.1995,75(2): 197～203.
[75] Springob C. Blocking the release of potassium from clay interlayers by small concentrations of NH4+, and Cs+.Europ.J.Soil Sci.1999,50(4):665～674.
[76] Aide M.T.,Cwick G.J. and Curmnings M.F.Clay mineralogy and potassium status of selected soils in the glacial Lake Agassiz region of central Manitoba.Can.J.Soil Sci.1999,79:141～148.
[77]胡笃敬,董任瑞,葛旦之.植物钾营养的理论与实战[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社1993.
[78]李玉影,金继运.钾肥用量对面包强筋小麦产量和品质的影响[J].土壤肥料,2002,(2):20～22.
[79]朱本岳,马狄兰,孙韧.等.氮磷钾肥不同用量和配比对番茄产量及品质的影响[J].浙江农业科学,1992,(3):131～134.
[80]林多,黄丹枫.钾素水平对基质培网纹甜瓜光合及品质的影响[J].园艺学报.2003,30(2):221～223.
[81]郭熙盛,刘才宇,王文军等.钾肥对洋葱产量、品质及养分吸收的影响[J].中国蔬菜,1999,(2):12～14.
[82]施岗陵,范风荣,宋国菡.钾肥对大棚栽培西瓜品质和产量的影响[J].山东农业大学学报,1987,18 (3) :69～73.
[83]艾希珍,崔志峰,曲静然等.施肥水平对生姜品质的影响[J].山东农业大学学报.1998,29(2):183～188.
[84]倪吾钟,林荣新,何念祖.钾肥对大白菜产量形成和叶球品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报.1996,2(2),62～67.
[85]张漱茗,阎华,江丽华等.钾肥对蔬菜产量品质和硝酸盐含量的影响[A].肥料与农业发展[C].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社.1999.482～486.
[86]关佩聪,杨底,陈玉娣.氮钾营养与花椰菜氮索代谢和产量的初步研究[J].华南农业大学学报.194,15(1):85～90.
[87]马娟娟,胡全才,王申贵.钾、锌肥与氮肥配施对油菜体内硝酸盐累积的影响[J].山西农业科学.2000,28(2):3～6.
[88]高祖明,张耀栋,唐为民等.氮素形态和NO3--N与NH4+-N配比对菠菜生长和品质的影响[J].南京农业大学学报.1990,3.
[89]张宪政.作物生理研究法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1992.
[90]罗雪华,蔡秀娟.紫外分光光度法测定蔬菜硝酸盐含量[J].华南热带农业大学学报,2004(3):13～16.
[91]丁伟,曲文章.钾营养对甜菜光合速率及同化产物动转的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,1999,30(3):214～220.
[92]李合生植物生理学[M]北京:高等教育出版社,2002.
[93] Cieslik E,Sikora E. Correlation between the levels of nitrates and nitrites and the contents of potassium,calcium and magnesium in potato tubers.Food Chemistry,1998,63(4):525～528.
[94]丁玉川.不同大豆品种磷的吸收和利用[J].西北植物学报,2005,5(9):791～797.
[95]黄绍文,孙桂芳,金继运等.氮、磷和钾营养对优质玉米子粒产量和营养品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报.2004,10(3):225～230.
[96]赵华,徐芳森,石磊等.植物根系形态对低磷胁迫应答的研究进展[J].植物学通报.2006,23(4):4O9～417.
[97] Lynch,Andre Land Emanuel E. Crop Physiology&Metabolism. Crop Science. 1991,31:380～387.
[98] Brenman R. F. Effect of Take-all and Phosphorus Fertilizer on the Dry Matter and Yield of Wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 1995,18(6):1159～1176.
[99]蔡文江.蔬菜施用磷肥,产量品质双提高[J],西南园艺,2004(2).
[100]李远新,李进辉,何莉莉等.氮磷钾配施对保护地番茄产量和品质的影响.中国蔬菜.1997, (4): 10～13.
[101]朱亚萍,石孝军,赵治书.番茄配方施肥研究.西北农业大学学报.1999, 21 (2 ):167～169.
[101]唐湘如,余铁桥.磷钾肥对饲用稻产量和蛋白质含量的影响及其机理研究[J].中国农业科学.2002, 35 (4): 372～377.
[102]李俊良,崔德杰,孟祥霞等.山东寿光保护地蔬菜施肥现状及问题的研究[J].土壤通报.2002,33(2):126～128.
[103]李冬梅,魏珉,张海森等.氮、磷、钾用量和配比对温室黄瓜叶片相关代谢酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报.2006,12(3):382～387.
[104]林咸永,章永松,蔡妙珍等.磷、钾营养对柑桔果实产量、品质和贮藏性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(1):82～88.
[105]朱洪勋,张翔.西瓜需肥特点与平衡施肥研究[J].园艺学报,1996,23(2):145～149.
[106]陈钢,王宏太,周谟兵.西瓜矿质营养与施肥研究综述[J].长江蔬菜.2006,(3):37～39.
[107]俞正旺.西瓜营养与施肥[J].北方园艺,1994(4):21～23.
[108]孟利娟.西瓜需肥特点及高产高效施肥模型[J].现代农业,1999,(11):14～16.
[109]王立颖,杨福林.平衡施肥可以提高蔬菜产量和品质[J],河北农业,2002(3).12～16.
[110]曹子库,梅向阳.控制蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的主要途径[J],中国蔬菜,2007(4):52～53.
[111]周根娣.磷钾肥、光照、贮藏加工对蔬菜硝酸盐含量的影响[J].上海农业学报,1991,7(2):53～56.
[112]王迪轩.无公害蔬菜磷肥施用技术.农村实用技术,2002(12):26～28.
[113]蔡柏岩等.施磷水平对不同基因型大豆叶片及子粒可溶性蛋白质的影响[J],植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(6):1185～1188.
[114]陈刚.不同供磷水平对西瓜产量和品质的影响,植物营养与肥料学报[J],2007.13(6):1189～1192.
[115]王朝辉.磷肥影响蔬菜硝态氮累积的机理.第八次国际钾素讨论会论文集[C],河海大学出版社,1997:217～222.
[116]周礼恺.土壤酶学[M],北京:科学出版社,1987.
[117] Mulvancy R L, Bremner J M. Soil Biochemistry[M], Marce Dekker, New york,1981, 153～195.
[118] Reynolds C M, Wolf D C, Armbruster J A. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. ], 1985, 49(1):104～106.
[119] Skiba U, Wainwright M. Plant and soil[M], 1984, 82(1):117～123.
[120] Nelson D W. Nitrogen in agricultural soils[M], Madison, wisconsin USA, 1982,327～363.
[121] Kumar V, Yadav D S, Singh M. Aust, J. Soil Res[J]., 1988, 26 (2) :367～37.
[122]周礼恺.土壤酶活性的总体在评价土壤肥力水平中的作用[J].土壤学报.1983,20(4):413～417.
[123]邱莉萍,刘军,王益权等.土壤酶活性与土壤肥力的关系研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(3):277～280.
[124]樊军,郝明德.长期施用化肥对黑垆土酶活性影响[J].土壤肥料,2003,5:34～37.
[125]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版)[M].北京:农业出版社,2000.12.
[126]严昶升.土壤肥力研究方法[M].北京:农业出版社,19888.
[127]和文祥,朱铭莪,张一平.温度对汞镉与土脲酶活性关系的影响[J].西北农业学报,2001, 10(3)51～55.