明清时期河南林业研究
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摘要
进入二十一世纪,人类生存环境问题越来越受到关注。森林与人类有着十分密切的关系,森林对净化人类生存空间具有不可替代的作用。植树造林,再造秀美山川,改善人们的生活质量,已经引起人们的高度重视。河南是中华民族的发祥地,有着厚重的文化底蕴,是人口大省、资源大省、旅游大省,更是农业、林业大省,在我国国民经济发展中占有重要地位。改善人类生态环境,促进生活健康发展,总结历史经验与教训十分重要。然而,对河南林业历史,尤其是对明清时期河南林业历史的研究,目前尚属“空白”。研究明清时期河南林业史,探究中原大地森林消长的原因,总结河南明清林业发展的历史经验和教训,不仅对河南新时期林业具有重要的指导作用,而且对我国21世纪林业的发展将起到重要的借鉴作用,从而发挥河南在中部崛起战略中的重要作用。
本文通过实地调查研究,取得河南林业现状第一手资料,并大量搜集有关明清时期河南林业的著作和地方志书,从而取得有价值的明清河南林业史料。对收集资料进行筛选、整理、分析研究,探讨河南林业生态环境的变迁(地形地貌、气候条件、水利资源、森林植被、鱼鸟禽兽等)。根据河南生态林业生产自然区划,即:豫北太行山防护经济林区、豫西黄土丘陵防护林区、豫东黄淮海平原防护林区、豫西伏牛山北坡与南坡防护用材林区、南阳盆地农田防护薪炭林区、豫南大别一桐柏山用材经济林区等,论述明清时期河南的基本概貌、森林消长、林政历史、林业职官、林业法规、林业科技(育苗、造林、防虫、护林)、林业文化(盆景艺术、民俗传统文化、林业相关诗文)、造林名人和古树名木等,从而总结出河南明清林业的经验和教训。
本文概括了明清时期河南林业几大区域的情形:人口增加,垦林事农,“薪材不易”的豫北太行山林区;豫西黄土丘陵林区多数林木消失,只有深山尚有老林;黄淮常年决溢,灾难深重、缺木乏林的豫东平原“黄泛区”;保存了修竹、桑柞的豫西伏牛山林区;老林不多、但种桑植柞的南阳盆地林区;列为“禁山”、林涛依旧的豫南大别山、桐柏山林区。指出其不断衰减的原因:一是人口增多,开垦山林,扩种农田,颐养生民;二是官府建筑,采伐林木,毁坏森林;三是战争频仍,消毁林木;四是缺乏林业管理机构,无人监管林业事宜;五是自然灾害(旱灾、涝灾、蝗灾、风灾、地震等),森林遭灾;六是气候变迁,原始森林逐渐消退。
文章论述了明清河南林政历史,分析了当时林业部门的林业职官及管理方式(中央和地方);论述了明代和清代的林业法制(林木培育、森林保护、木政、抽分、林业部门法规等)。论述了明清河南的林业科技事业包括苗木培育、植树育林、造林技术、封山护林、防风固沙、农林间作、病虫害防治、开展林业文化教育及林业文学创作、“森林文化观”等。并对林业名人、古木进行了统计、整理。
本文对明清时期的河南林业进行了认真思考,分析总结了明清时期林业重要思想:林业尤其是桑业是关系国计民生的大事;林业具有良好的生态动能;人类要保护生态环境,并与其互相协调。明清的林业经济思想:林业是商品交换的物质基础;主张因地制宜开发山泽之利是致富之策;认为从事林业与其它种植业相比是省力而利润丰厚的生产部门;农林综合经营的思想;垦荒植林并缓交赋税的思想;森林有益于风水的思想等。还论述了几个重要人物的林业思想:俞森的“森林多效益思想”、魏源的“师夷长技”思想、张之洞的“劝学导政”思想、康有为的“公有统筹”思想等。并据此总结出明清林业生产的基本经验:明清时期对森林保持水土的作用普遍有了明确的认识;人们普遍认识到毁林与江河淤塞的关系;人们对森林涵养水源的作用也有了较详尽、深刻的论述;对森林与水旱之灾的关系,普遍有了更进一步的认识;人们还认识到种树可以调节气候、改良环境、有益身心;人们对种树防风御寒的作用有了新认识。
本文在对明清时期河南林业研究的基础上,分析现今河南林业生态环境特点及存在的问题,指出“十一五”期间河南林业可持续发展战略方向:1、合理布局,科学规划生产林区;2、加快建章立制,提供强有力的政策保障;3、强化自主创新,提供强有力的科技支撑;4、拓宽筹资渠道,提供强有力的经济支持;5、确立林业和谐发展的“经营伦理观”。对各个自然林区的发展方向进行了探讨:豫北太行山防护、经济林区——以林为主、退耕还林;豫西黄土丘陵防护林区——保持水土,因地制宜;豫东黄、淮、海平原防护林区——完善网络,林农间作;豫西伏牛山北坡与南坡防护、用材林区;南阳盆地农田防护、薪炭林区——以林保农,以林促农;豫南大别山-桐柏山用材、经济林区——营造巩固,注重效益。
In the 21~(st) century,human beings become more and more concerned about environmental issues which threaten their existences. Forests,which are closely related with humankind,plays an irreplaceable role in depurating environs they live in ,so trees planting and forestation,which result in green mountains , clear rivers and the amelioration of quality of life,have won widespread recognition. Henan province,the cradle of Chinese civilization,which features profund traditional cultures,largest population,richest resources,prosperous tourism industry ,agriculture and forestry dominated industry structure, has been playing a significant part in the development of national economy. To improve ecological environment and quality of life of human beings,the summarization of past experiences and missteps appears imperative. Through peer-reviewed studies both domestic and abroad,conclusion has been reached that the study on forestry history in Henan province,especially that of Ming and Qing Dynasties.still remains a blank field for research .So study on forestry history in Henan province during Ming and Qing Dynasties , which intends to probe the causes underlying the ebb and flow of forests in the central part of China and summarize historical merits and demerits during that period, not only bears instructional significance to Henan forestry in the new era, but also hold referential bearing in the 21~(th) century,hence further strengthen the role Henan plays in the rising of Central China .
