中国城市化进程中的土地利用问题研究
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摘要
土地是民生之本,也是发展之基。研究城市化进程中的土地利用问题,涉及两种思路,两类问题:一是从城市化角度研究土地利用问题,核心是协调耕地保护与工业化、城市化对土地需求关系,正确处理土地利益关系等;二是站在土地利用角度研究城市化发展问题,其中涉及我国需要什么样的城市化,怎样走出一条同样达到工业化、城市化发展水平,但付出用地代价较小的发展道路。这类问题是从前类土地利用“问题”中引申出来的,它关系到解决城市化土地利用的思路和方法。目前,土地学界对前类问题研究较多,对后类问题研究尤显不足。本文以前类问题研究为主,兼顾对后类问题的研究。
本文由八章内容构成,其要点分述如下:
第一章导论
本章主要阐述了论文的研究背景,研究目的和意义;就城市化与土地利用问题的国内外研究动态进行了梳理和评述;对本文的研究思路、研究方法、论文的创新点及不足之处作了说明。本文认为,我国已进入城市化加速发展时期,深化城市化与土地利用关系研究,对促进城市土地高效利用和可持续发展,具有重要的理论和实践意义。强调只有将城市化视角与土地利用视角紧密相结合,研究才会更全面、更深刻,这也是本文研究的一个特色。
第二章城市化进程中土地利用的内涵与基础理论
“土地利用”是本文的研究主题。本章在界定土地利用内涵的基础上,着重揭示城市化进程中土地利用的内涵和主体内容、土地利用基础理论以及目前研究中存在的问题,形成以下重要认识:一是不同经济发展阶段,土地利用有着不同内涵。土地利用内涵“一般”,表明的只是土地利用的“共性”特征。城市化进程中的土地利用内涵特指城市化进程这一时段范围,人类通过城市规划和投入行动,按照统筹城乡发展需要和土地的质量特性,协调耕地保护与城市化发展对土地需求关系;将有限的土地及其功能配置到城市发展最需要之处,借以满足城市经济、社会、环境发展对土地的合理需求和产出效益的总和。该内涵的主体内容包括:(1)城市化发展与农地非农化和农民市民化的关系;(2)城市化发展与用地代价的关系;(3)城市化率与土地利用率的相关性及其数量关系;(4)土地市场化与城市化的关系;(5)城市土地高效利用的支撑体系。二是在梳理现有城市土地利用基础理论的基础上,新增了“节约集约用地理论”,阐述了该理论的立论依据、研究内容,主要观点及研究的不足之处,它有利于充实城市化土地利用理论的研究内容。
第三章城市化进程中土地利用现状考察
本章在论述全国城市化进程与土地利用矛盾的基础上,着重考察甘肃省土地利用现状变化态势,形成以下认识和观点:一是中国城市化进程的主要特征包括城市外延扩张对土地利用的需求压力不断增长,耕地资源大量减少,土地供需矛盾和利益矛盾加剧,土地城市化快于人口城市化。二是2005年以来甘肃省耕地减少,城镇建设用地、住宅用地增加。这一变化趋势与全国基本相同,显示出土地利用的共性特征。与全国不同的是,甘肃省耕地面积减少,其中85%是由实施退耕还林、保持水土引起的。随着该省人口增加、经济发展、城市化进程加快,耕地资源用于“保吃饭”、“保生态”还是用于“保建设”的矛盾将日益突出。三是景观生态分析数据表明,甘肃省土地利用的多样化程度较高,但土地利用类型比较单一,土地利用均匀程度较低;高质量耕地、园地、林地偏少;未利用土地较多,但是开发利用难度大,均显示出甘肃省土地利用的特殊性。四是调整城市土地利用结构,尽可能将水系、绿地林带、生态公园纳入城镇发展空间,改善城镇宜居环境,对改变甘肃“工业城市”污染形象具有重要意义。
第四章城市化进程中土地利用问题及原因分析
本章首先具体揭示了城市化进程中土地利用存在的主要问题,其中包括:乱占滥用耕地、征地补偿标准偏低、农民土地权益受损;城市中土地闲置和囤地倒卖现象增多,城市土地利用总体比较粗放,土地浪费现象比较严重;对城市外延过度扩张所产生的“不紧凑、不经济、不可持续”的弊端认识不足,城市用地结构不合理,土地市场机构不健全,土地污染比较严重以及城中村改造存在立法缺陷等。
本文认为,人口增长、经济发展、产业结构调整对土地利用的影响作用是直接而显著的;科技进步的影响作用正在日益增强;政府、法律、政策的正负影响作用都是巨大而深刻的,其中地方政府既征地,又卖地,以地生财的利益需求,是产生上述矛盾问题的重要根源。本文认为,制度的改革、理论上的突破,将对土地利用实践起着极为重要的指导作用。核心是要从制度上解决地方政府对土地财政的依赖,这取决于中央高层制度改革决策,这是根本性的,也取决于理论研究的贡献。
第五章城市化进程中土地利用评价
本章从统筹城乡土地利用的视角,着重评价了甘肃省农村和城市土地利用潜力,形成以下认识:一是甘肃省农村居民点用地潜力,一方面来自“旧村改造新村建设”,这方面改造潜力很大,但切不可为增加用地损害农民利益;另一方面,来自农村人口向城镇转移定居腾出宅基地的潜力。其潜力大小取决于农民进入城镇定居政策和农民从农村退出政策是否对农民有利,能否落实到位。甘肃省耕地挖潜,重在提高耕地质量和生产力,这取决于政策,投入和科技支持力度。甘肃省城市土地利用的潜力大小,主要取决于旧城镇改造、棚户区改造、城中村改造相关方经济利益保障和投资改造效果,取决于城市闲置土地处理利用状况,取决于大力推进节约集约用地。二是评价土地利用规划实施效益,重在提升规划编制的预见性、权威性和约束力。同时,要改进评价指标与方法,使之更能反映规划实施的实际效果。
第六章发达国家城市化进程中土地利用比较与借鉴
本文重点介绍了美国、英国、加拿大、日本4国工业化,城市化进程中土地利用的成功经验,提出了可供借鉴的具体内容。本文认为,借鉴发达国家经验要考虑不同国家国情。日本人多地少,日本在较短时间达到了与美国相当的工业化、城市化水平,但日本付出的用地代价比较小的成功经验值得我们借鉴。尤其是日本,提出了建设“紧凑型城市”,控制城市向郊区过快扩张的决策,显示出节约资源、降低成本的优越性及其试点成功经验;以及日本细化土地管理法规,实行最严格的农地保护制度,特别值得中国重视和借鉴。
第七章甘肃省城镇建设用地预测与用地模式设计
本章在论述甘肃省城镇发展与建设用地现状、特征和效益的基础上,运用了三种预测方法对2010年和2020年甘肃省城镇化发展水平和城镇建设用地需求量进行预测,设计出适应不同城市发展需要的土地利用模式。本章形成以下认识和观点:一是甘肃省城镇发展总体滞后,“工业城市”所占比重大,建设用地开发利用程度和投入产出效益在不同城市间差异较大;二是运用三种预测方法,预测2020年甘肃省城镇化率的平均值为46.1%,与2008年全国城镇化水平相比,至少落后全国10年以上;三是城镇建设用地预测表明,城镇用地增长1.8%,城镇人口只增长1%,即土地城镇化快于人口城镇化。这一方面表明甘肃省城镇发展采用的仍是外延扩张为主的发展模式,另一方面显示农村人口进入城镇定居政策和农村人口从农村退出的政策仍然阻碍着甘肃城镇化发展;四是从甘肃省23个城市实际出发,设计出集约利用型、重点开发型和适度开发型三种土地利用模式。本文强调,正确处理好“保开发”“保增长”与“保吃饭”、“保生态”关系对甘肃城镇发展的重要性。
