油水污水组分对其腐蚀性能的影响研究
|
摘要
随着油田采油进入高含水期开采阶段,采油过程中会产生的大量的油田采出水。将采出水经简单处理后再回注,既可以减少环境污染,又能节约淡水资源,是提高油田的经济效益、保障油田可持续发展的一个重要途径。但是随着采出水处理系统的运行,腐蚀对该系统的危害也日益严重,许多注水管线、处理设施和回注井已多次因腐蚀而穿孔损坏,造成了严重的经济损失,甚至导致停产。针对油田产出水的腐蚀现状,本论文主要进行了以下几个方面的工作:
1.对腐蚀穿孔的油田注水管线进行失效分析研究。通过对油田注水失效管线宏观腐蚀形貌、微观腐蚀形貌观察,能谱分析等方法,结合产出水水质分析结果,确定油田产出水主要腐蚀因素为溶解氧、二氧化碳、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、pH值、矿化度等。
2.对油田产出水进行实验室静态挂片研究。静态挂片试验按挂片时间可分为两部分:短历时静态挂片正交试验和长历时主要腐蚀因素挂片试验。正交试验结果表明:主要腐蚀因素的腐蚀贡献率从大到小依次为:溶解氧>二氧化碳>pH值>矿化度等。长历时挂片试验结果表明:油田产出水的腐蚀速率随溶氧量的增大而增大,随二氧化碳含量的增大而增大,随pH值的增大而减小。
3.对油田产出水的主要腐蚀因素进行电化学研究。电化学研究主要分为极化曲线和交流阻抗两个部分。电化学测试所得的主要因素对腐蚀速率影响结果和挂片试验结果基本吻合。通过对极化曲线的分析可知,A3钢在污水中的腐蚀的阳极反应主要是铁的溶解过程,阴极反应主要是吸氧腐蚀和析氢腐蚀过程。对调节油田污水含氧量的阻抗谱进行等效电路的模拟,等效电路Rs(QRt(R0L))与实际情况最为接近。
4.根据油田污水挂片和电化学研究结果,对腐蚀防护措施进行了探讨,提出适宜于义和联合站的综合防腐方案主要有:水质改性技术,投加除氧剂、杀菌剂等化学药剂,应用涂层和衬里技术等。
With the oil production going into the high water exploitation phase, oil production process will produce a large amount of produced water. The produced-water reinjection after simple handing not only reduce environment pollution but also save valued water resources, which is an important way in raising the economic benefit and assuring the sustainable development of oilfield. But with the coursing of the produced-water reinjection system in yihe multi-purpose station, the erosion of the system is serious increasingly. Because of corrosion, the pipes, installments and reinjection well have been damaged many times, which have given rise to much economic cost and even compelled the system to stop work. Aiming at the serious corrosion status of the oilfield produced water, the dissertation mainly includes works as below:
1. The failure analysis about water injection pipeline which is corrosion perforation, by means of macroscopic corrosion morphology, micro-corrosion morphology, energy spectrum analysis etc. the author confirms that the main reason of yihe station’s produced water corrosiveness is the free carbon dioxide, the dissolved oxygen, Sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB), pH value, the mineralization etc.
2. The static hanging sheets study on oilfield produced water in the laboratory. Static handing experiments can be divided into two parts by handing time: the short duration static handing orthogonal experiments and long-lasting patch test hanging about the main corrosion factors. Orthogonal experimental results show the contribution rate order of corrosion the main corrosion factors: oxygen > carbon dioxide > pH value > mineralization degree etc. Long-lasting patch test hanging results show that the corrosion rate of oilfield produced water increases with the increase of dissolved oxygen; the corrosion rate also increases with the increase of carbon dioxide; the corrosion rate decreases with the increase of pH value.
3. The electrochemical study on the main corrosion factors of oilfield produced water. Electrochemical study includes two parts: polarization curves and alternating current impedance. The results of the main factors affect to corrosion rate by electrochemical test are consistent with the hanging patch test results. Through the analysis of polarization curves we can see that the anodic reaction of A3 steel corrosion in the sewage is mainly iron dissolution process, the main cathode reactions are hydrogen corrosion and oxygen corrosion. Through the equivalent circuit simulation to the EIS of oilfield produced water, the results show that equivalent circuit Rs(QRt(R0L)) is the closest to the actual situation.