Based on field-work investigation , first-hand data about the status quo of forestry in Henan province were acquired.Through gathering substantive works and chorographies related to Henan forestry in Ming and Qing Dynasties,valuable historical data about Henan forestry were obtained. Through filtration,collation and analysis of data collected, vicissitude of forestry ecological environment in Henan province ,which consist of topography, physiognomy,climate,water conservancy, vegetation and animals,etc,was discussed.
On the basis of natural regionalization of ecological forestry production in Henan province,which comprises shelter-economic forests of Taihang Mountains in the northern part ,shelter forests of loess hills in the western part, shelter forests of Huang-huai-hai plain in the eastern part,shelter-firewood farmland forests of Nanyang Basin,timber-economic forests along Tongbai and Dabie Mountains in the southern part,the outline of Henan province ,the ebb and flows of local
forestry,the history of forestry administration, forestry functionary ,forestry statute , forestry cultures, which involves miniascape arts, traditional folklore and poems related to forestry,forestry science and education,which inculdes seedling,afforestation,pest control,and forest protection etc.forestation celebrities and noted old trees,were discussed and the merits and demerits of forestry during Ming and Qing Dynasties in Henan province were summed up.
In the thesis,the status of forestry during Ming and Qing dynasties in Henan province was shown to bear following traits. The forest region of Taihang Mountains in the northern part of Henan province featured population increase,cultivating woodland for farming ,firewood not being readily available,etc. The forest region of loess hills in the western part of Henan was characterized with vanishing of most woodlands and preservation of aged woods in remote mountains. The forest region of Huang-huai-hai plain marked calamity-infested frequent flooding .caused by the Huaihe River and the Yellow River , and scarcity of woodlands ,hence "the Yellow River Flooded Region"in the eastern part of Henan province was formed. The forest region of Funiu mountains in the west showed the trait that vegetation had been well preserved ,while that of Nanyang Basin featured sparse aged woodlands and much plantation. The forest region along Tongbai and Dabie Mountains in the southern part of Henan province had been labelled as "the Ban Area" and marked the original and well conserved vegetation.