第八章制度变革:理性思考及对策建议
本文认为,制度变革的理性思考集中于:中国需要什么样的城市化?提高征地补偿标准的理论依据如何破解?怎样从制度上弱化乃至根除地方政府对土地财政的依赖?等等。
在理性思考基础上,本文重点强调以下几点:一是中国必须实行最为严格的耕地保护制度和节约用地制度,重点解决好制度要求与用地实践间的巨大落差,提高制度执行力。二是深化征地补偿标准以及保障被征地农民合法权益的理论研究,借以合理调整土地利益关系;三是从土地利用视角深刻认识转变城市发展方式重要性,并就转变的评价标准、转变内容和转变动力提出新见解;四是针对土地财政改革难点,提出了近期改革举措和远期改革思路,从财税制度改革上消除地方政府对土地财政的依赖;五是甘肃省加快城镇化发展步伐,一方面取决于水土资源特别是水资源对城镇经济发展的保障能力,取决于城镇经济发展对外来人口的吸引力;另一方面,要以人为中心,加快人口城镇化步伐,关键是农村人口进入城镇定居政策和从农村退出政策要对农民有利,并能落实到位。
Land, the base of people’s lives, is foudmental to the development of wealth. Studys on land utilization during urbanization, which is related to two thoughts, include two ideas as the followings: i. land utilization research based on urbanization that the key includes the coordination between land conservation and land demand from industrialization and urbanization, coping soundly with land utilization relation, and so on; ii. urbanization development research based on land utilization that deal with that what kind of urbanization are reasonable to us, how to realize a road which reach the same industrialization and urbanization stage. The second issue which is the extension of the first issue, relates to the thought and method of the solution of land utilization during urbanization. Currently, the first issue has been broadly discussed by land scholars, but the second is relatively scarce. This thesis mainly aims at the first issue, and the second issue is also considered.
This Thesis includes 8 chapters, the main content of which relate as the following.
Chapter 1, Introduction.This chapter mainly relates the background, aims and meaning of research, combs and reviews literatures on land utilization during urbanization, explains the method, innovations and shortcomings of this thesis. This thesis propose that extension of research of relation of urbanization and land utilization is very important during the speeding stage of China’s urbanization, which has eminent theoretical and practical meaning for improving the efficiency of land use and sustainable development. Combining perspectives of urbanization and land use together is imposed to make the study more comprehensive and profound, which is a feature of this thesis.
Chapter 2, Fundamental Theory of Land Utilization during Urbanization. The theme of this thesis is land utilization. After further explanation and definition of the essence of land utilization, this chapter mainly reviews the fundamental theory of urbanization and land utilization, and pays attention to the controversial issue in current research. The conclusions are listed as the followings: i. land utilization has different content in different stage. Land utilization during urbanization the process