VoIP语音质量评价研究
摘要
建立VoIP语音评价模型有越来越重要的技术意义和商业意义。
语音质量的评价包含主观方法和客观方法。其中主观方法(e.g. MOS)是客观方法的基准,但是主观方法缓慢,耗时,昂贵。客观方法包含干扰式语音评价和非干扰式语音评价。有许多因素影响IP电话语音质量,我们把这些因素划分成两种类型：网络因素(e.g.丢包,抖动和延迟等)和非网络因素(e.g.编码类型,回音,噪声等).本文主要的目标是分析不同因素对语音质量的影响,并给出新型的高效的模型评价VoIP语音质量。我们建立一个新的VoIP模拟平台,实验中网络仿真软件采用NIST Net,语音通信协议由OpenPhone实现。这个模拟实验环境和其他研究者的模拟环境相比更为‘真实’。
我们的研究工作和贡献包括：
1)分析延迟抖动标准差和语音语种因素对语音质量的影响,分别提出了两种对标准E模型的扩展方法,基于延迟抖动标准差的扩展E模型和基于语音因素的E模型的扩展方法.我们首先分析了网络延迟抖动对网络语音的影响,通过实验揭示了把延迟抖动的标准差来作为参数描述延迟语音质量是合理的,据此对标准E模型进行了扩展,结果得到了验证。之后,我们还分析了语音因素对网络语音的质量影响,我们仔细的选择实验语音,发现不同语种性别的语音在相似环境下语音质量是略有差别的,并给出了对于E模型的修正系数Il。近年来,网络的自相似特性被广泛揭示。自相似特性可以用Hurst系数H(0.5 2)提出一个新的神经网络模型。神经网络模型最近被用来评价语音和视频质量,但是早期的方法依赖于主观测试生成训练序列,不幸的是主观方法代价比较高,很难考虑复杂细致的输入条件,比如Internet的变化因素。L.Sun在2002年提出一个基于客观测量的神经网络模型,但受限于没有使用最新的PESQ评分标准,并且模拟实验平台过于简单。Al-Akhras在2009年提出的是一个与E模型混合式的神经元方法,输入层只考虑了丢包因素的影响,没有考虑语音编码等基本要素,最后实现中还需要复杂的主观测试。我们使用了最新的PESQ算法,实验平台采集的数据更为真实可靠。我们增加了参数延迟标准差和语音变量作为输入元素,并验证了模型是准确有效的。
3)提出基于多元回归算法的语音质量评价模型。我们根据参数延迟标准差和网络丢包率提出基于多元回归算法的语音质量评价模型,并对不同回归函数进行了比较和验证。通过数据分析,三次回归方程和两次带交叉项的回归方程的准确性比较好,计算复杂度也不高,适合VOIP语音质量的评价。
It is increasingly important to model the VoIP speech quality for technical and commercial reasons.
Voice quality can be measured using either subjective or objective methods. Subjective measurement (e.g. MOS) is the benchmark for objective methods, but it is slow, time consuming and expensive. Objective measurement can be intrusive or non-intrusive. As known, many factors affect the quality of audio in IP telephony. We divided these factors in two types:network factors (e.g. packet loss, burstiness, jitter and delay) and non-network impairments (e.g. codec type, echo, noise and gender/language).The main goal of the project is to analyses different factors and develop novel and efficient models for speech quality prediction. For this reason, a new simulation system is set up to collect data. NIST Net is used for network simulation, and OpenPhone simulates communication protocol. This simulation system is more "real'than other researcher's system. The main contributions of the thesis are threefold:
1) New Extended E-Models are proposed. One based on standard deviation of packet delay, the other based on language factors. The effect of jitter standard deviation is analyzed, and we find it is accurate by using some function of the standard deviation of the packet delay to describe the relation of delay and voice quality. We also investigate the effects of different language on speech quality in voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) scenarios.There is still a slight difference between diffrent language. A new parameter named IL relates to language is added to E-Model. It is widely accepted the network was self-similar. The degree of self-similarity can be expressed by the Hurst parameter H (0.5 2) We propose a new neural network models for predicting VoIP speech quality. ANN model is recently used to predict speech quality over Internet. The early work is based on subjective test, unfortunately, subjective tests are costly and time-consuming, and as a result the training sets are limited and cannot cover all the possible scenarios in dynamic and evolving networks, such as the Internet. L.Sun's research in 2002 didn't use the latest PESQ algorithm, and their simulation system is too simple. At year 2009,Al-Akhras present a hybrid ANN model combined with E-Model, only packet loss condition is considered as Ann input. We use the latest PESQ algorithm, and more accurate data created from our simulation system. A new network parameters (jitter standard deviation) is considered in our approach, as well as a new source parameters (language factor) is also selected. We validate the model is accurate and effective.
3) A new multiple regression VOIP voice prediction model is proposed. Jitter standard deviation and packet loss is considered. Different regression functions are discussed. Based on the data experiment, cubic regression equation and quadratic regression equation with cross terms is appropriate to predict speech quality over the network.
语音质量的评价包含主观方法和客观方法。其中主观方法(e.g. MOS)是客观方法的基准,但是主观方法缓慢,耗时,昂贵。客观方法包含干扰式语音评价和非干扰式语音评价。有许多因素影响IP电话语音质量,我们把这些因素划分成两种类型：网络因素(e.g.丢包,抖动和延迟等)和非网络因素(e.g.编码类型,回音,噪声等).本文主要的目标是分析不同因素对语音质量的影响,并给出新型的高效的模型评价VoIP语音质量。我们建立一个新的VoIP模拟平台,实验中网络仿真软件采用NIST Net,语音通信协议由OpenPhone实现。这个模拟实验环境和其他研究者的模拟环境相比更为‘真实’。
我们的研究工作和贡献包括：
1)分析延迟抖动标准差和语音语种因素对语音质量的影响,分别提出了两种对标准E模型的扩展方法,基于延迟抖动标准差的扩展E模型和基于语音因素的E模型的扩展方法.我们首先分析了网络延迟抖动对网络语音的影响,通过实验揭示了把延迟抖动的标准差来作为参数描述延迟语音质量是合理的,据此对标准E模型进行了扩展,结果得到了验证。之后,我们还分析了语音因素对网络语音的质量影响,我们仔细的选择实验语音,发现不同语种性别的语音在相似环境下语音质量是略有差别的,并给出了对于E模型的修正系数Il。近年来,网络的自相似特性被广泛揭示。自相似特性可以用Hurst系数H(0.5
3)提出基于多元回归算法的语音质量评价模型。我们根据参数延迟标准差和网络丢包率提出基于多元回归算法的语音质量评价模型,并对不同回归函数进行了比较和验证。通过数据分析,三次回归方程和两次带交叉项的回归方程的准确性比较好,计算复杂度也不高,适合VOIP语音质量的评价。
It is increasingly important to model the VoIP speech quality for technical and commercial reasons.