The causes for uninterrupted attenuation of forests in Henan province were also pointed out.The first cause was the cultivation of mountain woodlands for farming to support increasing population.The second cause was cutting woodlands to construct official buildings which resulted in depredation of forests .The third cause was the destruction of woodlands as an aftermath of frequent wars.The fourth cause was the absence of forestry management institutions which ended up in inefficient supervision.The fifth cause was that forests were hit by diversified natural disasters,which encompassed drought,flooding,locust calamities,tornadoes and earthquakes,etc.The sixth cause was the chang of climate, which leads to gradual disappearance of virgin forests.
In the paper,forestry administration in Ming and Qing dynasties in Henan province was summarized.The foresters and management modes of forestry departments during that period were analysed.The forestry legal system in Ming and Qing dynasties ,which included woodland cultivation, forest conservation,timber administration,practicality taxation, legal system of forestry
departments,was discussed.The science and education related to forestry in Ming and Qing dynasties in Henan province ,which comprised seedling breeding,tree planting ,forestation technologies,sealing mountains for breeding forests,farming and woodlands intercropping,pests control,culture and education activities ,forestry-oriented literary production and "forest culture viewpoint",etc.was also canvassed.Forestry celebrities and ancient trees were also undergone statistical processing.
Through reflection and analysis of forestry in Ming and Qing Dynasties in Henan province,important thoughts of that periods were concluded, that forests ,especially that of mulberries,constitute great invent related to the national economy and the people's livelihood, that forests possessed ecological functions,so human beings ought to coexist with nature to better protect ecological environment.
Major thoughts about forest economy were also put forward, that forestry constitutes the material foundation of commodity exchanges, that set out on a road to prosperity by exploiting mountains and rivers abiding by local conditions , that forest production was considered to earn more benefits and save more labors compared with other kinds of crop production,that farming and forestry ought to be combined obeying intergrative management ,that cultivating wasteland , planting trees and deferring taxes should be adhered,that forests were beneficial to edema caused by wind-evil etc.
Also in the paper,forestry thoughts of several celebrities were treated,encompassing that of Yusen'multi-benefits of forests,Weiyuan's learning merits from the foreign to conquer the foreign,Zhangzidong's persuading learning for effective and efficient administration ,Kangyouwei's planning as a whole under state-owned premise,etc.
Out of it .conclusions about basic experiences of forestry production in Ming and Qing Dynasties were drawn ,that people during that period of time had gotten a clear understanding about one of the most important functions of forests,that is, soil and water conservation,that it was widely recognized destruction of forests was related to flooding and filling-up of rivers, that profound detailed discourses had been given about the significant role forests played in water conservation, that understanding had been enhanced about the relations between forests and natural camalities such as flooding and droughts,etc. that people got to know such functions of forests as regulation of climate.being wholesome to human bodies and minds ,that forests'function in guarding against wind and cold was recognized afresh.
Based on literature studies on forestry in Ming and Qing Dynasties in Henan province characteristics and existing problems facing current forestry in Henan province were analysed .sustainable strategies of Henan forestry in the 11~(th) five-year period were stated as follows.First,rational distribution and scientific programming of productive forests.Second,setting up rules and systems to strengthen policy supports. Third,deepening independent innovation to provide technology support.Fourth,widening channels to raise money to form financial support.Lastly,establishing the new ethics of forests,viz,harmonious development.