that mankind, based on city plan and input action, put limited land and functions into the demand of urban development, coordinating the relation of farmland protection and urban development and land demand in order to solve the demand of economic, social, and environmental development to land. The contents are included as following, i) the relation of urban development and farmland transfer and farmer urbanization; ii) the relation of urban development and cost of land use; iii) the relation of urbanization rate and land use rate; iv). the relation of land marketing and urbanization; and v.) the supporting system for land utilization efficiency. ii. Economically and intensively land utilization is added to current land utilization theories. The foundation, issues, ideas, and further research are also explained for the hope that it can contribute to land utilization theory during urbanization.
Chapter 3, Situation of Land Utilization during Urbanization. Based on a retrospective on China’s urbanization process and land utilization contradictions, this chapter mainly analyze the change trend of land utilization in Gansu province. The conclusions are as followings: i. cultivated land decrease whereas building-land increase, which is the same as the whole country and is the common characteristic of land utilization. ii. the decrease of cultivated land in Gansu is caused about 85 percent by ecological conversion program, which is different from other province in China. With population growth, economic development, industrialization and urbanization process, the contradiction of cultivated land conversion into feeding support, ecology support or construction support will become more and more intense, where making overall plans is difficult. iii. according to landscape ecology datum, the distinguishing characteristic of land use in Gansu are that diversity of land use are high, but the type of land use are unitary, that the balance of land use is relatively low, that cropland and forestland are relatively short, and that there is much unused land but development is difficult. iv. adjusting the structure of land use in urban, and incorporating river stride, green belt, and ecological parks into urban space, which is key to change the polluted profile of Gansu industrialized city,
Chapter 4, Land Utilization during Urbanization: Issues and Causes. this chapter analyze the main issues existed in city extension growth such as cropland overused, low compensation stand, damage to farmer’s benefit, and ignorance of drawback of non-compactness, uneconomicness, and unsustainability from city extension. Secondly, it explores such problems existed in city construction as land waste, low efficiency and unreasonable structure of land use, and land pollution caused by waste landfill, waste burn and polluted water discharge.