Voice quality can be measured using either subjective or objective methods. Subjective measurement (e.g. MOS) is the benchmark for objective methods, but it is slow, time consuming and expensive. Objective measurement can be intrusive or non-intrusive. As known, many factors affect the quality of audio in IP telephony. We divided these factors in two types:network factors (e.g. packet loss, burstiness, jitter and delay) and non-network impairments (e.g. codec type, echo, noise and gender/language).The main goal of the project is to analyses different factors and develop novel and efficient models for speech quality prediction. For this reason, a new simulation system is set up to collect data. NIST Net is used for network simulation, and OpenPhone simulates communication protocol. This simulation system is more "real'than other researcher's system. The main contributions of the thesis are threefold:
1) New Extended E-Models are proposed. One based on standard deviation of packet delay, the other based on language factors. The effect of jitter standard deviation is analyzed, and we find it is accurate by using some function of the standard deviation of the packet delay to describe the relation of delay and voice quality. We also investigate the effects of different language on speech quality in voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) scenarios.There is still a slight difference between diffrent language. A new parameter named IL relates to language is added to E-Model. It is widely accepted the network was self-similar. The degree of self-similarity can be expressed by the Hurst parameter H (0.5
3) A new multiple regression VOIP voice prediction model is proposed. Jitter standard deviation and packet loss is considered. Different regression functions are discussed. Based on the data experiment, cubic regression equation and quadratic regression equation with cross terms is appropriate to predict speech quality over the network.
引文
[1]D. Awduche. MPLS and Traffic Engineering in IP networks [J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, Dec.1999,37(12):42-47.
[2]中国互联网络信息中心.中国互联网络发展状况统计报告[EB/OL].: http://www.cnnic.cn/uploadfiles/doc/2008/7/23/170424.doc,2008年7月.
[3]L. Goleniewski. the complete global source for communications fundamentals, data networking and the Internet, and next generation networks[M]. Addison-Wesley Professional,2002:608.
[4]张艳.IP技术和IP网络的发展[J].科技创新导报,2008,14：1-1.
[5]谢希仁.计算机网络(第4版)[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2003：457.
[6]D. Minoli and E. Minoli, Delivering Voice over IP Networks,2nd Edition. [M] John Wiley and Sons,2002:178
[7]H. Sanneck, Adaptive Loss Concealment for Internet Telephony Applications [R], in Proceedings INET'98, Geneva, Switzerland, July 1998.
[8]J. Rosenberg, G.729 Error Recovery for Internet Telephony[R], Columbia University Computer Science, Technical Report CUCS-016-01, Dec 2001.
[9]J. Rosenberg, L. Qiu, and H. Schulzrinne, Integrating Packet FEC into Adaptive Voice Playout Buffer Algorithms on the Internet[A], in Proceedings of IEEE Infocom 2000[C], vol.3, (Tel Aviv, Israel), March 2000:1705-1714
[10]P. L. Tien and M. C. Yuang, Intelligent Voice Smoother for Silence-Suppressed Voiceover Internet[A], IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications[C], vol. 17, Jan.1999:29-41
[11]RFC 2475, An Architecture for Differentiated Services[S], IETF,1998.
[12]RFC 2210, The Use of RSVP with IETF Integrated Services[S], IETF, Sep.1997.
[13]黄建辉结合集成服务、差分服务和MPLS实现端到端QoS保证[J]微电子学与计算机2006第4期：131-133
[14]RFC 2998.A Framework for Integrated Services Operation over Diffserv Networks[S], IETF,1998
[15]RFC 1889., RTP:a Transport Protocol for Real-time Applications[S], Jan. 1996.
[16]Andrew S.T, Computer Networks Fourth Edition[M], Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.2007:587-593
[17]ITU-T Recommendation H.323, Visual Telephone Systems and Equipment for Local Area Networks Which Provide a Non-guaranteed Quality of Service[S],ITU-T May 1996.
[18]RFC 2543, SIP:Session Initiation Protocol[S], IETF, March 1999.
[19]ITU-T Recommendation P.800. Methods for Subjective Determination of Transmission Quality[S],ITU-T, August 1996.
[20]ITU-T Recommendation P.862. Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ), an Objective Method for End-To-End Speech Quality Assessment of Narrowband Telephone Networks and Speech Codecs[S],ITU-T, February 2001.
[21]ITU-T Recommendation G.107. The E-Model, a Computational Model for Use in Transmission Planning[S], ITU-T,March 2005.
[22]S. Mohamed, F. Cervantes-P'erez, and H. Afifi, Real-Time Audio Quality Assessment in Packet Networks[J], Network and Information Systems Journal, 2000,pp.595-609.
[23]S.Mohamed, F. Cervantes-P'erez, and H. Afifi, Integrating Networks Measurements and Speech Quality Subjective Scores for Control Purposes[A], in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM'01[C], vol.2, (Anchorage, Alaska), April 2001,pp.641-649
[24]S. Mohamed and G. Rubino, A Study of Real-Time Packet Video Quality Using Random Neural Networks[J], IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol.12, Dec.2002, pp.1071-1083.
[25]Lingfen Sun Perceived Speech Quality Prediction for Voice over IP-based Networks[A] International Conference on Communications (ICC 2002)[C] Conference date:April 28,2002-May 2,2002 Conference location:New York, NY, United states,2002:2573-2577
[26]Al-Akhras, Non-intrusive speech quality prediction in VoIP networks using a neural network approach[J] NEUROCOMPUTING,Elsevier, P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam,1000 AE, Netherlands JUN 2009:2595-2608
[27]鞠鸣VoIP中语音压缩编码技术的研究与性能分析[J]江苏通信技术2007.10：36-40
[28]ITU-T Recommendation G.723.1,Dual rate speech coder for multimedia communications transmitting at 5.3 and 6.3 kbit/s[S].ITU-T 1996
[29]ITU-T Recommendation G.729. Coding of speech at 8 kbit/s using conjugate structure algebraic code excited linear prediction (CS-ACELP)[S].ITU-T,1996
[30]尤红岩AMR与G.729之间的转码算法[J]东南大学学报2009年5期： 894-899
[31]郭廷廷ILBC编码算法及其在VOIP中的应用[J]电子技术应用2006年7期：183-186
[32]RFC:3951, Internet Low Bit Rate Codec (iLBC)[S], IETF, December 2004
[33]A. Duric and S. Andersen, RTP Payload Format for iLBC Speech[EB/OL],. http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-avt-rtp-ilbc-03.txt. Oct 2003
[34]王培明VoIP中丢包隐藏技术研究[J]计算机技术与发展2006年07期26-29
[35]Perkins C,Hodson O,Hardman V. A Survey of packet loss recovery techniques for streaming audio [J]. IEEE Network,1998,12 (5):40-48.
