步进变频连续波穿墙雷达收发前端的研制
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摘要
超宽带穿墙雷达是一种新的雷达探测技术,它利用发射超宽带电磁波信号穿透墙壁等非透明障碍物,实现对目标的检测、定位与成像等,在灾难救援、执法、反恐等领域有重要的应用价值。
超宽带穿墙雷达在目标回波模型上有明显区别于常规合成孔径成像雷达的特点,本文针对这一问题,开展了主要工作如下:
1.介绍了穿墙雷达的技术发展沿革,以及国内科研机构的相关研究进展。
2.结合本课题阐述了步进频穿墙雷达的原理和工作方式,并以此为理论基础,详细地讨论了穿墙雷达收发前端的硬件实现方案,首先提出了采用上变频实现发射机,采用超外差体制接收机实现接收的方案,通过推导论证了超外差收发方案在该系统实现上无法准确的预知发射信号和本振信号的相位差异的不足,这样会给目标测量系统定标带来很大的困难。为了解决这个问题,本文采用零中频体制来实现该系统。
3.详细的叙述了既定的方案中雷达发射源功能模块的实现,采用整数分频锁相环和功率放大器链路在硬件上实现了1GHz~2GHz扫频发射,并通过调试将发射带宽内的功率波动控制在2dB以内,给出了频率源的测试结果,同时提出了一种通过利用示波器和调制解调仪来判定小步进快速扫频源是否全频段锁定的方法。
4.叙述了零中频接收机的一般性的优劣势,从理论上论证了零中频体制的接收机在动态范围、噪声系数等关键指标上相对于超外差体制的性能改善;接着叙述了分别采用有源混频器和无源混频器设的两种零中频接收机的射频信号通道、基带滤波器以及AD采样的硬件实现,在此过程中,提出了本文在正交解调器AD8347的使用上的一些见解。
5.最后搭建了系统联调的平台,将所设计的接收机和发射源进行了联调,给出了测试结果,测试结果表明:所设计的收发前段满足后端数字信号处理的要求。
The UWB (Ultra wide band) through-the-wall radar is a new techology of radar- exploration, which penetrates the wall and other opaque obstuctions by sending super broad band electromagnetic wave, can be used in detection, orientation and imaging of the targets. The following research work is done concerning this point:
1.Introduce the history of development of through-the-wall radar and status quo of the research work in the related research institution of China.
2.Expatiate the principle and work mode of the stepped-frequency through-the-wall radar, based on which and the hardware design scheme is discussed . Firstly one kind of design scheme had been assumed, in which the system is composed of an up frequency transform transmitter and a superheterodyne receiver. Then the phase difference of transmitting signal and local osillating signal in this scheme is demonstrated, So the zero-IF system is used to deal with this problem.
3.The function realization of transmitter on the through-the-wall radar hardware system is analyzed in details. The stepped-frequency transmitter with bandwidth 1GHz~2GHz is designed using integer divider PLL.The power fluctuation are less than 2dB in bandwidth. And a method is proposed to judge if the PLL is locked utilizing oscillograph and dismodulator.
4.The advantages of the zero-IF receiver have been shown, as well as the better performance in DR、NF in theory than the superheterodyne receiver. Design the receiver based on passive mixer and active mixer, including the signal channel, the base-band filter and the AD circuit design and realization. Specially, we propose some useful perspective in Quadrature Demodulator AD8347 design.
5.Finally, the test result is given. It indicates that the front-end of the radar satisfes the requirements of the signal processing.