After studying the reason, this chapter concludes as the followings: the effect of population growth, economic development, industry structure adjustment to land utilization is direct and eminent.. the effect of sci-tech is increasing. the positive and negative effect of government, law and policy is profound and impressive, in which the benefit demand from land, because local government both buy and sell land, is the foot of the problems above. this thesis propose that the reform of system and breakthrough of theory will have profound effect of direct the practice of land use, and the key is to dissolve the dependence of local government to land finance and increasing the standard of land compensation. The solution of the two issues is decided on the reform from central government, which is fundamental and decided on the contribution of theoretical research.
Chapter 5, Evaluation of Land Utilization during Urbanization. this chapter value the potential of land use in Gansu’s city and countryside. The conclusions are as the followings: i. Land use potentials during urbanization relate not only land use potential in countryside, including the potential of cultivated land increase, but also the land stock revitalization in city. To saving the potentials of land use, from the standpoint of Gansu, the countryside are more important than the city which will secure the economic and social development from improving land use performance among countryside and city. ii. The method of teaching, economic and case should be adopted when tiding land use of rural residence, and increasing farmer’s benefit for more land should be prohibited.iii. For evaluating performance of land use plan, it should pay attention to not only plan sequence improvement but also evaluation method perfection, in order to improving the prediction of plan making. At the same time, the indicators and method of evaluation should be improved in order to reflect the practical effect of plan.
Chapter 6, Land Utilization during Urbanization in Developed Countries: Contrast and Lesson. This chapter intensely introduce the experience of land use from US, British, Canada and Japan during urbanization, and offer specific content for reference. This chapter put forward that reference from developed countries must consider circumstance of different countries. With more population and less land, Japan reached the same level of industrialization and urbanization as US, but at a low cost of land occupation, which should be learned by us. Japan advocated a decision of compact city controlling the over rapidly expansion to suburb, which suggest the superiority of resource saving and cost reduction. Meanwhile, with specialized land regulation laws including over 130 laws, Japan practice the strictest farmland conservation system, which should be valued and learned by China.
Chapter 7, Forecasting of Land Use for Urban Construction and Design of Land Use Model in Gansu Province. This chapter firstly analyze the situation, characteristics, and performance of land use for urban construction in Gansu province. Based on such conditions, the level of urbanization development and the demand for land use for urban construction in Gansu province from 2010 to 2020 are forecasted by three methods, and land use models for different city development are also designed. The conclusions are as followings: i, The level of urban development lags behind, meanwhile there is great difference of development level about construction land use and input-output benefit among cities. ii. The average urban rate in 2020 is 46.1% based on three forecasting method, which suggest that Gansu is lagged behind for about 10 years contrasting with china’s urban rate in 2008. iii. the speed of land urbanization is faster than population urbanization, which suggest that extensive development model is adopted by Gansu urbanization, and hukou system is still deferring the urbanization process, making low efficiency of land utilization and population urbanization. iv. three models such as intensive utilization model, focus development model, and reasonable development model are designed based on 23 cities practice in Gansu. This thesis suggest that the correct relation among development improvement, growth improvement, food improvement and ecology improvement has vital importance to Gansu urbanization.
Chapter 8, Institution Change: Rational Thinking and Policy Recommendations. The reason of institution change concentrate on: how should China urbanize? how to increase the stand of land compensation? how to weak and clean the dependence of local government to land finance ?.
Based on rational thinking, this chapter offer such policy recommendations: i system of cultivated lands protection and land save system should be practiced in order to coordinate the demand from institution and the practice from land use. ii. Such research as compensation standards of land expropriation, relation of government and market, relation civil right and interest protection of farmers expropriated should be deepened for the purpose that land interest relation can be adjusted reasonably and land expropriation practice can be directed more by theory of land expropriation compensation. iii. Transfer of city development way is critical to land potential exploration inner the city and moderation of contradictions between city development and land use, which is more innovative to suggest such issues as the importance, standards, aims, contents and motive of way transfer of city development. iv. This thesis proposes that the dependence of local government to land finance should be dissolved, which is the idea of current reform and future. v. In order to speeding up urbanization in Gansu, and decrease the gap between Gansu and the overall level, two direction is important that the support f water supply and the drive force to outer population, and population urbanization.