[36]RFC3389 Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload for Comfort Noise CN)[S], IETF,2002.
[37]Xydeas C S, Zafeiropoulos F. Model based packet loss concealment for AMR coders[A].IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing, IC AS SP-03 C]. Hong Kong:IEEE,2003.112-115.
[38]Ramjee,R.,Kurose,J.,Towsley, D.& Schulzrinne, H. Adaptive Playout Mechanism for Packetised Audio Application in the Networks[A]. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM'94[C]. Toronto Canada.1994
[39]Moon,S.B.,Kurose,J.&Towsley,D. Packet Audio Playout Delay Adjustment: Performance Bounds and Algorithims[J].Acm Spring Multimedia Systems,v01.5,1998, pp 17-28.
[40]Wenyu Jiang and Henning Schulzrinne, Comparison and optimization of packet loss repair methods on VoIP perceived quality under bursty loss[A], Proc. of International Workshop on Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV)[C], Miami Beach, Florida, May 2002:73-81
[41]Alan Clark, Modeling the effects of burst packet loss and recency on subjective voice quality[A], Proc. of IP Telephony Workshop[C], March 2001:157-161
[42]Maya Yajnik et al, Measurement and modelling of the temporal dependence in packet loss[A], Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM'99[C], Vol 1, New York, March 1999 pp. 345-352.
[43]Hongbing Zhang, Packet Loss Burstiness and Enhancement to the E-Model[A] Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing and First ACIS International Workshop on Self-Assembling Wireless Networks table of contents[C] Towson, MD, United states 2005 214-219
[44]Teck-Kuen Effects of Loss Characteristics on Loss-Recovery Techniques for VoIP Networking [A], International Conference on Systems and International Conference on Mobile Communications and Learning Technologies,2006 [C]. ICN/ICONS/MCL 2006 Publication Year:2006, Page(s):204-204
[45]Christian Hoene, On the Importance of a VoIP Packet[J] In Proc. of ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop on th Auditory Quality of Systems, April 2003
[46]Turunen, J Assessment of objective voice quality over best-effort networks[J] Computer Communications Elsevier March 23,2005:582-588
[47]Ding, L., and Goubran, R.A. Assessment of effects of packet loss on speech quality in VoIP[A]. Proc.2nd IEEE Int. Workshop on Haptic,Audio and Visual Environments and Their Applications[C],20-21 Sept 2003 PP49-54
[48]L Ding, A Radwan, Performance study of objective voice quality measures in VoIP[A],12th IEEE Symposium on 2007[C],2007:197-202
[49]Raake, A Short-and Long-Term Packet Loss Behavior:Towards Speech Quality Prediction for Arbitrary Loss Distributions[J], IEEE transactions on audio, speech and language processing,2006Vol.14(No.6):1957-1968
[50]J. C. Bolot, Characterizing End-to-end Packet Delay and Loss in the Internet[J], Journal of High-Speed Networks, vol.2, Dec.1993, pp.305-323.
[51]M. S. Borella, "Measurement and Interpretation of Internet Packet Loss," Journal of Communication and Networking, vol.2, pp.93-102, June 2000.
[52]V. Paxson, End-to-end Internet Packet Dynamics[J], IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol.7, no.3,1999, pp.277-292.
[53]W. Jiang and H. Schulzrinne, QoS Measurement of Internet Real-Time Multimedia Services[R], Technical Report, CUCS-015-99, Columbia University, Dec. 1999.
[54]H. Sanneck, Packet Loss Recovery and Control for Voice Transmission over the Internet[D], Ph.D Dissertation, Technical University of Berlin, Oct.2000.
[55]EURESCOM Project P905-PF, AQUAVIT Assessment of Quality for Audio-Visual signals over Internet and UMTS-Deliverable 2:Methodology for subjective audiovisual quality evaluation in mobile and IP networks[EB/OL], http://www.eurescom.de/pub-deliverables/p900-series/p905/d2/p905d2.pdf2004-11-3
[56]M. Yajnik, J. Kurose, and D. Towsley, Packet Loss Correlation in the MBone Multicast Networ Experimental Measurements and Markov Chain Models [R], Tech. Rep. University of Massachusetts, UM-CS-1995-115,1995.
[57]P. Abry, P. Flandrin, M. S. Taqqu, and D. Veitch, Self Similar Network Traffic Analysis and Performance Evaluation[M], K. Park and W. Willinger, Eds., 1999:55-101
[58]Will E. Leland, Murad S. Taqqu, Walter Willinger, Daniel V. Wilson,On the Self-Similar Nature of Ethernet Traffic (Extended Version)[J], IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol.2, No.1, February 1994:1-15
[59]V. Paxson, and S. Floyd, Wide-Area Traffic:The Failure of Poisson Modeling[J], IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,3(3), June 1995, pp.226-244
[60]W. Willinger, M. S. Taqqu, R. Sherman, and D. V. Wilson, Self-Similarity Through High-Variability:Statistical Analysis of Ethernet LAN Traffic at the Source Level[A],Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM'95[C],1995:100
[61]A. Feldmann, A. C. Gilbert, and W. Willinger,Data networks as cascades: Investigating the multifractal nature of Internet WAN traffic[A], Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM'98, Vancouver, B. C.1998:42-55.
[62]A. Feldmann, A. C. Gilbert, W. Willinger and T. G. Kurtz, The Changing Nature of Network Traffic:Scaling Phenomena[J], Computer Communication Review 28, No.2, April 1998:5-29
[63]M. Roughan, and D. Veitch, Measuring Long-Range Dependence under Changing Conditions[J], Proceedings Infocom'99, Manhattan, April 1999,1513-1521.