4. According to the study result of oil product water, this paper raise some comprehensive anticorrosive measures fitting in with yihe multi-purpose station. Those measures mainly include water quality modification, adding oxygen scavenger and disinfectant, excluding gases in oilfield produced water, adopting catholic protection, applying metallic coating technology and so on.
1.对腐蚀穿孔的油田注水管线进行失效分析研究。通过对油田注水失效管线宏观腐蚀形貌、微观腐蚀形貌观察,能谱分析等方法,结合产出水水质分析结果,确定油田产出水主要腐蚀因素为溶解氧、二氧化碳、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、pH值、矿化度等。
2.对油田产出水进行实验室静态挂片研究。静态挂片试验按挂片时间可分为两部分:短历时静态挂片正交试验和长历时主要腐蚀因素挂片试验。正交试验结果表明:主要腐蚀因素的腐蚀贡献率从大到小依次为:溶解氧>二氧化碳>pH值>矿化度等。长历时挂片试验结果表明:油田产出水的腐蚀速率随溶氧量的增大而增大,随二氧化碳含量的增大而增大,随pH值的增大而减小。
3.对油田产出水的主要腐蚀因素进行电化学研究。电化学研究主要分为极化曲线和交流阻抗两个部分。电化学测试所得的主要因素对腐蚀速率影响结果和挂片试验结果基本吻合。通过对极化曲线的分析可知,A3钢在污水中的腐蚀的阳极反应主要是铁的溶解过程,阴极反应主要是吸氧腐蚀和析氢腐蚀过程。对调节油田污水含氧量的阻抗谱进行等效电路的模拟,等效电路Rs(QRt(R0L))与实际情况最为接近。
4.根据油田污水挂片和电化学研究结果,对腐蚀防护措施进行了探讨,提出适宜于义和联合站的综合防腐方案主要有:水质改性技术,投加除氧剂、杀菌剂等化学药剂,应用涂层和衬里技术等。
With the oil production going into the high water exploitation phase, oil production process will produce a large amount of produced water. The produced-water reinjection after simple handing not only reduce environment pollution but also save valued water resources, which is an important way in raising the economic benefit and assuring the sustainable development of oilfield. But with the coursing of the produced-water reinjection system in yihe multi-purpose station, the erosion of the system is serious increasingly. Because of corrosion, the pipes, installments and reinjection well have been damaged many times, which have given rise to much economic cost and even compelled the system to stop work. Aiming at the serious corrosion status of the oilfield produced water, the dissertation mainly includes works as below:
1. The failure analysis about water injection pipeline which is corrosion perforation, by means of macroscopic corrosion morphology, micro-corrosion morphology, energy spectrum analysis etc. the author confirms that the main reason of yihe station’s produced water corrosiveness is the free carbon dioxide, the dissolved oxygen, Sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB), pH value, the mineralization etc.
2. The static hanging sheets study on oilfield produced water in the laboratory. Static handing experiments can be divided into two parts by handing time: the short duration static handing orthogonal experiments and long-lasting patch test hanging about the main corrosion factors. Orthogonal experimental results show the contribution rate order of corrosion the main corrosion factors: oxygen > carbon dioxide > pH value > mineralization degree etc. Long-lasting patch test hanging results show that the corrosion rate of oilfield produced water increases with the increase of dissolved oxygen; the corrosion rate also increases with the increase of carbon dioxide; the corrosion rate decreases with the increase of pH value.
3. The electrochemical study on the main corrosion factors of oilfield produced water. Electrochemical study includes two parts: polarization curves and alternating current impedance. The results of the main factors affect to corrosion rate by electrochemical test are consistent with the hanging patch test results. Through the analysis of polarization curves we can see that the anodic reaction of A3 steel corrosion in the sewage is mainly iron dissolution process, the main cathode reactions are hydrogen corrosion and oxygen corrosion. Through the equivalent circuit simulation to the EIS of oilfield produced water, the results show that equivalent circuit Rs(QRt(R0L)) is the closest to the actual situation.