本文由八章内容构成,其要点分述如下:
第一章导论
本章主要阐述了论文的研究背景,研究目的和意义;就城市化与土地利用问题的国内外研究动态进行了梳理和评述;对本文的研究思路、研究方法、论文的创新点及不足之处作了说明。本文认为,我国已进入城市化加速发展时期,深化城市化与土地利用关系研究,对促进城市土地高效利用和可持续发展,具有重要的理论和实践意义。强调只有将城市化视角与土地利用视角紧密相结合,研究才会更全面、更深刻,这也是本文研究的一个特色。
第二章城市化进程中土地利用的内涵与基础理论
“土地利用”是本文的研究主题。本章在界定土地利用内涵的基础上,着重揭示城市化进程中土地利用的内涵和主体内容、土地利用基础理论以及目前研究中存在的问题,形成以下重要认识:一是不同经济发展阶段,土地利用有着不同内涵。土地利用内涵“一般”,表明的只是土地利用的“共性”特征。城市化进程中的土地利用内涵特指城市化进程这一时段范围,人类通过城市规划和投入行动,按照统筹城乡发展需要和土地的质量特性,协调耕地保护与城市化发展对土地需求关系;将有限的土地及其功能配置到城市发展最需要之处,借以满足城市经济、社会、环境发展对土地的合理需求和产出效益的总和。该内涵的主体内容包括:(1)城市化发展与农地非农化和农民市民化的关系;(2)城市化发展与用地代价的关系;(3)城市化率与土地利用率的相关性及其数量关系;(4)土地市场化与城市化的关系;(5)城市土地高效利用的支撑体系。二是在梳理现有城市土地利用基础理论的基础上,新增了“节约集约用地理论”,阐述了该理论的立论依据、研究内容,主要观点及研究的不足之处,它有利于充实城市化土地利用理论的研究内容。
第三章城市化进程中土地利用现状考察
本章在论述全国城市化进程与土地利用矛盾的基础上,着重考察甘肃省土地利用现状变化态势,形成以下认识和观点:一是中国城市化进程的主要特征包括城市外延扩张对土地利用的需求压力不断增长,耕地资源大量减少,土地供需矛盾和利益矛盾加剧,土地城市化快于人口城市化。二是2005年以来甘肃省耕地减少,城镇建设用地、住宅用地增加。这一变化趋势与全国基本相同,显示出土地利用的共性特征。与全国不同的是,甘肃省耕地面积减少,其中85%是由实施退耕还林、保持水土引起的。随着该省人口增加、经济发展、城市化进程加快,耕地资源用于“保吃饭”、“保生态”还是用于“保建设”的矛盾将日益突出。三是景观生态分析数据表明,甘肃省土地利用的多样化程度较高,但土地利用类型比较单一,土地利用均匀程度较低;高质量耕地、园地、林地偏少;未利用土地较多,但是开发利用难度大,均显示出甘肃省土地利用的特殊性。四是调整城市土地利用结构,尽可能将水系、绿地林带、生态公园纳入城镇发展空间,改善城镇宜居环境,对改变甘肃“工业城市”污染形象具有重要意义。
第四章城市化进程中土地利用问题及原因分析
本章首先具体揭示了城市化进程中土地利用存在的主要问题,其中包括:乱占滥用耕地、征地补偿标准偏低、农民土地权益受损;城市中土地闲置和囤地倒卖现象增多,城市土地利用总体比较粗放,土地浪费现象比较严重;对城市外延过度扩张所产生的“不紧凑、不经济、不可持续”的弊端认识不足,城市用地结构不合理,土地市场机构不健全,土地污染比较严重以及城中村改造存在立法缺陷等。
本文认为,人口增长、经济发展、产业结构调整对土地利用的影响作用是直接而显著的;科技进步的影响作用正在日益增强;政府、法律、政策的正负影响作用都是巨大而深刻的,其中地方政府既征地,又卖地,以地生财的利益需求,是产生上述矛盾问题的重要根源。本文认为,制度的改革、理论上的突破,将对土地利用实践起着极为重要的指导作用。核心是要从制度上解决地方政府对土地财政的依赖,这取决于中央高层制度改革决策,这是根本性的,也取决于理论研究的贡献。
第五章城市化进程中土地利用评价
本章从统筹城乡土地利用的视角,着重评价了甘肃省农村和城市土地利用潜力,形成以下认识:一是甘肃省农村居民点用地潜力,一方面来自“旧村改造新村建设”,这方面改造潜力很大,但切不可为增加用地损害农民利益;另一方面,来自农村人口向城镇转移定居腾出宅基地的潜力。其潜力大小取决于农民进入城镇定居政策和农民从农村退出政策是否对农民有利,能否落实到位。甘肃省耕地挖潜,重在提高耕地质量和生产力,这取决于政策,投入和科技支持力度。甘肃省城市土地利用的潜力大小,主要取决于旧城镇改造、棚户区改造、城中村改造相关方经济利益保障和投资改造效果,取决于城市闲置土地处理利用状况,取决于大力推进节约集约用地。二是评价土地利用规划实施效益,重在提升规划编制的预见性、权威性和约束力。同时,要改进评价指标与方法,使之更能反映规划实施的实际效果。
第六章发达国家城市化进程中土地利用比较与借鉴