[64]W. Willinger, V. Paxson, Where Mathematics meets the Internet[J], Notices of the American Mathematical Society,45(8), August 1998, pp.961-970
[65]A. Erramilli, O. Narayan, and W. Willinger, Experimental queueing analysis with long-range dependent packet traffic[J], IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, April 1996, pp 209-223
[66]S. Kauffman, The Origins of Order:Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution[M],Oxford University Press,1993:234-261
[67]W. C. Hardy, QoS Measurement and Evaluation of Telecommunications Quality of Service[M]. John Wiley & Sons,2001. ISBN 0-471-49957-9.
[68]ETSI Guide, EG 201377-1 V1.1.1, Specification and Measurement of Speech Transmission Quality; Part 1:Introduction to Objective Comparison Measurement Methods for One-way Speech Quality Across Networks[S], European Telecommunications Standards Institute, April 1999.
[69]A.Watson and M. A. Sasse, Measuring Perceived Quality of Speech and Video in Multimedia Conferencing Applications[A], in Proceedings of ACM Multimedia'98[C], (Bristol, England), Sep.1998, pp.55-60.
[70]贾冲 语音音质客观评价系统的实现[J]解放军理工大学学报2004年6月第5卷第3期：33-37
[71]ITU-T P.861,Perceptual Speech Quality Measure[S],ITU 1996
[72]ITU-T P.861.2, Improvement of the P.861 Perceptual Speech Quality Measure[S], ITU-T Contribution Com 12-20, Dec.1997.
[73]ITU-T P.862.2,Wideband extension to Recommendation P.862 for the assessment of wideband telephone networks and speech codecs[S],ITU 2005
[74]N. O. Johannesson, The ETSI Computation Model:A Tool for Transmission Planning of Telephone Networks[J], IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan.1997, pp. 70-79.
[75]ITU-T Recommendation G.107,The E-model, A Computational Model for Usein Transmission Planning[S],July 2000.
[76]R. G. Cole and J. Rosenbluth, Voice over IP Performance Monitoring[J], Journal on Computer Communications Review, vol.31, April 2001:9-24
[77]A. P. Markopoulou, F. A. Tobagi, and M. Karam, Assessment of VoIP Quality over Internet Backbones [A], in Proc. of IEEE Infocom[C], vol.1, (New York, USA),, June 2002. pp.150-159
[78]Ding LJ, Goubran RA, Speech quality prediction in VoIP using the extended e-model[A], IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 03)[C], DEC 01-05,2003 San Francisco, CA,2003:3974-3978
[79]Akira Takahashi, Objective Assessment Methodology for Estimating Conversational Quality in VoIP[J] IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUDIO, SPEECH, AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING, VOL.14, NO.6, NOVEMBER 2006:1984-1993
[80]Robert G. Cole, STUDIES TOWARD IMPROVED VoIP SERVICES FOR FUTURE COMBAT SYSTEMS[A] MILCOM 2005[C] Atlatnic City, NJ, United states 2005:1190-1197
[81]Leandro Carvalho An E-Model Implementation for Speech Quality Evaluation in VoIP Systems[A] Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications table of contents[C] Year of Publication:2005 Pages:933-938
[82]M. Amir Mehmood,Assessment of VoIP quality over access networks Internet [A], First IEEE and IFIP International Conference in Central Asia on Internet[C] Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan 2005:141-159
[83]Miroslaw Narbutt,Adaptive VoIP Playout Scheduling:Assessing User Satisfaction[J] IEEE internet computing,2005Vol.9(No.4):28-34
[84]Chun-Hsiung Liao, User acceptance of computer-mediated communication:The SkypeOut case[J], Expert Systems with Applications Elsevier Ltd, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford,0X5 1GB, United Kingdom 2009:4595-4603
[85]L.Sun, Speech quality prediction for voice over Internet protocol networks[D], School of Computing, Communications and Electronics, University of Plymouth, UK, January 2004
[86]Nascimento A (Nascimento, Arlen), Influence of Routing Protocol on VoIP Quality Performance in Wireless Mesh Bone[A], NGMAST 2008:SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEXT GENERATION MOBILE APPLICATIONS, SERVICES, AND TECHNOLOGIES, PROCEEDINGS [C] 2008 450-455
[87]张军 基于心理声学模型的高性能语音质量评价算法西安交通大学学报>2006年4期：437-440
[88]Chi, Sanghyun, Predicting the Quality of Voice over IP Networks[A] IEEE International Workshop Technical Committee on Communications Quality and ReliabilityNaples[C], FL, MAY 12-14,2009
[89]Myakotnykh,Eugene S,Adaptive Speech Quality Management in Voice-over-IP Communications[A],5th Advanced International Conference on Telecommunications[C] Venice, ITALY, MAY 24-28,2009:64-71
[90]Paglierani P, Uncertainty Evaluation of Objective Speech Quality Measurement in VoIP Systems[A] IEEE International Workshop on Advanced Methods for Uncertainty Estimation in Measurement[C] Sardagna, ITALY, JUL 16-18,2007: 104-108
[91]Falk TH, Hybrid Signal-and-Link-Parametric Speech Quality Measurement for VoIP Communications [J] IEEE Transactions On Audio Speech And Language Processing, Volume:16 NOV 2008 Page:1579-1589
[92]Roychoudhuri, Lopamudra,Real-time Audio Quality Evaluation for Adaptive Multimedia Protocols[A] 8th International Conference on Management of Multimedia Networks and Services, MMNS 2005[C] 2005:133-144
[93]Lijing Ding,Non-intrusive single-ended speech quality assessment in VoIP[J] Speech Communication Elsevier, P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam,1000 AE, Netherlands 2007 477-489
[94]Christian Hoenel Holger Karl, A Perceptual Quality Model Intended for Adaptive VoIP Applications[J], International Journal of Communication Systems. 2006 299-316
[95]Hoene, C., Karl, H., Wolisz, A, A perceptual quality model for adaptive voip Applications[A]. In Proc. of International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS)[C], San Jose, California, USA(2004):101-111
[96]ITU-T Recommendation P.563. Single-ended Method for Objective Speech Quality Assessment in Narrow-band Telephony Applications[S], May 2004.
[97]L. Sun and E. Ifeachor, Prediction of Perceived Conversational Speech Quality and Effects of Playout Buffer Algorithms[A], in Proceedings of IEEE International Conferenceon Communications ICC'03[C], (Anchorage, USA), May 2003, pp.1-6.