4. According to the study result of oil product water, this paper raise some comprehensive anticorrosive measures fitting in with yihe multi-purpose station. Those measures mainly include water quality modification, adding oxygen scavenger and disinfectant, excluding gases in oilfield produced water, adopting catholic protection, applying metallic coating technology and so on.
引文
[1]卢绮敏等.石油工业中的腐蚀与防护[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2001
[2]王凤平,康万利、敬和民等.腐蚀电化学原理、方法及应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2008:10
[3]张志远.油田注入水中细菌的类型及危害[J].四川师范大学学报,2003, 26(2):188
[4]吴兰廷.中原油田含油污水水质处理技术探讨[J].油气田地面工程,2009, 28(4):5
[5]李勃.中原油田集输管道的内腐蚀及腐蚀防护技术的应用研究[J].内蒙古石油化工,2005,8:170
[6]房殿军.油田采油污水回注系统腐蚀控制技术[J].工业水处理, 2004,24(8):77
[7]刘向荣,贾世元,张学亮.油田污水管处理站工艺管线设备的腐蚀与防护[J].技术交流,2002,4:38.
[8]王庆.东辛油田注水系统腐蚀结垢机理研究[J].石油化工腐蚀与防护,2007,24(1):25-28
[9]张新丽,赵朝成.广利联合站污水处理系统的腐蚀与防护[J].油气田环境保护,2004,11(1):45-47.
[10]赵永贵,王世杏,张炎明.浅析防腐蚀工作在石油、石化和化工生产安全管理工作中的重要性[J].全面腐蚀控制,2002,16(4):3-6
[11]王亮.浅谈三次采油[J].资源与环境,2008,11:155
[12]李国鼎.石油石化工业废水治理[M].北京:环境科学出版社,1990
[13]郭兰磊.孤岛油田化学复合驱扩大试验[J].石油勘探与开发,2006, 33(4):495-499
[14]张本艳,张继超、涂文利.胜利油田注水现状及对储集层的影响[J].石油勘探与开发,2007,34(3):364
[15]张红兵,刘志林.管道内涂层涂敷工艺技术[J].石油规划设计,2002,13(3):41-44
[16]王建亮,邵爱林.张天渠油田注入水腐蚀性分析及防腐试验[J].西部探矿工程,2002,1: 70-71)
[17]史宝光,孙宝京,贾斐等.氯化防腐油管在注水井中的应用[J].钻采工艺,2004,27(2):95-96
[18] Ikeda A. Ueda M. Mukai S. CO2 Behavior of Carbon and Cr Steels .Corrosion 1994, Paper NO.289(New Orleans, NACE, International)
[19] Videm K, Dugstad A. Effect of Flow Velocity, pH, Fe2+ Concentration and Steel Quality on the CO2 Corrosion of Carbon Steels. Corrosion 1990, Paper NO.42( Houston, NACE, International)
[20] Burke P A, Synopsis. Recent Progress in the Understanding of CO2 Corrosion. Corrosion 1995,Paper NO. 1( Houston, NACE lnternational)
[21]柳平林,黄立新.花园油田套管腐蚀损坏的实验研究[J].石油与天然气化工,1997,26(2):119-120.
[22] K. Videm, in Progress in the Understanding and Prevention of Corrosion ,Proc. 10th Europ.Corros. Cong. vol.l(London, England: Institute of Metals,(1993) p513.
[23] A.Ikeda, M.Veda and S.Mukai, Behavior and Mechanism of Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel, Corrosion/83,paper No.45, NACE, Houston, TX(1983)
[24] K. Videm, A. Dudstad, Material Performance, 1994,11(28):46.
[25] M.R. Bonis and J.L. Crolet, Basics of the Risks of CO2 Corrosion in Oil and Gas Wells, Corrosion/94, paper No.66, NACE, Houston, TX(1994)
[26] J.L. Crolet, M. R. Bonis, A Tentative Method for Predicting the Corrosively of Well in New CO2 Fields. Material Performance,Vo1.25,No.5,(1998)
[27]卢会霞.中原油田采油污水腐蚀因素研究[D].西安石油大学,2004
[28]黄国莲,孙润泉等.油田注水腐蚀问题研究[J].四川化工与腐蚀控制,1999, 2(4):25-27.