本文重点介绍了美国、英国、加拿大、日本4国工业化,城市化进程中土地利用的成功经验,提出了可供借鉴的具体内容。本文认为,借鉴发达国家经验要考虑不同国家国情。日本人多地少,日本在较短时间达到了与美国相当的工业化、城市化水平,但日本付出的用地代价比较小的成功经验值得我们借鉴。尤其是日本,提出了建设“紧凑型城市”,控制城市向郊区过快扩张的决策,显示出节约资源、降低成本的优越性及其试点成功经验;以及日本细化土地管理法规,实行最严格的农地保护制度,特别值得中国重视和借鉴。
第七章甘肃省城镇建设用地预测与用地模式设计
本章在论述甘肃省城镇发展与建设用地现状、特征和效益的基础上,运用了三种预测方法对2010年和2020年甘肃省城镇化发展水平和城镇建设用地需求量进行预测,设计出适应不同城市发展需要的土地利用模式。本章形成以下认识和观点:一是甘肃省城镇发展总体滞后,“工业城市”所占比重大,建设用地开发利用程度和投入产出效益在不同城市间差异较大;二是运用三种预测方法,预测2020年甘肃省城镇化率的平均值为46.1%,与2008年全国城镇化水平相比,至少落后全国10年以上;三是城镇建设用地预测表明,城镇用地增长1.8%,城镇人口只增长1%,即土地城镇化快于人口城镇化。这一方面表明甘肃省城镇发展采用的仍是外延扩张为主的发展模式,另一方面显示农村人口进入城镇定居政策和农村人口从农村退出的政策仍然阻碍着甘肃城镇化发展;四是从甘肃省23个城市实际出发,设计出集约利用型、重点开发型和适度开发型三种土地利用模式。本文强调,正确处理好“保开发”“保增长”与“保吃饭”、“保生态”关系对甘肃城镇发展的重要性。
第八章制度变革:理性思考及对策建议
本文认为,制度变革的理性思考集中于:中国需要什么样的城市化?提高征地补偿标准的理论依据如何破解?怎样从制度上弱化乃至根除地方政府对土地财政的依赖?等等。
在理性思考基础上,本文重点强调以下几点:一是中国必须实行最为严格的耕地保护制度和节约用地制度,重点解决好制度要求与用地实践间的巨大落差,提高制度执行力。二是深化征地补偿标准以及保障被征地农民合法权益的理论研究,借以合理调整土地利益关系;三是从土地利用视角深刻认识转变城市发展方式重要性,并就转变的评价标准、转变内容和转变动力提出新见解;四是针对土地财政改革难点,提出了近期改革举措和远期改革思路,从财税制度改革上消除地方政府对土地财政的依赖;五是甘肃省加快城镇化发展步伐,一方面取决于水土资源特别是水资源对城镇经济发展的保障能力,取决于城镇经济发展对外来人口的吸引力;另一方面,要以人为中心,加快人口城镇化步伐,关键是农村人口进入城镇定居政策和从农村退出政策要对农民有利,并能落实到位。
Land, the base of people’s lives, is foudmental to the development of wealth. Studys on land utilization during urbanization, which is related to two thoughts, include two ideas as the followings: i. land utilization research based on urbanization that the key includes the coordination between land conservation and land demand from industrialization and urbanization, coping soundly with land utilization relation, and so on; ii. urbanization development research based on land utilization that deal with that what kind of urbanization are reasonable to us, how to realize a road which reach the same industrialization and urbanization stage. The second issue which is the extension of the first issue, relates to the thought and method of the solution of land utilization during urbanization. Currently, the first issue has been broadly discussed by land scholars, but the second is relatively scarce. This thesis mainly aims at the first issue, and the second issue is also considered.