[98]Z. Qiao, L. Sun, N. Heilemann, and E. Ifeachor, A New Method for VoIP Quality of Service Control based on Combined Adaptive Sender Rate and Priority Marking[A], in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications ICC 2004[C], (Paris,France), June 2004:1473-1477.
[99]NISTnet network emulation package[EB/OL]. (http://snad.ncsl.nist.gov/itg/nistnet/):2010-3-15
[100]Openh323 project [EB/OL] (http://www.openh323.org/):2010-3-15
[101]Takahashi A, Kurashima, A Objective assessment methodology or estimating conversational quality in VoIP[J] IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech And Language Processing VOL 14 NOV 2006 page:1984-1993
[102]Lingfen Sun, Emmanuel C. Ifeachor, Voice Quality Prediction Models and Their Application in VoIP Networks IEEE Transaction On Multimedia VOL.8, NO. 4, Auguest 2006
[103]Nascimento, Arlen, Influence of Propagation Modeling on VoIP Quality Performance in Wireless Mesh Network Simulation [A],2008 IEEE International Symposium On Modeling, Analysis & Simulation of Computer And Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS)[C] 2008:342-344
[104]M. Borella, S. Uludag, G. Brewster and I. Sidhu, Self-similarity of Internet packet delay[A], ICC'97[C], vol.1,1997, pp.513-517.
[105]Toral H (Toral, H.), Torres D (Torres, D.) Self-Similarity, Packet Loss, Jitter, and Packet Size:Empirical Relationships for VoIP[A] 18th International Conference on Electronics, Communications, and Computers[C] Puebla, MEXICO, MAR 03-05, 2008:11-16
[106]J. Gordon, process as a model of self-similar packet traffic[J], GLOBECOM'95, vol.3, pp.2232-2236,1995.
[107]M.W.Garret,W.Willinger.Analysis,modeling and generations of self-similar VBR video traffic[A].Proc.ACM SIGCOMM'94[C],1994:p.269-280
[108]ParetoⅤ.Cours d Economie PolitiquerM.Lausanne and Paris[M]:Rouge and Cie,1987:28-52
[109]王瑞胡.计算机中伪随机数生成及其在VISUAL C++中的实现[J].计算机与信息技术.2005年,第09期：75-80
[110]杨振海,张国志.随机数生成[J].数理统计与管理.2006年,第25卷第2期：244-252
[111]王红卫.建模与仿真[M].北京：科学出版社,2002：103-142
[112]Anritsu Company Limited [EB/OL] http://www.anritsu.com/2010-3-15
[113]P. A. Barrent, R. M. Voelcker, and A. V. Lewis, Speech Transmission over Digital Mobile Radio Channels[J], BT Technol J, vol.14, Jan.1996, pp.45-56.
[114]HarddiskOgg HomePage [EB/OL] http://www.fridgesoft.de/harddiskogg.php:2010-3-15
[115]Cotter N E.The Stone,Weierstrass theorem and its application to neural network[J],IEEE Trans.Neural Networks,1990(1),290-295.
[116]Ito Y. Representation of functions by super potion of a step or sigmoidal functionand their application to neural network theory [J].Neural Networks,1991(4): 385-394.
[117]Rumelhart D E,Hinton G E and Williams R J. Learning representations by back-propagation errors[J].Nature.1986(323):533-536.
[118]飞思科技神经网络理论与MATLAB 7实现[M] 电子工业出版社2005年3月：89-129
[119]张晓文 神经网络传递函数的功能分析与仿真研究计算机仿真第22卷第10期2005年10月页176-179
[120]周志华 神经网络及其应用[M]清华大学出版社2004年9月：79-92
[121]T. Masters, Practical Neural Network Recipes in C++[M]. Academic Press, 1993:81-103.
[122]Chatterjee, S. and A. S. Hadi. Influential Observations, High Leverage Points, and Outliers in Linear Regression. Statistical Science[M], Institute of Mathematical Statistics,1986. pp.379-416.
[123]王黎明 应用回归分析复旦大学出版社2008.6：48-63
[124]Douglas M.Bates非线性回归分析及其应用中国统计出版社1997：35-55
[125]同济大学计算数学教研室现代数值计算同济大学出版社2009：74-121
[126]ITU-T Recommendation G.113. Transmission impairments due to speech processing [S], ITU-T,Feb 2001.
[2]中国互联网络信息中心.中国互联网络发展状况统计报告[EB/OL].: http://www.cnnic.cn/uploadfiles/doc/2008/7/23/170424.doc,2008年7月.
[3]L. Goleniewski. the complete global source for communications fundamentals, data networking and the Internet, and next generation networks[M]. Addison-Wesley Professional,2002:608.
[4]张艳.IP技术和IP网络的发展[J].科技创新导报,2008,14：1-1.
[5]谢希仁.计算机网络(第4版)[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2003：457.
[6]D. Minoli and E. Minoli, Delivering Voice over IP Networks,2nd Edition. [M] John Wiley and Sons,2002:178
[7]H. Sanneck, Adaptive Loss Concealment for Internet Telephony Applications [R], in Proceedings INET'98, Geneva, Switzerland, July 1998.
[8]J. Rosenberg, G.729 Error Recovery for Internet Telephony[R], Columbia University Computer Science, Technical Report CUCS-016-01, Dec 2001.
[9]J. Rosenberg, L. Qiu, and H. Schulzrinne, Integrating Packet FEC into Adaptive Voice Playout Buffer Algorithms on the Internet[A], in Proceedings of IEEE Infocom 2000[C], vol.3, (Tel Aviv, Israel), March 2000:1705-1714
[10]P. L. Tien and M. C. Yuang, Intelligent Voice Smoother for Silence-Suppressed Voiceover Internet[A], IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications[C], vol. 17, Jan.1999:29-41
[11]RFC 2475, An Architecture for Differentiated Services[S], IETF,1998.
[12]RFC 2210, The Use of RSVP with IETF Integrated Services[S], IETF, Sep.1997.
[13]黄建辉结合集成服务、差分服务和MPLS实现端到端QoS保证[J]微电子学与计算机2006第4期：131-133
[14]RFC 2998.A Framework for Integrated Services Operation over Diffserv Networks[S], IETF,1998
[15]RFC 1889., RTP:a Transport Protocol for Real-time Applications[S], Jan. 1996.
[16]Andrew S.T, Computer Networks Fourth Edition[M], Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.2007:587-593
[17]ITU-T Recommendation H.323, Visual Telephone Systems and Equipment for Local Area Networks Which Provide a Non-guaranteed Quality of Service[S],ITU-T May 1996.