The directions of development of natural forest regions above-mentioned were as follows.That of shelter-economic forests region of Taihang mountains in the north part of Henan Province were woodland-oriented and restoring woodland-converted farm-plots back for afforesting. That of shelter forest region of loess hills in the western part stressed conserving soil and water and adjusting measures to local conditions.That of shelter forest region of the Huang-huai-hai Plain in the eastern part adhered to perfecting forest networks and farming- wood intercropping.That of the forest region on both slopes of Funiu mountains emphasized shelter and timber production.That of farmland-shelter and firewood forest region of the Nanyang Basin accentuated forest-depended protection and boosting of farming. That of timber-economic forest region of Dabie and Tongbai mountians in the south followed opening up new woodlands .consolidating present achievements and paying more attention to benefits.
本文通过实地调查研究,取得河南林业现状第一手资料,并大量搜集有关明清时期河南林业的著作和地方志书,从而取得有价值的明清河南林业史料。对收集资料进行筛选、整理、分析研究,探讨河南林业生态环境的变迁(地形地貌、气候条件、水利资源、森林植被、鱼鸟禽兽等)。根据河南生态林业生产自然区划,即:豫北太行山防护经济林区、豫西黄土丘陵防护林区、豫东黄淮海平原防护林区、豫西伏牛山北坡与南坡防护用材林区、南阳盆地农田防护薪炭林区、豫南大别一桐柏山用材经济林区等,论述明清时期河南的基本概貌、森林消长、林政历史、林业职官、林业法规、林业科技(育苗、造林、防虫、护林)、林业文化(盆景艺术、民俗传统文化、林业相关诗文)、造林名人和古树名木等,从而总结出河南明清林业的经验和教训。
本文概括了明清时期河南林业几大区域的情形:人口增加,垦林事农,“薪材不易”的豫北太行山林区;豫西黄土丘陵林区多数林木消失,只有深山尚有老林;黄淮常年决溢,灾难深重、缺木乏林的豫东平原“黄泛区”;保存了修竹、桑柞的豫西伏牛山林区;老林不多、但种桑植柞的南阳盆地林区;列为“禁山”、林涛依旧的豫南大别山、桐柏山林区。指出其不断衰减的原因:一是人口增多,开垦山林,扩种农田,颐养生民;二是官府建筑,采伐林木,毁坏森林;三是战争频仍,消毁林木;四是缺乏林业管理机构,无人监管林业事宜;五是自然灾害(旱灾、涝灾、蝗灾、风灾、地震等),森林遭灾;六是气候变迁,原始森林逐渐消退。
文章论述了明清河南林政历史,分析了当时林业部门的林业职官及管理方式(中央和地方);论述了明代和清代的林业法制(林木培育、森林保护、木政、抽分、林业部门法规等)。论述了明清河南的林业科技事业包括苗木培育、植树育林、造林技术、封山护林、防风固沙、农林间作、病虫害防治、开展林业文化教育及林业文学创作、“森林文化观”等。并对林业名人、古木进行了统计、整理。
本文对明清时期的河南林业进行了认真思考,分析总结了明清时期林业重要思想:林业尤其是桑业是关系国计民生的大事;林业具有良好的生态动能;人类要保护生态环境,并与其互相协调。明清的林业经济思想:林业是商品交换的物质基础;主张因地制宜开发山泽之利是致富之策;认为从事林业与其它种植业相比是省力而利润丰厚的生产部门;农林综合经营的思想;垦荒植林并缓交赋税的思想;森林有益于风水的思想等。还论述了几个重要人物的林业思想:俞森的“森林多效益思想”、魏源的“师夷长技”思想、张之洞的“劝学导政”思想、康有为的“公有统筹”思想等。并据此总结出明清林业生产的基本经验:明清时期对森林保持水土的作用普遍有了明确的认识;人们普遍认识到毁林与江河淤塞的关系;人们对森林涵养水源的作用也有了较详尽、深刻的论述;对森林与水旱之灾的关系,普遍有了更进一步的认识;人们还认识到种树可以调节气候、改良环境、有益身心;人们对种树防风御寒的作用有了新认识。
本文在对明清时期河南林业研究的基础上,分析现今河南林业生态环境特点及存在的问题,指出“十一五”期间河南林业可持续发展战略方向:1、合理布局,科学规划生产林区;2、加快建章立制,提供强有力的政策保障;3、强化自主创新,提供强有力的科技支撑;4、拓宽筹资渠道,提供强有力的经济支持;5、确立林业和谐发展的“经营伦理观”。对各个自然林区的发展方向进行了探讨:豫北太行山防护、经济林区——以林为主、退耕还林;豫西黄土丘陵防护林区——保持水土,因地制宜;豫东黄、淮、海平原防护林区——完善网络,林农间作;豫西伏牛山北坡与南坡防护、用材林区;南阳盆地农田防护、薪炭林区——以林保农,以林促农;豫南大别山-桐柏山用材、经济林区——营造巩固,注重效益。
In the 21~(st) century,human beings become more and more concerned about environmental issues which threaten their existences. Forests,which are closely related with humankind,plays an irreplaceable role in depurating environs they live in ,so trees planting and forestation,which result in green mountains , clear rivers and the amelioration of quality of life,have won widespread recognition. Henan province,the cradle of Chinese civilization,which features profund traditional cultures,largest population,richest resources,prosperous tourism industry ,agriculture and forestry dominated industry structure, has been playing a significant part in the development of national economy. To improve ecological environment and quality of life of human beings,the summarization