This Thesis includes 8 chapters, the main content of which relate as the following.
Chapter 1, Introduction.This chapter mainly relates the background, aims and meaning of research, combs and reviews literatures on land utilization during urbanization, explains the method, innovations and shortcomings of this thesis. This thesis propose that extension of research of relation of urbanization and land utilization is very important during the speeding stage of China’s urbanization, which has eminent theoretical and practical meaning for improving the efficiency of land use and sustainable development. Combining perspectives of urbanization and land use together is imposed to make the study more comprehensive and profound, which is a feature of this thesis.
Chapter 2, Fundamental Theory of Land Utilization during Urbanization. The theme of this thesis is land utilization. After further explanation and definition of the essence of land utilization, this chapter mainly reviews the fundamental theory of urbanization and land utilization, and pays attention to the controversial issue in current research. The conclusions are listed as the followings: i. land utilization has different content in different stage. Land utilization during urbanization the process that mankind, based on city plan and input action, put limited land and functions into the demand of urban development, coordinating the relation of farmland protection and urban development and land demand in order to solve the demand of economic, social, and environmental development to land. The contents are included as following, i) the relation of urban development and farmland transfer and farmer urbanization; ii) the relation of urban development and cost of land use; iii) the relation of urbanization rate and land use rate; iv). the relation of land marketing and urbanization; and v.) the supporting system for land utilization efficiency. ii. Economically and intensively land utilization is added to current land utilization theories. The foundation, issues, ideas, and further research are also explained for the hope that it can contribute to land utilization theory during urbanization.
Chapter 3, Situation of Land Utilization during Urbanization. Based on a retrospective on China’s urbanization process and land utilization contradictions, this chapter mainly analyze the change trend of land utilization in Gansu province. The conclusions are as followings: i. cultivated land decrease whereas building-land increase, which is the same as the whole country and is the common characteristic of land utilization. ii. the decrease of cultivated land in Gansu is caused about 85 percent by ecological conversion program, which is different from other province in China. With population growth, economic development, industrialization and urbanization process, the contradiction of cultivated land conversion into feeding support, ecology support or construction support will become more and more intense, where making overall plans is difficult. iii. according to landscape ecology datum, the distinguishing characteristic of land use in Gansu are that diversity of land use are high, but the type of land use are unitary, that the balance of land use is relatively low, that cropland and forestland are relatively short, and that there is much unused land but development is difficult. iv. adjusting the structure of land use in urban, and incorporating river stride, green belt, and ecological parks into urban space, which is key to change the polluted profile of Gansu industrialized city,
Chapter 4, Land Utilization during Urbanization: Issues and Causes. this chapter analyze the main issues existed in city extension growth such as cropland overused, low compensation stand, damage to farmer’s benefit, and ignorance of drawback of non-compactness, uneconomicness, and unsustainability from city extension. Secondly, it explores such problems existed in city construction as land waste, low efficiency and unreasonable structure of land use, and land pollution caused by waste landfill, waste burn and polluted water discharge.