[18]RFC 2543, SIP:Session Initiation Protocol[S], IETF, March 1999.
[19]ITU-T Recommendation P.800. Methods for Subjective Determination of Transmission Quality[S],ITU-T, August 1996.
[20]ITU-T Recommendation P.862. Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ), an Objective Method for End-To-End Speech Quality Assessment of Narrowband Telephone Networks and Speech Codecs[S],ITU-T, February 2001.
[21]ITU-T Recommendation G.107. The E-Model, a Computational Model for Use in Transmission Planning[S], ITU-T,March 2005.
[22]S. Mohamed, F. Cervantes-P'erez, and H. Afifi, Real-Time Audio Quality Assessment in Packet Networks[J], Network and Information Systems Journal, 2000,pp.595-609.
[23]S.Mohamed, F. Cervantes-P'erez, and H. Afifi, Integrating Networks Measurements and Speech Quality Subjective Scores for Control Purposes[A], in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM'01[C], vol.2, (Anchorage, Alaska), April 2001,pp.641-649
[24]S. Mohamed and G. Rubino, A Study of Real-Time Packet Video Quality Using Random Neural Networks[J], IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol.12, Dec.2002, pp.1071-1083.
[25]Lingfen Sun Perceived Speech Quality Prediction for Voice over IP-based Networks[A] International Conference on Communications (ICC 2002)[C] Conference date:April 28,2002-May 2,2002 Conference location:New York, NY, United states,2002:2573-2577
[26]Al-Akhras, Non-intrusive speech quality prediction in VoIP networks using a neural network approach[J] NEUROCOMPUTING,Elsevier, P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam,1000 AE, Netherlands JUN 2009:2595-2608
[27]鞠鸣VoIP中语音压缩编码技术的研究与性能分析[J]江苏通信技术2007.10：36-40
[28]ITU-T Recommendation G.723.1,Dual rate speech coder for multimedia communications transmitting at 5.3 and 6.3 kbit/s[S].ITU-T 1996
[29]ITU-T Recommendation G.729. Coding of speech at 8 kbit/s using conjugate structure algebraic code excited linear prediction (CS-ACELP)[S].ITU-T,1996
[30]尤红岩AMR与G.729之间的转码算法[J]东南大学学报2009年5期： 894-899
[31]郭廷廷ILBC编码算法及其在VOIP中的应用[J]电子技术应用2006年7期：183-186
[32]RFC:3951, Internet Low Bit Rate Codec (iLBC)[S], IETF, December 2004
[33]A. Duric and S. Andersen, RTP Payload Format for iLBC Speech[EB/OL],. http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-avt-rtp-ilbc-03.txt. Oct 2003
[34]王培明VoIP中丢包隐藏技术研究[J]计算机技术与发展2006年07期26-29
[35]Perkins C,Hodson O,Hardman V. A Survey of packet loss recovery techniques for streaming audio [J]. IEEE Network,1998,12 (5):40-48.
[36]RFC3389 Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload for Comfort Noise CN)[S], IETF,2002.
[37]Xydeas C S, Zafeiropoulos F. Model based packet loss concealment for AMR coders[A].IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing, IC AS SP-03 C]. Hong Kong:IEEE,2003.112-115.
[38]Ramjee,R.,Kurose,J.,Towsley, D.& Schulzrinne, H. Adaptive Playout Mechanism for Packetised Audio Application in the Networks[A]. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM'94[C]. Toronto Canada.1994
[39]Moon,S.B.,Kurose,J.&Towsley,D. Packet Audio Playout Delay Adjustment: Performance Bounds and Algorithims[J].Acm Spring Multimedia Systems,v01.5,1998, pp 17-28.
[40]Wenyu Jiang and Henning Schulzrinne, Comparison and optimization of packet loss repair methods on VoIP perceived quality under bursty loss[A], Proc. of International Workshop on Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV)[C], Miami Beach, Florida, May 2002:73-81
[41]Alan Clark, Modeling the effects of burst packet loss and recency on subjective voice quality[A], Proc. of IP Telephony Workshop[C], March 2001:157-161
[42]Maya Yajnik et al, Measurement and modelling of the temporal dependence in packet loss[A], Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM'99[C], Vol 1, New York, March 1999 pp. 345-352.
[43]Hongbing Zhang, Packet Loss Burstiness and Enhancement to the E-Model[A] Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing and First ACIS International Workshop on Self-Assembling Wireless Networks table of contents[C] Towson, MD, United states 2005 214-219
[44]Teck-Kuen Effects of Loss Characteristics on Loss-Recovery Techniques for VoIP Networking [A], International Conference on Systems and International Conference on Mobile Communications and Learning Technologies,2006 [C]. ICN/ICONS/MCL 2006 Publication Year:2006, Page(s):204-204
[45]Christian Hoene, On the Importance of a VoIP Packet[J] In Proc. of ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop on th Auditory Quality of Systems, April 2003
[46]Turunen, J Assessment of objective voice quality over best-effort networks[J] Computer Communications Elsevier March 23,2005:582-588
[47]Ding, L., and Goubran, R.A. Assessment of effects of packet loss on speech quality in VoIP[A]. Proc.2nd IEEE Int. Workshop on Haptic,Audio and Visual Environments and Their Applications[C],20-21 Sept 2003 PP49-54
[48]L Ding, A Radwan, Performance study of objective voice quality measures in VoIP[A],12th IEEE Symposium on 2007[C],2007:197-202
[49]Raake, A Short-and Long-Term Packet Loss Behavior:Towards Speech Quality Prediction for Arbitrary Loss Distributions[J], IEEE transactions on audio, speech and language processing,2006Vol.14(No.6):1957-1968
[50]J. C. Bolot, Characterizing End-to-end Packet Delay and Loss in the Internet[J], Journal of High-Speed Networks, vol.2, Dec.1993, pp.305-323.
[51]M. S. Borella, "Measurement and Interpretation of Internet Packet Loss," Journal of Communication and Networking, vol.2, pp.93-102, June 2000.
[52]V. Paxson, End-to-end Internet Packet Dynamics[J], IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol.7, no.3,1999, pp.277-292.
[53]W. Jiang and H. Schulzrinne, QoS Measurement of Internet Real-Time Multimedia Services[R], Technical Report, CUCS-015-99, Columbia University, Dec. 1999.