[29]赵景茂,左禹,熊金平.pH值对低碳钢在高含盐污水中的腐蚀影响[J].材料保护,2001,34(7):8-9.
[30] D.Walsh etal. Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in oil Well of Metal(1993,9:22.)
[31] Postgate J.R.The sulfate reducing bacteria.2ndedition,Camb.Univ.press, Cambridge,England,1994:5-27.
[32] Herbert,B.N.and Stott.F.D.The effects of pressure and temperature on bacteria in oilfield wat er injection systems, in Microbial Corrosion. The Metals Society.London, 1993.
[33] Von Wolzogen Kukr,C.A.and Van Vlugt L.S.. De Grafiteering Van Gietijzeral Electrobiochemich Process Manscrobe Gronden Water. Corrosion, 1994,18(6):147-165.
[34] King R.A, Miller J.D.A. and Smith J.S. Corrosion of mild steel by iron sulfides. Brit.Corros.J.1993,8:137-141.
[35] Franklin. M.J., White D.C. and Isaaces H.S..Pitting corrosion by bacteria on carbon steel. Corrosion Science,1991,32: 945-952.
[36]唐和清,郭稚弧,叶康民.硫酸盐还原菌对碳钢腐蚀的影响[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报,2001,11(1):46-54.
[37]许立铭,罗逸.钙离子对碳钢在油田污水中腐蚀的影响[J].油田化学,1996, 13(2): 161-163.
[38]李海岭,许立铭.模拟油田污水中主要成分对A3钢腐蚀的影响[J].油气田地面工程,2000, 19(2): 39-41.
[39]董泽华,许立铭.模拟油田污水中主要成分对碳钢点蚀影响因素研究西安石油大学硕士学位论文[J].油田化学,1997, 14(1): 51-55.
[40] eitz E, Fleming H-C, Sand W(Ed). Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Materials[M].Berlin Heidelberg: Germany Springer-Verlag,2002.
[41]茆诗松,程依明,濮晓龙.概率论与数理统计[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.
[42] Fei Kuang , Dun Zhang ,Yongjuan Li etc. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis for oxygen reduction reaction in 3.5% NaCl solution[J]. Solid State Electrochem (2009) 13:385–390.
[43]傅献彩,沈文霞,姚天扬.物理化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999:667.
[44]曹楚南,张鉴清.电化学阻抗谱导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[45]吴辉煌.应用电化学基础[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2006.
[46] C. Montella.EIS study of hydrogen insertion under restricted diffusion conditions[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 497 (2001) 3-17.
[47] S.C. Chung, J.R. Cheng, S.D. Chiou etc.EIS behavior of anodized zinc in chlorideenvironments[J]. Corrosion Science 42 (2000) 1249-1268.
[48] Chen Y, Hong T, et al EIS studies of a corrosion inhibition behavior under multiphase flow condition[J]. Corrosion science, 2000,42(6):979-990.
[49]曹楚南.腐蚀电化学原理[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[50]詹宁,刘卫强,刘建华.油田注汽锅炉除氧剂浅析.化学工程与装备[J]. 2008(2):71
[51]周立群,许艺,王玉.除氧技术综述.精细石油化工进展[J].2006,7(10):51-53.
[52]金华,胡志远,何鑫等.电解盐水杀菌技术在庄大污水处理站的研究应用[J].海洋石油,2008,28(1):74-77.
[53]张志远.油田注入水中细菌的类型及危害[J].四川师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,26(2):188-191.
[54]王丽,黄君礼,孙荣芳等.二氧化氯对水中流感病毒的消毒效果[J].中国环境科学,2001,21(3):356- 358.
[55]李苗,郭平.油田硫酸盐还原菌的危害与防治[J].石油化工腐蚀与防护,2007,24(2):49-51.
[56]金华,胡志远,何鑫等.电解盐水杀菌技术在庄大污水处理站的研究应用[J]海洋石油,2008,28(1):74-76.
[57]王芷芳,吕承杰.钢质管道内壁采用涂层和线状牺牲阳极联合保护[J].腐蚀与防护.2003,24(1):23-26.