超宽带穿墙雷达在目标回波模型上有明显区别于常规合成孔径成像雷达的特点,本文针对这一问题,开展了主要工作如下:
1.介绍了穿墙雷达的技术发展沿革,以及国内科研机构的相关研究进展。
2.结合本课题阐述了步进频穿墙雷达的原理和工作方式,并以此为理论基础,详细地讨论了穿墙雷达收发前端的硬件实现方案,首先提出了采用上变频实现发射机,采用超外差体制接收机实现接收的方案,通过推导论证了超外差收发方案在该系统实现上无法准确的预知发射信号和本振信号的相位差异的不足,这样会给目标测量系统定标带来很大的困难。为了解决这个问题,本文采用零中频体制来实现该系统。
3.详细的叙述了既定的方案中雷达发射源功能模块的实现,采用整数分频锁相环和功率放大器链路在硬件上实现了1GHz~2GHz扫频发射,并通过调试将发射带宽内的功率波动控制在2dB以内,给出了频率源的测试结果,同时提出了一种通过利用示波器和调制解调仪来判定小步进快速扫频源是否全频段锁定的方法。
4.叙述了零中频接收机的一般性的优劣势,从理论上论证了零中频体制的接收机在动态范围、噪声系数等关键指标上相对于超外差体制的性能改善;接着叙述了分别采用有源混频器和无源混频器设的两种零中频接收机的射频信号通道、基带滤波器以及AD采样的硬件实现,在此过程中,提出了本文在正交解调器AD8347的使用上的一些见解。
5.最后搭建了系统联调的平台,将所设计的接收机和发射源进行了联调,给出了测试结果,测试结果表明:所设计的收发前段满足后端数字信号处理的要求。
The UWB (Ultra wide band) through-the-wall radar is a new techology of radar- exploration, which penetrates the wall and other opaque obstuctions by sending super broad band electromagnetic wave, can be used in detection, orientation and imaging of the targets. The following research work is done concerning this point:
1.Introduce the history of development of through-the-wall radar and status quo of the research work in the related research institution of China.
2.Expatiate the principle and work mode of the stepped-frequency through-the-wall radar, based on which and the hardware design scheme is discussed . Firstly one kind of design scheme had been assumed, in which the system is composed of an up frequency transform transmitter and a superheterodyne receiver. Then the phase difference of transmitting signal and local osillating signal in this scheme is demonstrated, So the zero-IF system is used to deal with this problem.
3.The function realization of transmitter on the through-the-wall radar hardware system is analyzed in details. The stepped-frequency transmitter with bandwidth 1GHz~2GHz is designed using integer divider PLL.The power fluctuation are less than 2dB in bandwidth. And a method is proposed to judge if the PLL is locked utilizing oscillograph and dismodulator.
4.The advantages of the zero-IF receiver have been shown, as well as the better performance in DR、NF in theory than the superheterodyne receiver. Design the receiver based on passive mixer and active mixer, including the signal channel, the base-band filter and the AD circuit design and realization. Specially, we propose some useful perspective in Quadrature Demodulator AD8347 design.
5.Finally, the test result is given. It indicates that the front-end of the radar satisfes the requirements of the signal processing.
引文
[1] Borek, S.E.An overview of through the wall surveillance for homeland security[C]. Proceedings of the 34th Applied Imagery and Pattern Recognition Workshop (AIPR05),IEEE,2005:6
[2] L. M. Frazier. Radar Surveillance through Solid Materials[J]. Proc. SPIE,1996: 2938: 139-146
[3] Allan R. Hunt.A wideband imaging radar for through-the-wall surveillance[J]. Proc. of SPIE ,2004, 5403:590-596
[4] Allen Hunt, Chris Tillery.Through-the-Wall Surveillance Technologies.Reprinted with permission of the American Correctional Association, Corrections Today, July 2001 Vol. 63, No. 4
[5] Fauzia Ahmad, Gordon J.Frazer. Design and Implementation of Near-Field, Wideband Synthetic Aperture Beamformers[J]. IEEE Trans. on AES,2004, 40(1):206-220
[6] F.Ahmad, M.G. Amin, S.A. Kassam. Synthetic aperture beamformer for imaging through a dielectric wall[J].IEEE Trans.AES,2005,41(1):271-283
[7] Genyuan WANG, Moeness G. Amin, Yimin ZHANG. New Approach for Target Locations in the Presence of Wall Ambiguities[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2006,42(1):301-315
[8] Barrie, G.. Ultra-wideband Synthetic Aperture Imaging– Data and Image Processing.(DRDC Ottawa TM 2003-015), Defence R&D Canada– Ottawa.
[9] Greg Barrie. Through-Wall Synthetic Aperture Radar(TWSAR) 3D Imaging. (DRDC Ottawa TM 2004-224), Defence R&D Canada– Ottawa.
[10] Greg Barrie .UWB Impulse Radar Characterization and Processing Techniques. (DRDC Ottawa TM 2004-224), Defence R&D Canada– Ottawa.
[11] Allan R. Hunt.Image Formation Through Walls Using a Distributed Radar Sensor Array[C]. Proceedings of the 32nd Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop (AIPR’03).2003
[12]赵或,黄春琳,粟毅,雷太文.超宽带穿墙探测雷达的反投影成像算法[J].雷达科学与技术,2007,5(1):49-54
[13]戴刚.穿墙探测雷达的数据采集、目标检测与定位方法研究:[硕士学位论文].国防科学技术大学.2005.11:1～2.