[54]H. Sanneck, Packet Loss Recovery and Control for Voice Transmission over the Internet[D], Ph.D Dissertation, Technical University of Berlin, Oct.2000.
[55]EURESCOM Project P905-PF, AQUAVIT Assessment of Quality for Audio-Visual signals over Internet and UMTS-Deliverable 2:Methodology for subjective audiovisual quality evaluation in mobile and IP networks[EB/OL], http://www.eurescom.de/pub-deliverables/p900-series/p905/d2/p905d2.pdf2004-11-3
[56]M. Yajnik, J. Kurose, and D. Towsley, Packet Loss Correlation in the MBone Multicast Networ Experimental Measurements and Markov Chain Models [R], Tech. Rep. University of Massachusetts, UM-CS-1995-115,1995.
[57]P. Abry, P. Flandrin, M. S. Taqqu, and D. Veitch, Self Similar Network Traffic Analysis and Performance Evaluation[M], K. Park and W. Willinger, Eds., 1999:55-101
[58]Will E. Leland, Murad S. Taqqu, Walter Willinger, Daniel V. Wilson,On the Self-Similar Nature of Ethernet Traffic (Extended Version)[J], IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol.2, No.1, February 1994:1-15
[59]V. Paxson, and S. Floyd, Wide-Area Traffic:The Failure of Poisson Modeling[J], IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,3(3), June 1995, pp.226-244
[60]W. Willinger, M. S. Taqqu, R. Sherman, and D. V. Wilson, Self-Similarity Through High-Variability:Statistical Analysis of Ethernet LAN Traffic at the Source Level[A],Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM'95[C],1995:100
[61]A. Feldmann, A. C. Gilbert, and W. Willinger,Data networks as cascades: Investigating the multifractal nature of Internet WAN traffic[A], Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM'98, Vancouver, B. C.1998:42-55.
[62]A. Feldmann, A. C. Gilbert, W. Willinger and T. G. Kurtz, The Changing Nature of Network Traffic:Scaling Phenomena[J], Computer Communication Review 28, No.2, April 1998:5-29
[63]M. Roughan, and D. Veitch, Measuring Long-Range Dependence under Changing Conditions[J], Proceedings Infocom'99, Manhattan, April 1999,1513-1521.
[64]W. Willinger, V. Paxson, Where Mathematics meets the Internet[J], Notices of the American Mathematical Society,45(8), August 1998, pp.961-970
[65]A. Erramilli, O. Narayan, and W. Willinger, Experimental queueing analysis with long-range dependent packet traffic[J], IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, April 1996, pp 209-223
[66]S. Kauffman, The Origins of Order:Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution[M],Oxford University Press,1993:234-261
[67]W. C. Hardy, QoS Measurement and Evaluation of Telecommunications Quality of Service[M]. John Wiley & Sons,2001. ISBN 0-471-49957-9.
[68]ETSI Guide, EG 201377-1 V1.1.1, Specification and Measurement of Speech Transmission Quality; Part 1:Introduction to Objective Comparison Measurement Methods for One-way Speech Quality Across Networks[S], European Telecommunications Standards Institute, April 1999.
[69]A.Watson and M. A. Sasse, Measuring Perceived Quality of Speech and Video in Multimedia Conferencing Applications[A], in Proceedings of ACM Multimedia'98[C], (Bristol, England), Sep.1998, pp.55-60.
[70]贾冲 语音音质客观评价系统的实现[J]解放军理工大学学报2004年6月第5卷第3期：33-37
[71]ITU-T P.861,Perceptual Speech Quality Measure[S],ITU 1996
[72]ITU-T P.861.2, Improvement of the P.861 Perceptual Speech Quality Measure[S], ITU-T Contribution Com 12-20, Dec.1997.
[73]ITU-T P.862.2,Wideband extension to Recommendation P.862 for the assessment of wideband telephone networks and speech codecs[S],ITU 2005
[74]N. O. Johannesson, The ETSI Computation Model:A Tool for Transmission Planning of Telephone Networks[J], IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan.1997, pp. 70-79.
[75]ITU-T Recommendation G.107,The E-model, A Computational Model for Usein Transmission Planning[S],July 2000.
[76]R. G. Cole and J. Rosenbluth, Voice over IP Performance Monitoring[J], Journal on Computer Communications Review, vol.31, April 2001:9-24
[77]A. P. Markopoulou, F. A. Tobagi, and M. Karam, Assessment of VoIP Quality over Internet Backbones [A], in Proc. of IEEE Infocom[C], vol.1, (New York, USA),, June 2002. pp.150-159
[78]Ding LJ, Goubran RA, Speech quality prediction in VoIP using the extended e-model[A], IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 03)[C], DEC 01-05,2003 San Francisco, CA,2003:3974-3978
[79]Akira Takahashi, Objective Assessment Methodology for Estimating Conversational Quality in VoIP[J] IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUDIO, SPEECH, AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING, VOL.14, NO.6, NOVEMBER 2006:1984-1993
[80]Robert G. Cole, STUDIES TOWARD IMPROVED VoIP SERVICES FOR FUTURE COMBAT SYSTEMS[A] MILCOM 2005[C] Atlatnic City, NJ, United states 2005:1190-1197
[81]Leandro Carvalho An E-Model Implementation for Speech Quality Evaluation in VoIP Systems[A] Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications table of contents[C] Year of Publication:2005 Pages:933-938
[82]M. Amir Mehmood,Assessment of VoIP quality over access networks Internet [A], First IEEE and IFIP International Conference in Central Asia on Internet[C] Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan 2005:141-159
[83]Miroslaw Narbutt,Adaptive VoIP Playout Scheduling:Assessing User Satisfaction[J] IEEE internet computing,2005Vol.9(No.4):28-34
[84]Chun-Hsiung Liao, User acceptance of computer-mediated communication:The SkypeOut case[J], Expert Systems with Applications Elsevier Ltd, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford,0X5 1GB, United Kingdom 2009:4595-4603
[85]L.Sun, Speech quality prediction for voice over Internet protocol networks[D], School of Computing, Communications and Electronics, University of Plymouth, UK, January 2004
[86]Nascimento A (Nascimento, Arlen), Influence of Routing Protocol on VoIP Quality Performance in Wireless Mesh Bone[A], NGMAST 2008:SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEXT GENERATION MOBILE APPLICATIONS, SERVICES, AND TECHNOLOGIES, PROCEEDINGS [C] 2008 450-455
[87]张军 基于心理声学模型的高性能语音质量评价算法西安交通大学学报>2006年4期：437-440
[88]Chi, Sanghyun, Predicting the Quality of Voice over IP Networks[A] IEEE International Workshop Technical Committee on Communications Quality and ReliabilityNaples[C], FL, MAY 12-14,2009
[89]Myakotnykh,Eugene S,Adaptive Speech Quality Management in Voice-over-IP Communications[A],5th Advanced International Conference on Telecommunications[C] Venice, ITALY, MAY 24-28,2009:64-71
[90]Paglierani P, Uncertainty Evaluation of Objective Speech Quality Measurement in VoIP Systems[A] IEEE International Workshop on Advanced Methods for Uncertainty Estimation in Measurement[C] Sardagna, ITALY, JUL 16-18,2007: 104-108
[91]Falk TH, Hybrid Signal-and-Link-Parametric Speech Quality Measurement for VoIP Communications [J] IEEE Transactions On Audio Speech And Language Processing, Volume:16 NOV 2008 Page:1579-1589
[92]Roychoudhuri, Lopamudra,Real-time Audio Quality Evaluation for Adaptive Multimedia Protocols[A] 8th International Conference on Management of Multimedia Networks and Services, MMNS 2005[C] 2005:133-144
[93]Lijing Ding,Non-intrusive single-ended speech quality assessment in VoIP[J] Speech Communication Elsevier, P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam,1000 AE, Netherlands 2007 477-489
[94]Christian Hoenel Holger Karl, A Perceptual Quality Model Intended for Adaptive VoIP Applications[J], International Journal of Communication Systems. 2006 299-316
[95]Hoene, C., Karl, H., Wolisz, A, A perceptual quality model for adaptive voip Applications[A]. In Proc. of International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS)[C], San Jose, California, USA(2004):101-111
[96]ITU-T Recommendation P.563. Single-ended Method for Objective Speech Quality Assessment in Narrow-band Telephony Applications[S], May 2004.