After studying the reason, this chapter concludes as the followings: the effect of population growth, economic development, industry structure adjustment to land utilization is direct and eminent.. the effect of sci-tech is increasing. the positive and negative effect of government, law and policy is profound and impressive, in which the benefit demand from land, because local government both buy and sell land, is the foot of the problems above. this thesis propose that the reform of system and breakthrough of theory will have profound effect of direct the practice of land use, and the key is to dissolve the dependence of local government to land finance and increasing the standard of land compensation. The solution of the two issues is decided on the reform from central government, which is fundamental and decided on the contribution of theoretical research.
Chapter 5, Evaluation of Land Utilization during Urbanization. this chapter value the potential of land use in Gansu’s city and countryside. The conclusions are as the followings: i. Land use potentials during urbanization relate not only land use potential in countryside, including the potential of cultivated land increase, but also the land stock revitalization in city. To saving the potentials of land use, from the standpoint of Gansu, the countryside are more important than the city which will secure the economic and social development from improving land use performance among countryside and city. ii. The method of teaching, economic and case should be adopted when tiding land use of rural residence, and increasing farmer’s benefit for more land should be prohibited.iii. For evaluating performance of land use plan, it should pay attention to not only plan sequence improvement but also evaluation method perfection, in order to improving the prediction of plan making. At the same time, the indicators and method of evaluation should be improved in order to reflect the practical effect of plan.
Chapter 6, Land Utilization during Urbanization in Developed Countries: Contrast and Lesson. This chapter intensely introduce the experience of land use from US, British, Canada and Japan during urbanization, and offer specific content for reference. This chapter put forward that reference from developed countries must consider circumstance of different countries. With more population and less land, Japan reached the same level of industrialization and urbanization as US, but at a low cost of land occupation, which should be learned by us. Japan advocated a decision of compact city controlling the over rapidly expansion to suburb, which suggest the superiority of resource saving and cost reduction. Meanwhile, with specialized land regulation laws including over 130 laws, Japan practice the strictest farmland conservation system, which should be valued and learned by China.
Chapter 7, Forecasting of Land Use for Urban Construction and Design of Land Use Model in Gansu Province. This chapter firstly analyze the situation, characteristics, and performance of land use for urban construction in Gansu province. Based on such conditions, the level of urbanization development and the demand for land use for urban construction in Gansu province from 2010 to 2020 are forecasted by three methods, and land use models for different city development are also designed. The conclusions are as followings: i, The level of urban development lags behind, meanwhile there is great difference of development level about construction land use and input-output benefit among cities. ii. The average urban rate in 2020 is 46.1% based on three forecasting method, which suggest that Gansu is lagged behind for about 10 years contrasting with china’s urban rate in 2008. iii. the speed of land urbanization is faster than population urbanization, which suggest that extensive development model is adopted by Gansu urbanization, and hukou system is still deferring the urbanization process, making low efficiency of land utilization and population urbanization. iv. three models such as intensive utilization model, focus development model, and reasonable development model are designed based on 23 cities practice in Gansu. This thesis suggest that the correct relation among development improvement, growth improvement, food improvement and ecology improvement has vital importance to Gansu urbanization.
Chapter 8, Institution Change: Rational Thinking and Policy Recommendations. The reason of institution change concentrate on: how should China urbanize? how to increase the stand of land compensation? how to weak and clean the dependence of local government to land finance ?.
Based on rational thinking, this chapter offer such policy recommendations: i system of cultivated lands protection and land save system should be practiced in order to coordinate the demand from institution and the practice from land use. ii. Such research as compensation standards of land expropriation, relation of government and market, relation civil right and interest protection of farmers expropriated should be deepened for the purpose that land interest relation can be adjusted reasonably and land expropriation practice can be directed more by theory of land expropriation compensation. iii. Transfer of city development way is critical to land potential exploration inner the city and moderation of contradictions between city development and land use, which is more innovative to suggest such issues as the importance, standards, aims, contents and motive of way transfer of city development. iv. This thesis proposes that the dependence of local government to land finance should be dissolved, which is the idea of current reform and future. v. In order to speeding up urbanization in Gansu, and decrease the gap between Gansu and the overall level, two direction is important that the support f water supply and the drive force to outer population, and population urbanization.
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