[14]雷达接收设备编写组.雷达接收设备.1979.1
[15]黄德双.高分辨雷达智能信号处理技术.机械工业出版社,2001年1月
[16]张厥盛,郑继禹,万心平.锁相技术.西安电子科技大学出版社,2006年12月
[17] Hittite Microwave Corporation. Wideband MMIC VCO w/ Buffer Amplifier, 4.0-8.0GHz.Data sheet.2002
[18] Minicircuirt Corporation.Power splitter TCP-2-33+.Data sheet,2005
[19] Peregrine semiconductor. 3000 MHz UltraCMOS? Integer-N PLL for Low Phase Noise ApplicationProduct.PE3336.Datasheet.2000
[20] Synergy microwave corporation. Voltage Controlled Osillator Surface Mount Model: DCMO190410-5.Datasheet.2000
[21] Hittite Microwave Corporation. Wideband MMIC Amplifier, 2.0-4.0GHz.HMC311.Data sheet.2002
[22] Hittite Microwave Corporation. SMT GaAs HBT MMIC Divide-by-2, DC-8.0GHz, HMC432.Data sheet.2002
[23] WJ communications,Inc.Medium Power ,High linearity amplifier.AH102. Data sheet.2003
[24] Hittite Microwave Corporation. Digital positive control attenuator, 0-3.0GHz.HMC470.Data sheet.2002
[25] National semiconductor. Dual synchronous Buck Regulator Controller. LM2676. Datasheet. 2002
[26] Micrel, Inc. High-Current Low-Dropout Regulators. Mic29302. Datasheet. 2003
[27]李智群,王志功.零中频射频接收机技术.电子产品世界. 2007.
[28]防空导弹系列.防空导弹雷达导引头设计.中国宇航出版社.2006
[29] The RF and Microwave Handbook. Editor in Chief Mike Golio, 1999.
[30]张玉兴.非线性电路与系统.2002:132～150.
[31]方俊,赵秋明,莫玮.零中频接收机DC偏移和IM2消除的探讨.桂林电子工业学报.2004.4.Vol.24,No.3.
[32]清华大学《微带电路》编写组.微带电路. 1979
[33] Christos Tsironis,Roman Meierer,Rainer Stanlmann. Dual-Gate MESFET Mixers. IEEE Transcation On Microwave Theory And Technique, Vol. MTT-32, No. 3, March1984.
[34]周骞. C波段低相位噪声调谐跳频源的研制:[硕士学位论文].电子科技大学.2006.1:29～30
[35] MACOM.Inc.E-series surface mount mixer 80-2500MHz.ESMD-C50L.Datasheet.2005
[36] Minicircuirt Corporation. Ceramic low pass filter DC-2000MHz.LFCN-2000.Datasheet.2004.
[37] Agilent Techologies. 3.5GHz Broadband Silicon RFIC Amplifier. ABA53563. Datasheet.2005.
[38] Analog Devices, Inc. 16-Bit,±1LSB INL,500kSPS, Differential ADC, AD7676, Datasheet, 2004
[39]阿瑟.B.威廉斯.电子滤波器设计手册,喻春轩等译1970:79~117.
[40] Ron mancini. Op for everyone. Texas intrustment advance anolog product., August 2002:98~125.
[41] Analog Devices, Inc. 0.8 GHz to 2.7 GHz Direct Conversion Quadrature Demodulator, AD8347, Device Datasheet, 2005.
[2] L. M. Frazier. Radar Surveillance through Solid Materials[J]. Proc. SPIE,1996: 2938: 139-146
[3] Allan R. Hunt.A wideband imaging radar for through-the-wall surveillance[J]. Proc. of SPIE ,2004, 5403:590-596
[4] Allen Hunt, Chris Tillery.Through-the-Wall Surveillance Technologies.Reprinted with permission of the American Correctional Association, Corrections Today, July 2001 Vol. 63, No. 4
[5] Fauzia Ahmad, Gordon J.Frazer. Design and Implementation of Near-Field, Wideband Synthetic Aperture Beamformers[J]. IEEE Trans. on AES,2004, 40(1):206-220
[6] F.Ahmad, M.G. Amin, S.A. Kassam. Synthetic aperture beamformer for imaging through a dielectric wall[J].IEEE Trans.AES,2005,41(1):271-283
[7] Genyuan WANG, Moeness G. Amin, Yimin ZHANG. New Approach for Target Locations in the Presence of Wall Ambiguities[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2006,42(1):301-315
[8] Barrie, G.. Ultra-wideband Synthetic Aperture Imaging– Data and Image Processing.(DRDC Ottawa TM 2003-015), Defence R&D Canada– Ottawa.
[9] Greg Barrie. Through-Wall Synthetic Aperture Radar(TWSAR) 3D Imaging. (DRDC Ottawa TM 2004-224), Defence R&D Canada– Ottawa.
[10] Greg Barrie .UWB Impulse Radar Characterization and Processing Techniques. (DRDC Ottawa TM 2004-224), Defence R&D Canada– Ottawa.
[11] Allan R. Hunt.Image Formation Through Walls Using a Distributed Radar Sensor Array[C]. Proceedings of the 32nd Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop (AIPR’03).2003
[12]赵或,黄春琳,粟毅,雷太文.超宽带穿墙探测雷达的反投影成像算法[J].雷达科学与技术,2007,5(1):49-54
[13]戴刚.穿墙探测雷达的数据采集、目标检测与定位方法研究:[硕士学位论文].国防科学技术大学.2005.11:1～2.
[14]雷达接收设备编写组.雷达接收设备.1979.1
[15]黄德双.高分辨雷达智能信号处理技术.机械工业出版社,2001年1月
[16]张厥盛,郑继禹,万心平.锁相技术.西安电子科技大学出版社,2006年12月
[17] Hittite Microwave Corporation. Wideband MMIC VCO w/ Buffer Amplifier, 4.0-8.0GHz.Data sheet.2002
[18] Minicircuirt Corporation.Power splitter TCP-2-33+.Data sheet,2005
[19] Peregrine semiconductor. 3000 MHz UltraCMOS? Integer-N PLL for Low Phase Noise ApplicationProduct.PE3336.Datasheet.2000
[20] Synergy microwave corporation. Voltage Controlled Osillator Surface Mount Model: DCMO190410-5.Datasheet.2000
[21] Hittite Microwave Corporation. Wideband MMIC Amplifier, 2.0-4.0GHz.HMC311.Data sheet.2002
[22] Hittite Microwave Corporation. SMT GaAs HBT MMIC Divide-by-2, DC-8.0GHz, HMC432.Data sheet.2002
[23] WJ communications,Inc.Medium Power ,High linearity amplifier.AH102. Data sheet.2003
[24] Hittite Microwave Corporation. Digital positive control attenuator, 0-3.0GHz.HMC470.Data sheet.2002
[25] National semiconductor. Dual synchronous Buck Regulator Controller. LM2676. Datasheet. 2002
[26] Micrel, Inc. High-Current Low-Dropout Regulators. Mic29302. Datasheet. 2003
[27]李智群,王志功.零中频射频接收机技术.电子产品世界. 2007.
[28]防空导弹系列.防空导弹雷达导引头设计.中国宇航出版社.2006
[29] The RF and Microwave Handbook. Editor in Chief Mike Golio, 1999.
[30]张玉兴.非线性电路与系统.2002:132～150.
[31]方俊,赵秋明,莫玮.零中频接收机DC偏移和IM2消除的探讨.桂林电子工业学报.2004.4.Vol.24,No.3.
[32]清华大学《微带电路》编写组.微带电路. 1979
[33] Christos Tsironis,Roman Meierer,Rainer Stanlmann. Dual-Gate MESFET Mixers. IEEE Transcation On Microwave Theory And Technique, Vol. MTT-32, No. 3, March1984.
[34]周骞. C波段低相位噪声调谐跳频源的研制:[硕士学位论文].电子科技大学.2006.1:29～30
[35] MACOM.Inc.E-series surface mount mixer 80-2500MHz.ESMD-C50L.Datasheet.2005
[36] Minicircuirt Corporation. Ceramic low pass filter DC-2000MHz.LFCN-2000.Datasheet.2004.
[37] Agilent Techologies. 3.5GHz Broadband Silicon RFIC Amplifier. ABA53563. Datasheet.2005.
[38] Analog Devices, Inc. 16-Bit,±1LSB INL,500kSPS, Differential ADC, AD7676, Datasheet, 2004
[39]阿瑟.B.威廉斯.电子滤波器设计手册,喻春轩等译1970:79~117.
[40] Ron mancini. Op for everyone. Texas intrustment advance anolog product., August 2002:98~125.
[41] Analog Devices, Inc. 0.8 GHz to 2.7 GHz Direct Conversion Quadrature Demodulator, AD8347, Device Datasheet, 2005.