of past experiences and missteps appears imperative. Through peer-reviewed studies both domestic and abroad,conclusion has been reached that the study on forestry history in Henan province,especially that of Ming and Qing Dynasties.still remains a blank field for research .So study on forestry history in Henan province during Ming and Qing Dynasties , which intends to probe the causes underlying the ebb and flow of forests in the central part of China and summarize historical merits and demerits during that period, not only bears instructional significance to Henan forestry in the new era, but also hold referential bearing in the 21~(th) century,hence further strengthen the role Henan plays in the rising of Central China .
Based on field-work investigation , first-hand data about the status quo of forestry in Henan province were acquired.Through gathering substantive works and chorographies related to Henan forestry in Ming and Qing Dynasties,valuable historical data about Henan forestry were obtained. Through filtration,collation and analysis of data collected, vicissitude of forestry ecological environment in Henan province ,which consist of topography, physiognomy,climate,water conservancy, vegetation and animals,etc,was discussed.
On the basis of natural regionalization of ecological forestry production in Henan province,which comprises shelter-economic forests of Taihang Mountains in the northern part ,shelter forests of loess hills in the western part, shelter forests of Huang-huai-hai plain in the eastern part,shelter-firewood farmland forests of Nanyang Basin,timber-economic forests along Tongbai and Dabie Mountains in the southern part,the outline of Henan province ,the ebb and flows of local
forestry,the history of forestry administration, forestry functionary ,forestry statute , forestry cultures, which involves miniascape arts, traditional folklore and poems related to forestry,forestry science and education,which inculdes seedling,afforestation,pest control,and forest protection etc.forestation celebrities and noted old trees,were discussed and the merits and demerits of forestry during Ming and Qing Dynasties in Henan province were summed up.
In the thesis,the status of forestry during Ming and Qing dynasties in Henan province was shown to bear following traits. The forest region of Taihang Mountains in the northern part of Henan province featured population increase,cultivating woodland for farming ,firewood not being readily available,etc. The forest region of loess hills in the western part of Henan was characterized with vanishing of most woodlands and preservation of aged woods in remote mountains. The forest region of Huang-huai-hai plain marked calamity-infested frequent flooding .caused by the Huaihe River and the Yellow River , and scarcity of woodlands ,hence "the Yellow River Flooded Region"in the eastern part of Henan province was formed. The forest region of Funiu mountains in the west showed the trait that vegetation had been well preserved ,while that of Nanyang Basin featured sparse aged woodlands and much plantation. The forest region along Tongbai and Dabie Mountains in the southern part of Henan province had been labelled as "the Ban Area" and marked the original and well conserved vegetation.