[97]L. Sun and E. Ifeachor, Prediction of Perceived Conversational Speech Quality and Effects of Playout Buffer Algorithms[A], in Proceedings of IEEE International Conferenceon Communications ICC'03[C], (Anchorage, USA), May 2003, pp.1-6.
[98]Z. Qiao, L. Sun, N. Heilemann, and E. Ifeachor, A New Method for VoIP Quality of Service Control based on Combined Adaptive Sender Rate and Priority Marking[A], in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications ICC 2004[C], (Paris,France), June 2004:1473-1477.
[99]NISTnet network emulation package[EB/OL]. (http://snad.ncsl.nist.gov/itg/nistnet/):2010-3-15
[100]Openh323 project [EB/OL] (http://www.openh323.org/):2010-3-15
[101]Takahashi A, Kurashima, A Objective assessment methodology or estimating conversational quality in VoIP[J] IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech And Language Processing VOL 14 NOV 2006 page:1984-1993
[102]Lingfen Sun, Emmanuel C. Ifeachor, Voice Quality Prediction Models and Their Application in VoIP Networks IEEE Transaction On Multimedia VOL.8, NO. 4, Auguest 2006
[103]Nascimento, Arlen, Influence of Propagation Modeling on VoIP Quality Performance in Wireless Mesh Network Simulation [A],2008 IEEE International Symposium On Modeling, Analysis & Simulation of Computer And Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS)[C] 2008:342-344
[104]M. Borella, S. Uludag, G. Brewster and I. Sidhu, Self-similarity of Internet packet delay[A], ICC'97[C], vol.1,1997, pp.513-517.
[105]Toral H (Toral, H.), Torres D (Torres, D.) Self-Similarity, Packet Loss, Jitter, and Packet Size:Empirical Relationships for VoIP[A] 18th International Conference on Electronics, Communications, and Computers[C] Puebla, MEXICO, MAR 03-05, 2008:11-16
[106]J. Gordon, process as a model of self-similar packet traffic[J], GLOBECOM'95, vol.3, pp.2232-2236,1995.
[107]M.W.Garret,W.Willinger.Analysis,modeling and generations of self-similar VBR video traffic[A].Proc.ACM SIGCOMM'94[C],1994:p.269-280
[108]ParetoⅤ.Cours d Economie PolitiquerM.Lausanne and Paris[M]:Rouge and Cie,1987:28-52
[109]王瑞胡.计算机中伪随机数生成及其在VISUAL C++中的实现[J].计算机与信息技术.2005年,第09期：75-80
[110]杨振海,张国志.随机数生成[J].数理统计与管理.2006年,第25卷第2期：244-252
[111]王红卫.建模与仿真[M].北京：科学出版社,2002：103-142
[112]Anritsu Company Limited [EB/OL] http://www.anritsu.com/2010-3-15
[113]P. A. Barrent, R. M. Voelcker, and A. V. Lewis, Speech Transmission over Digital Mobile Radio Channels[J], BT Technol J, vol.14, Jan.1996, pp.45-56.
[114]HarddiskOgg HomePage [EB/OL] http://www.fridgesoft.de/harddiskogg.php:2010-3-15
[115]Cotter N E.The Stone,Weierstrass theorem and its application to neural network[J],IEEE Trans.Neural Networks,1990(1),290-295.
[116]Ito Y. Representation of functions by super potion of a step or sigmoidal functionand their application to neural network theory [J].Neural Networks,1991(4): 385-394.
[117]Rumelhart D E,Hinton G E and Williams R J. Learning representations by back-propagation errors[J].Nature.1986(323):533-536.
[118]飞思科技神经网络理论与MATLAB 7实现[M] 电子工业出版社2005年3月：89-129
[119]张晓文 神经网络传递函数的功能分析与仿真研究计算机仿真第22卷第10期2005年10月页176-179
[120]周志华 神经网络及其应用[M]清华大学出版社2004年9月：79-92
[121]T. Masters, Practical Neural Network Recipes in C++[M]. Academic Press, 1993:81-103.
[122]Chatterjee, S. and A. S. Hadi. Influential Observations, High Leverage Points, and Outliers in Linear Regression. Statistical Science[M], Institute of Mathematical Statistics,1986. pp.379-416.
[123]王黎明 应用回归分析复旦大学出版社2008.6：48-63
[124]Douglas M.Bates非线性回归分析及其应用中国统计出版社1997：35-55
[125]同济大学计算数学教研室现代数值计算同济大学出版社2009：74-121
[126]ITU-T Recommendation G.113. Transmission impairments due to speech processing [S], ITU-T,Feb 2001.