[58] A.W.皮博迪.管线腐蚀控制[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[59]吴青.浅议油气输送管道腐蚀的原因及防腐蚀措施[J].工业技术2008(9):33
[2]王凤平,康万利、敬和民等.腐蚀电化学原理、方法及应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2008:10
[3]张志远.油田注入水中细菌的类型及危害[J].四川师范大学学报,2003, 26(2):188
[4]吴兰廷.中原油田含油污水水质处理技术探讨[J].油气田地面工程,2009, 28(4):5
[5]李勃.中原油田集输管道的内腐蚀及腐蚀防护技术的应用研究[J].内蒙古石油化工,2005,8:170
[6]房殿军.油田采油污水回注系统腐蚀控制技术[J].工业水处理, 2004,24(8):77
[7]刘向荣,贾世元,张学亮.油田污水管处理站工艺管线设备的腐蚀与防护[J].技术交流,2002,4:38.
[8]王庆.东辛油田注水系统腐蚀结垢机理研究[J].石油化工腐蚀与防护,2007,24(1):25-28
[9]张新丽,赵朝成.广利联合站污水处理系统的腐蚀与防护[J].油气田环境保护,2004,11(1):45-47.
[10]赵永贵,王世杏,张炎明.浅析防腐蚀工作在石油、石化和化工生产安全管理工作中的重要性[J].全面腐蚀控制,2002,16(4):3-6
[11]王亮.浅谈三次采油[J].资源与环境,2008,11:155
[12]李国鼎.石油石化工业废水治理[M].北京:环境科学出版社,1990
[13]郭兰磊.孤岛油田化学复合驱扩大试验[J].石油勘探与开发,2006, 33(4):495-499
[14]张本艳,张继超、涂文利.胜利油田注水现状及对储集层的影响[J].石油勘探与开发,2007,34(3):364
[15]张红兵,刘志林.管道内涂层涂敷工艺技术[J].石油规划设计,2002,13(3):41-44
[16]王建亮,邵爱林.张天渠油田注入水腐蚀性分析及防腐试验[J].西部探矿工程,2002,1: 70-71)
[17]史宝光,孙宝京,贾斐等.氯化防腐油管在注水井中的应用[J].钻采工艺,2004,27(2):95-96
[18] Ikeda A. Ueda M. Mukai S. CO2 Behavior of Carbon and Cr Steels .Corrosion 1994, Paper NO.289(New Orleans, NACE, International)
[19] Videm K, Dugstad A. Effect of Flow Velocity, pH, Fe2+ Concentration and Steel Quality on the CO2 Corrosion of Carbon Steels. Corrosion 1990, Paper NO.42( Houston, NACE, International)
[20] Burke P A, Synopsis. Recent Progress in the Understanding of CO2 Corrosion. Corrosion 1995,Paper NO. 1( Houston, NACE lnternational)
[21]柳平林,黄立新.花园油田套管腐蚀损坏的实验研究[J].石油与天然气化工,1997,26(2):119-120.
[22] K. Videm, in Progress in the Understanding and Prevention of Corrosion ,Proc. 10th Europ.Corros. Cong. vol.l(London, England: Institute of Metals,(1993) p513.
[23] A.Ikeda, M.Veda and S.Mukai, Behavior and Mechanism of Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel, Corrosion/83,paper No.45, NACE, Houston, TX(1983)
[24] K. Videm, A. Dudstad, Material Performance, 1994,11(28):46.
[25] M.R. Bonis and J.L. Crolet, Basics of the Risks of CO2 Corrosion in Oil and Gas Wells, Corrosion/94, paper No.66, NACE, Houston, TX(1994)
[26] J.L. Crolet, M. R. Bonis, A Tentative Method for Predicting the Corrosively of Well in New CO2 Fields. Material Performance,Vo1.25,No.5,(1998)
[27]卢会霞.中原油田采油污水腐蚀因素研究[D].西安石油大学,2004
[28]黄国莲,孙润泉等.油田注水腐蚀问题研究[J].四川化工与腐蚀控制,1999, 2(4):25-27.
[29]赵景茂,左禹,熊金平.pH值对低碳钢在高含盐污水中的腐蚀影响[J].材料保护,2001,34(7):8-9.