The causes for uninterrupted attenuation of forests in Henan province were also pointed out.The first cause was the cultivation of mountain woodlands for farming to support increasing population.The second cause was cutting woodlands to construct official buildings which resulted in depredation of forests .The third cause was the destruction of woodlands as an aftermath of frequent wars.The fourth cause was the absence of forestry management institutions which ended up in inefficient supervision.The fifth cause was that forests were hit by diversified natural disasters,which encompassed drought,flooding,locust calamities,tornadoes and earthquakes,etc.The sixth cause was the chang of climate, which leads to gradual disappearance of virgin forests.
In the paper,forestry administration in Ming and Qing dynasties in Henan province was summarized.The foresters and management modes of forestry departments during that period were analysed.The forestry legal system in Ming and Qing dynasties ,which included woodland cultivation, forest conservation,timber administration,practicality taxation, legal system of forestry
departments,was discussed.The science and education related to forestry in Ming and Qing dynasties in Henan province ,which comprised seedling breeding,tree planting ,forestation technologies,sealing mountains for breeding forests,farming and woodlands intercropping,pests control,culture and education activities ,forestry-oriented literary production and "forest culture viewpoint",etc.was also canvassed.Forestry celebrities and ancient trees were also undergone statistical processing.
Through reflection and analysis of forestry in Ming and Qing Dynasties in Henan province,important thoughts of that periods were concluded, that forests ,especially that of mulberries,constitute great invent related to the national economy and the people's livelihood, that forests possessed ecological functions,so human beings ought to coexist with nature to better protect ecological environment.
Major thoughts about forest economy were also put forward, that forestry constitutes the material foundation of commodity exchanges, that set out on a road to prosperity by exploiting mountains and rivers abiding by local conditions , that forest production was considered to earn more benefits and save more labors compared with other kinds of crop production,that farming and forestry ought to be combined obeying intergrative management ,that cultivating wasteland , planting trees and deferring taxes should be adhered,that forests were beneficial to edema caused by wind-evil etc.
Also in the paper,forestry thoughts of several celebrities were treated,encompassing that of Yusen'multi-benefits of forests,Weiyuan's learning merits from the foreign to conquer the foreign,Zhangzidong's persuading learning for effective and efficient administration ,Kangyouwei's planning as a whole under state-owned premise,etc.
Out of it .conclusions about basic experiences of forestry production in Ming and Qing Dynasties were drawn ,that people during that period of time had gotten a clear understanding about one of the most important functions of forests,that is, soil and water conservation,that it was widely recognized destruction of forests was related to flooding and filling-up of rivers, that profound detailed discourses had been given about the significant role forests played in water conservation, that understanding had been enhanced about the relations between forests and natural camalities such as flooding and droughts,etc. that people got to know such functions of forests as regulation of climate.being wholesome to human bodies and minds ,that forests'function in guarding against wind and cold was recognized afresh.
Based on literature studies on forestry in Ming and Qing Dynasties in Henan province characteristics and existing problems facing current forestry in Henan province were analysed .sustainable strategies of Henan forestry in the 11~(th) five-year period were stated as follows.First,rational distribution and scientific programming of productive forests.Second,setting up rules and systems to strengthen policy supports. Third,deepening independent innovation to provide technology support.Fourth,widening channels to raise money to form financial support.Lastly,establishing the new ethics of forests,viz,harmonious development.
The directions of development of natural forest regions above-mentioned were as follows.That of shelter-economic forests region of Taihang mountains in the north part of Henan Province were woodland-oriented and restoring woodland-converted farm-plots back for afforesting. That of shelter forest region of loess hills in the western part stressed conserving soil and water and adjusting measures to local conditions.That of shelter forest region of the Huang-huai-hai Plain in the eastern part adhered to perfecting forest networks and farming- wood intercropping.That of the forest region on both slopes of Funiu mountains emphasized shelter and timber production.That of farmland-shelter and firewood forest region of the Nanyang Basin accentuated forest-depended protection and boosting of farming. That of timber-economic forest region of Dabie and Tongbai mountians in the south followed opening up new woodlands .consolidating present achievements and paying more attention to benefits.
引文
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