[30] D.Walsh etal. Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in oil Well of Metal(1993,9:22.)
[31] Postgate J.R.The sulfate reducing bacteria.2ndedition,Camb.Univ.press, Cambridge,England,1994:5-27.
[32] Herbert,B.N.and Stott.F.D.The effects of pressure and temperature on bacteria in oilfield wat er injection systems, in Microbial Corrosion. The Metals Society.London, 1993.
[33] Von Wolzogen Kukr,C.A.and Van Vlugt L.S.. De Grafiteering Van Gietijzeral Electrobiochemich Process Manscrobe Gronden Water. Corrosion, 1994,18(6):147-165.
[34] King R.A, Miller J.D.A. and Smith J.S. Corrosion of mild steel by iron sulfides. Brit.Corros.J.1993,8:137-141.
[35] Franklin. M.J., White D.C. and Isaaces H.S..Pitting corrosion by bacteria on carbon steel. Corrosion Science,1991,32: 945-952.
[36]唐和清,郭稚弧,叶康民.硫酸盐还原菌对碳钢腐蚀的影响[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报,2001,11(1):46-54.
[37]许立铭,罗逸.钙离子对碳钢在油田污水中腐蚀的影响[J].油田化学,1996, 13(2): 161-163.
[38]李海岭,许立铭.模拟油田污水中主要成分对A3钢腐蚀的影响[J].油气田地面工程,2000, 19(2): 39-41.
[39]董泽华,许立铭.模拟油田污水中主要成分对碳钢点蚀影响因素研究西安石油大学硕士学位论文[J].油田化学,1997, 14(1): 51-55.
[40] eitz E, Fleming H-C, Sand W(Ed). Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Materials[M].Berlin Heidelberg: Germany Springer-Verlag,2002.
[41]茆诗松,程依明,濮晓龙.概率论与数理统计[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.
[42] Fei Kuang , Dun Zhang ,Yongjuan Li etc. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis for oxygen reduction reaction in 3.5% NaCl solution[J]. Solid State Electrochem (2009) 13:385–390.
[43]傅献彩,沈文霞,姚天扬.物理化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999:667.
[44]曹楚南,张鉴清.电化学阻抗谱导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[45]吴辉煌.应用电化学基础[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2006.
[46] C. Montella.EIS study of hydrogen insertion under restricted diffusion conditions[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 497 (2001) 3-17.
[47] S.C. Chung, J.R. Cheng, S.D. Chiou etc.EIS behavior of anodized zinc in chlorideenvironments[J]. Corrosion Science 42 (2000) 1249-1268.
[48] Chen Y, Hong T, et al EIS studies of a corrosion inhibition behavior under multiphase flow condition[J]. Corrosion science, 2000,42(6):979-990.
[49]曹楚南.腐蚀电化学原理[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[50]詹宁,刘卫强,刘建华.油田注汽锅炉除氧剂浅析.化学工程与装备[J]. 2008(2):71
[51]周立群,许艺,王玉.除氧技术综述.精细石油化工进展[J].2006,7(10):51-53.
[52]金华,胡志远,何鑫等.电解盐水杀菌技术在庄大污水处理站的研究应用[J].海洋石油,2008,28(1):74-77.
[53]张志远.油田注入水中细菌的类型及危害[J].四川师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,26(2):188-191.
[54]王丽,黄君礼,孙荣芳等.二氧化氯对水中流感病毒的消毒效果[J].中国环境科学,2001,21(3):356- 358.
[55]李苗,郭平.油田硫酸盐还原菌的危害与防治[J].石油化工腐蚀与防护,2007,24(2):49-51.
[56]金华,胡志远,何鑫等.电解盐水杀菌技术在庄大污水处理站的研究应用[J]海洋石油,2008,28(1):74-76.
[57]王芷芳,吕承杰.钢质管道内壁采用涂层和线状牺牲阳极联合保护[J].腐蚀与防护.2003,24(1):23-26.
[58] A.W.皮博迪.管线腐蚀控制[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[59]吴青.浅议油气输送管道腐蚀的原因及防腐蚀措施[J].工业技术2008(9):33
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |